Earth:St. Brandon

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Short description: Mauritian atoll in the Indian Ocean
Saint Brandon
Native name:
Cargados Carajos
Cargados Carajos Shoals in Mauritius.svg
Geography
LocationIndian Ocean
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 16°35′S 59°37′E / 16.583°S 59.617°E / -16.583; 59.617
ArchipelagoCargados Carajos
Total islands22
Major islandsAlbatross Island, Raphaël, Avocaré Island, L'Île Coco and L'île du Sud
Area1.3 km2 (0.50 sq mi)
Administration
Mauritius
Largest settlementÎle Raphaël (pop. 30)
Demographics
Population40 (2022)
Pop. density48/km2 (124/sq mi)

Saint Brandon, also known as the Cargados Carajos Shoals, is an Indian Ocean archipelago about 430 km (270 mi) northeast of Mauritius consisting of sand banks, shoals and islets. It consists of five island groups, with about 28-40 islands and islets in total, depending on seasonal storms and related sand movements.[1]

The archipelago is low-lying and is prone to substantial submersion in severe weather by tropical cyclones in the Mascarene Islands. It has an aggregate land area estimated variously at 1.3 km2 (0.50 sq mi) and 200 ha (500 acres).[1] The islands have a small population of mostly fishermen, numbering 63 people in 2001.[2] The bulk of this population, approximately 40 people, live on Île Raphael, with smaller settlements existing on Avocaré Island, L'Île Coco, and L'île du Sud.

In the early 19th century, most of the islands were used as fishing stations. Today, only one company operates on the archipelago with three fishing stations and accommodation for sport fishermen on L'île du Sud and Île Raphael. A settlement on Albatross Island was abandoned in 1988.[3]

The islands are currently the subject of a legal dispute over territorial sovereignty between the government of Mauritius and Raphael Fishing Company, the current leaseholders of the islands.[4][5]

Etymology

The name Saint Brandon most likely came from the anglicized name of the French town of Saint-Brandan, possibly given by French sailors and corsairs that sailed to and from Brittany.[6]

Geography

Cargados Carajos is located in Indian Ocean
Cargados Carajos
Cargados Carajos
class=notpageimage|
Location of Cargados Carajos in the Indian Ocean

Geographically, the archipelago is part of the Mascarene Islands and is situated on the Mascarene Plateau formed by the separation of the Mauritia microcontinent during the separation of India and Madagascar around 60 million years ago from what is today the African continent.

The reef measures more than 50 km (31 mi) from north to south and is 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, cut by three passes. The reef area is 190 km2 (73 sq mi). The total number of islands on the reef varies but usually number around 40. Siren Island, L'île du Sud, Pearl Island, and Frigate Island are west of the reef, while North Island is about 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of the northern tip of the reef. Albatross Island, about 18 km (11 mi) north, is geographically a separate single coral island.

Albatross Island is the highest point at 6 m (20 ft) above sea level and the largest of the islands in the group, with an area of 1.01 km2 (0.39 sq mi), followed by Raphaël, Tortue, Avocaré Island, L'Île Coco and L'île du Sud.

Temperatures range from 23–26 °C (73–79 °F), with rainfall of 1,050 mm (41 in) a year, most falling in January to April. The climate is dominated by the south-east trades. Cyclones can cause considerable damage. In 1948, Il aux Fous disappeared and Avoquer was submerged by two meters of water. Petit ile Longue was swept away in a later cyclone, but is now reappearing. The South Equatorial Current is dominant.[7]

List of named islands

Cargados Carajos Shoals in Mauritius
Name(s) Area Coordinates
Albatross Island 1.01 km2 (0.39 sq mi) [ ⚑ ] 16°14′27″S 59°35′31″E / 16.24083°S 59.59194°E / -16.24083; 59.59194 (Albatross Island)
Îlot du Nord
(Île du Nord, North Island)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°23′16″S 59°38′32″E / 16.38778°S 59.64222°E / -16.38778; 59.64222 (Îlot du Nord)
Île Raphael
(Raphaël Island)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°26′00″S 59°36′18″E / 16.4333333°S 59.605°E / -16.4333333; 59.605 (Île Raphaël)
Îlot Siren [ ⚑ ] 16°28′05″S 59°34′49″E / 16.46806°S 59.58028°E / -16.46806; 59.58028 (Îlot Siren)
Île Tortue 0.13 km2 (0.050 sq mi) [ ⚑ ] 16°29′00″S 59°41′014″E / 16.4833333°S 59.68722°E / -16.4833333; 59.68722 (Île Tortue)
Pearl Islet
(Île Perle)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°32′46″S 59°30′20″E / 16.54611°S 59.50556°E / -16.54611; 59.50556 (Pearl Islet)
L'île du Sud
(South Island, l'île Boisées)
 [ ⚑ ] 16°48′55″S 59°30′09″E / 16.81528°S 59.5025°E / -16.81528; 59.5025 (L'île du Sud (South Island, l'île Boisées))
Avocaré Island
(Avoquer, L'Avocaire)		 0.02 km2 (0.0077 sq mi) [ ⚑ ] 16°36′10″S 59°38′26″E / 16.60278°S 59.64056°E / -16.60278; 59.64056 (Avocaré Island)
L'île du Gouvernement
(Government Island)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°23′39″S 59°38′59″E / 16.39417°S 59.64972°E / -16.39417; 59.64972 (l'île du Gouvernement)
Petite Capitaine [ ⚑ ] 16°36′0.0″S 59°34′0.0″E / 16.6°S 59.56667°E / -16.6; 59.56667 (Petite Capitaine)
Grande Capitaine [ ⚑ ] 16°40′0.0″S 59°50′0.0″E / 16.66667°S 59.83333°E / -16.66667; 59.83333 (Grande Capitaine)
Mapare Islet 0.4 km2 (0.15 sq mi) [ ⚑ ] 16°34′22″S 59°42′08″E / 16.57278°S 59.70222°E / -16.57278; 59.70222 (Mapare Islet)
Frigate Islet
(Île Frégate)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°35′55″S 59°30′49″E / 16.59861°S 59.51361°E / -16.59861; 59.51361 (Frigate Islet)
Îlote du Paul
(Île Paul)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°37′0.0″S 59°33′0.0″E / 16.61667°S 59.55°E / -16.61667; 59.55 (Îlote du Paul)
Puits A Eau [ ⚑ ] 16°39′0.0″S 59°34′0.0″E / 16.65°S 59.56667°E / -16.65; 59.56667 (Puits A Eau)
Baleine Rocks
(La Baleine)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°40′0.0″S 59°31′0.0″E / 16.66667°S 59.51667°E / -16.66667; 59.51667 (Baleine Rocks)
Île Verronge
(Verronge)		 [ ⚑ ] 16°40′43″S 59°36′23″E / 16.67861°S 59.60639°E / -16.67861; 59.60639 (Île Veronge)
Veronge Ilot [ ⚑ ] 16°42′0.0″S 59°38′0.0″E / 16.7°S 59.63333°E / -16.7; 59.63333 (Veronge Ilot)
Île Poulailler [ ⚑ ] 16°44′0.0″S 59°46′0.0″E / 16.73333°S 59.76667°E / -16.73333; 59.76667 (Île Poulailer)
Palm Islet [ ⚑ ] 16°45′0.0″S 59°35′0.0″E / 16.75°S 59.58333°E / -16.75; 59.58333 (Palm Islet)
Chaloupe [ ⚑ ] 16°45′08″S 59°34′21″E / 16.75222°S 59.5725°E / -16.75222; 59.5725 (Chaloupe)
Courson [ ⚑ ] 16°48′0.0″S 59°30′0.0″E / 16.8°S 59.5°E / -16.8; 59.5 (Courson)
L'Île Coco
(Île Cocos, Île aux Cocos)		 0.5 km2 (0.19 sq mi) [ ⚑ ] 16°48′56″S 59°30′09″E / 16.81556°S 59.5025°E / -16.81556; 59.5025 (L'Île Coco)

Ecology

Cargados comprises about 190 km2 (73 sq mi) of reefs. It has one of the largest algal ridges in the Indian Ocean. Coconut trees can be found on a few islands as well as a variety of bushes and grass. The islands are covered with white granular sand from eroded coral, and a thick layer of guano can be found in most places.

Satellite image of Cargados Carajos

The western part of the bay has a coral bank and a fringing reef, dominated by staghorn Acropora, with an irregular front which merges with the coral banks; the reef flat has appreciable coral cover. North of this, or deeper into the bay, are several isolated patches of coral growing in deeper water.

The eastern border has reefs with a greater diversity of corals, in particular, enormous hillocks of Pavona spp. with Mycedium tenuicostatum which is unusual in Mauritius. On the sandy substrate, Goniopora and Pontes provide hard substrate for several other species, notably Acropora and Pavona. Large tabular Acropora corals are also conspicuous, and when dead or overturned, provide substrate for other colonizers. These patches have expanded and fused to provide the numerous, large coral banks found in the Bay. Only twenty-eight coral species have been recorded which is probably due to the uniform habitat. Further offshore lies a peripheral fringing reef.

This complex of low islands, coral reefs and sand banks arises from a vast shallow submarine platform. The main structure is a large, 100 km (62 mi) long crescent-shaped reef whose convex side faces towards the south-east trades and the South Equatorial Current. The reef front of the main reef recurves inwards at both ends and is cut by two or three passes.

The main reef has a very broad reef flat, extending up to several hundred metres across in parts. Together with much of the broad reef flat it is emergent at low tides. Apart from calcareous red algae it supports a few pocilloporoid corals. Down to at least 20 m (66 ft) depth the substrate is swept clear of attached biota, although on the sides of spurs or buttresses a few corals exist. Underwater photographs of some of the numerous knolls and banks behind the reef show that the density of corals and soft corals is typical of many very sedimented areas and shallow lagoons in the Indian Ocean.

The islands are home to a total of 26 species of seabirds such as blue-faced boobies, sooty terns, and white terns. Green turtles and hawksbill turtles are also found on the islands.

History

The Cantino Planisphere (1502), in the Biblioteca Estense, Modena, Italy

The atoll was probably discovered in 975 A.D. by Arabian sailors along with Dina Arobi ("Abandoned Island"), now known as the island of Mauritius. It can also be found listed as Baixos on the 1502 Cantino Planisphere map.

It was named in 1506 by Portuguese sailors who went ashore for provisioning on their way to India . Pirates and French corsairs have also used the islands as a refuge.

In 1598, the Dutch occupied the islands.

On 12 February 1662, the East India Ship Arnhem ran aground on the Saint Brandon Rocks.[8] Volkert Evertsz, the captain, and other survivors of the wreck survived by piloting a small boat to Mauritius, and are thought to have been the last humans to see living dodos.[9][10] They survived the three months until their rescue by hunting "goats, birds, tortoises and pigs".[11] Evertsz was rescued by the English ship Truroe in May 1662.[11][12] Seven of the survivors chose not to return with the first rescue ship.[13]

Mauritius and its associated islands were colonised by the French some time around 1715, granted by the King of France to the Compagnie des Indes in 1726 but retroceded to the French Crown in 1765. Saint Brandon was referred to as Cargados in Samuel Dunn's world map of 1794.

On 9 June 1806, the French general Charles Decaen ordered the corsair Charles Nicolas Mariette to send a spying mission to Saint Brandon and to leave six men on the most prominent island and, on his return trip to Mauritius, to ascertain once and for all that Cargados Carajos and St. Brandon were the same shoal. The frigate Piemontaise under the command of Louis Jacques Eperon le Jeune departed on 11 June 1806.[14]

In 1810, the islands were taken by force by Britain, becoming a British crown colony.

From October to November 1917, the St. Brandon Islands and, in particular, the lagoon of L'Île Coco, were used as a base by the German raiding vessel Wolf, commanded by Karl August Nerger.[15] On the island, Wolf transferred stoking coal and stores from the captured Japanese ship Hitachi Maru which took three weeks. The coal was necessary for the raider's return to Germany. To do so, Wolf had to run a gauntlet of Allied warships from near the Cape of the Good Hope to the North Atlantic. On 7 November 1917, the Germans scuttled Hitachi Maru 26 km (16 mi) off shore and Wolf departed.[16]

The most common employment on St. Brandon in 1922 was agriculture, with a manager, assistant manager and eleven labourers. Only two young men were recorded as working as fishermen. Three men worked as carpenters, one as a mason, one as a shoemaker and another as a domestic servant. There was no indication that the guano mines were operating.[17] The islands were later mined for phosphates derived from guano until mining activities ceased in the mid-20th century.

Shipwrecks

Shipwrecks on the low-lying, rocky reefs of St. Brandon have been recorded since as early as 1662.

  • On 12 February 1662, the Dutch East Indiaman sailing ship Arnhem wrecked itself on the rocks at St. Brandon.[18][19][20]
  • 1780s - The English ship, the Hawk, foundered on Saint Brandon on her return to Europe from Surat.[21]
1820 oil painting of the survivors of the Cabalva wreck in St. Brandon.
  • On 25 October 1795, a vessel called l'Euphrasie arrived in Port Louis with five survivors from a shipwreck in St. Brandon related to a corsair ship called La Revanche. A certain crewman called Landier is described as leading this group of survivors. The other eight crew members perished.[22]
  • On 7 July 1818, the sailing vessel Cabalva, built by Wells, Wigram & Green in 1811 and owned by the East India Company, struck the reef at St. Brandon on its way to China and was destroyed. Captain James Dalrymple and several other lost their life.[23]
  • On 15 September 1845, the sailing ship Letitia ran aground on the Frigate islet.[24]
  • On 3 October 1969, the Russian tugboat Argus wrecked itself on the reef at St. Brandon. A total of 38 men were rescued.[25][26]
  • In 2012, a tuna longliner ran aground on the reef crest of St. Brandon's atoll. It broke into three pieces which was moved by currents and storms into the lagoon.[27]
  • On 29 November 2014, during the second leg of the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race, the sailing boat Team Vestas Wind ran aground on St. Brandon.[28]
  • On 1 February 2015, the fishing vessel Kha Yang, with 250,000 liters of fuel in its tanks, ran aground on the reef of St. Brandon.[29] Its crew of 20 were rescued shortly after its grounding, and a salvage operation pumped the fuel from its tanks a few weeks later.[30][31]
  • On 2 February 2017, the long bulk carrier Alam Manis ran aground on its way to Pipavav from Richards Bay.[32]
  • On 5 June 2021, the FV Sea Master belonging to the Mauritian company Hassen Taher was shipwrecked on Albatross Island.[33]
  • On 5 December 2022, the Taiwanese fishing vessel FV Yu Feng 67 ran aground off L'île du Sud.[34]

Demographics

The main settlement and the administrative centre of St. Brandon is Île Raphaël and can have up to 35 resident employees, a coast guard outpost and meteorological station (with eight residents in 1996). Smaller settlements exist on Avocaré Island, L'Île Coco, and L'île du Sud. The settlement on Albatross was abandoned in 1988.

Historical population

The St. Brandon archipelago was surveyed by British colonial authorities on 31 March 1911 as part of the Census of Mauritius. They found a total population of 110, made up of 97 men (86 non-Indian and 11 Indian) and 13 women (10 non-Indian and 3 Indian).[35] While the archipelago likely had a resident population at this point, as indicated by the 8 children under the age of 15 and the 5 people over the age of 60, there was also likely a seasonal component, with the largest population segment being men between 20 and 35.[36] 73 men worked in fishing, 11 at the guano mines and 4 were ship's carpenters.[37] Only one (male) person was recorded as having been born on St. Brandon.[38]

In the 1921 census, the population had plummeted to just 22. There were 21 men (ages 19–48) and just one woman, a married Catholic, aged 31. A further 14 people were identified as part of the "general population", with 11 of them born on Mauritius, one on Rodrigues and two in the Seychelles. In addition, there were 3 Indo-Mauritians and 5 "other Indians" from Madras, Calcutta and Colombo.[39]

Resident Transient Total Notes
1861 35 All were men.[40][41]
1871 9 All were men.[40][42][41]
1881 6 All were men.[40][41]
1891 0 [43][44]
1901 87 85 men and 2 women. 54 men and one woman were from the "general population"; 29 men were Indo-Mauritians, and two men and one woman were "other Indians"[44]
1911 110 [45]
1921 22 14 people were identified as part of the "general population", with 3 Indo-Mauritians and 5 "other Indians". 21 were men and just one was a woman.[46]
1931 61 All were men, of whom nine were married and one was an ethnic Indian. Fishing was the occupation of 59 of the men, while two were domestic servants. Most were Catholics, but one Muslim lived on the island.[47]
1944 93 All were men, two of them ethnic Indians, and the remainder of the "general population".[48]
1952 136 124 men (one of whom was ethnically Chinese) and 12 women.[49]
1962 90 [50]
1972 128 [51]
1983 137 [52]
2000 0 63 63 No permanent residents. Only transient population.[53]
2011 0 No permanent residents. Transient population not reported.[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 PRB: OIDC.
  2. ↑ "Introduction". Central Statistics Office, Mauritius. 2001. http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/Documents/Education/Educational%20Characteristics/intro.htm. 
  3. ↑ "St Brandon Island - Cargados Carajos - Mauritius Attractions". https://mauritiusattractions.com/st-brandon-island-i-124.html. 
  4. ↑ "GM Goes To War With Raphael Fishing Over St Brandon" (in en-US). 2023-01-20. https://english.lematinal.media/gm-goes-to-war-with-raphael-fishing-over-st-brandon/. 
  5. ↑ "St. Brandon sovereignty controversy: Raphael Fishing Company Ltd hits back at GM – Mauritius News" (in en-US). https://mauritiushindinews.com/defimedia/st-brandon-sovereignty-controversy-raphael-fishing-company-ltd-hits-back-at-gm/. 
  6. ↑ Jean-Marie Chelin (2010). "Annee 1796" (in French). Histoire Maritime de L'Ile Maurice 1791 -1815. Tamarin. pp. 74–76. ISBN 9789994932719. 
  7. ↑ Coral Reefs of the World Volume 2 IUCN and UNEP. UNEP. 1988. p. 212. ISBN 2-88032-944-2. https://archive.org/details/coralreefsofworl0000unse/page/212. 
  8. ↑ "Arnhem (+1662)". Wrecksite. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?139346. 
  9. ↑ Roberts DL, Solow AR (November 2003). "Flightless birds: when did the dodo become extinct?". Nature 426 (6964): 245. doi:10.1038/426245a. PMID 14628039. Bibcode: 2003Natur.426..245R. 
  10. ↑ Anthony Cheke; Julian P. Hume (30 June 2010). Lost Land of the Dodo: The Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-1-4081-3305-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8xXSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jolyon C. Parish (2013). The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History. Indiana University Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-0-253-00099-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=bp8wK8zCg7wC&pg=PA45. 
  12. ↑ Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën: Grote serie. Martinus Nijhoff. 1979. ISBN 978-90-247-2282-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=YxQOKQ_ZaU8C. 
  13. ↑ Megan Vaughan (1 February 2005). Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius. Duke University Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 0-8223-3399-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=kNK6nFrRwTMC&pg=PA11. 
  14. ↑ Jean Marie, Chelin (2010). Histoire Maritime de L'Ile Maurice 1791 -1815 (vol. 2 ed.). Tamarin, Mauritius. pp. 188, 189, 190. ISBN 978-99949-32-71-9. 
  15. ↑ "'The German Cruiser "The Wolf" Uses Saint Brandon as a transhipment point for the cargo of captured allied ships in 1917". https://archive.org/stream/ReviewOfGermanCruiserWarfare19141918#page/n23/mode/2up/search/cargados+carajos. 
  16. ↑ Raider Wolf: the voyage of Captain Nerger, 1916-1918 by Edwin P Hoyt P150-P157. 1974. ISBN 9780839770671. https://archive.org/details/raiderwolfvoyage00hoyt?q=cargados+carajos. Retrieved 28 August 2017. 
  17. ↑ 1921 Census, pp. cciii–ccvii.
  18. ↑ J. R. Bruijn; F. S. Gaastra; Ivo Schöffer (1979). Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th Centuries: Outward-bound voyages from the Netherlands to Asia and the Cape (1595-1794). Nijhoff. ISBN 9789024722709. https://books.google.com/books?id=8rtoAAAAMAAJ. 
  19. ↑ Perry J. Moree (January 1998). A Concise History of Dutch Mauritius, 1598-1710: A Fruitful and Healthy Land. Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0609-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=rHHjAAAAMAAJ. 
  20. ↑ Anthony S. Cheke; Julian Pender Hume (2008). Lost Land of the Dodo: An Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14186-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=mYIpAQAAMAAJ. 
  21. ↑ "The history of Mauritius, or the Isle of France, and the neighbouring islands; from their first discovery to the present time; Page 320 by Charles Grant". https://archive.org/details/historyofmauriti00vaux. 
  22. ↑ Jean-Marie Chelin (2010). "Année 1795" (in French). Histoire Maritime de L'Ile Maurice 1791 -1815. Jean-Marie Chelin. p. 69. ISBN 9789994932719. 
  23. ↑ "Cabalva (+1818)". https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?139046. 
  24. ↑ Various (28 February 2013). The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1846. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–. ISBN 978-1-108-05434-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=nqenSi2pg3EC&pg=PA180. 
  25. ↑ "MV Argus 1969". https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102140. 
  26. ↑ Norman Hooke (1989). Modern shipping disasters, 1963-1987. Lloyd's of London Press. ISBN 9781850442110. https://books.google.com/books?id=pIcTAAAAYAAJ. 
  27. ↑ "longliner ran aground on the reef crest of St Brandon's Atoll". 20 Feb 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339135077. 
  28. ↑ "Grounded". http://www.volvooceanrace.com/en/news/8084_Grounded.html. 
  29. ↑ "Échouage d'un bateau de pêche: une catastrophe écologique menace Saint Brandon". 6 February 2015. https://www.lexpress.mu/article/258407/echouage-dun-bateau-peche-une-catastrophe-ecologique-menace-saint-brandon. 
  30. ↑ "AU LARGE DE SAINT-BRANDON : Naufrage d'un bateau de pêche - Le Mauricien". http://www.lemauricien.com/article/au-large-saint-brandon-naufrage-d-bateau-peche. 
  31. ↑ "f/v Kha Yang aground, salvage under way". https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2015/6507/fv-kha-yang-aground-salvage-under-way/. 
  32. ↑ "Alam Manis Runs aground in St Brandon.". Shipwreck Log. https://www.shipwrecklog.com/log/tag/cargados-carajos-shoals/. 
  33. ↑ "Hassen Taher Seafoods". https://defimedia.info/hassen-taher-seafoods-quatre-generations-de-succes. 
  34. ↑ "LEE TSANG FISHERY CO LTD, Kaohsiung City, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) | World Shipping Register". https://world-ships.com/company/ff40c1155b21b6ac184f85843560878d#.Y-uMhHZByuU. 
  35. ↑ 1911 Census, p. iv, Abstracts iv.
  36. ↑ 1911 Census, p. Abstracts xcvi, xcviii.
  37. ↑ 1911 Census, p. Abstracts cxii.
  38. ↑ 1911 Census, p. Abstracts cxvii.
  39. ↑ 1921 Census, pp. 13,15,16, cciii–ccvii.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 1901 Census, p. 168.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 1881 Census, pp. 481–482.
  42. ↑ 1871 Census, Part 2, p.2.
  43. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1 April 1892, pp. 38, 41, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/1.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200394/REPT_0394_0001.pdf 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 21 March 1902, p. 168, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/1.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200395/REPT_0395_0001.pdf 
  45. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Port Louis, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1912, p. iv, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/1.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200396/REPT_0396_0001.pdf 
  46. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Port Louis, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1921, p. 13,15,16, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/1.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200397/REPT_0397_0001.pdf 
  47. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Port Louis, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1931, p. lxii–lxiii, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/1.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200398/REPT_0398_0001.pdf 
  48. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Port Louis, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1944, p. 3, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/2.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200343/REPT_0343_0001.pdf 
  49. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Port Louis, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1 June 1953, p. 6, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/2.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/Rept%20%200344/REPT_0344_0001.pdf 
  50. ↑ Census of Mauritius and its Dependencies, Port Louis, Mauritius: Census Commission for Mauritius and its Dependencies, 1962, pp. 42–43, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/2.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200348/REPT_0348_0001.pdf 
  51. ↑ Preliminary Results of the 1983 Population Census, Port Louis, Mauritius: Central Statistical Office, January 1984, p. 1, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/Population/ESI%200002/ESI_0002_0002.pdf 
  52. ↑ 1983 Housing and Population Census of Mauritius, 1, Port Louis, Mauritius: Central Statistical Office, October 1984, p. 1, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/archive%20esi/External%20Trade/Report/2.%20POPULATION%20CENSUS/REPT%200359/REPT_0359_0001.pdf 
  53. ↑ Population Tables: 2000 Housing and Population Census, Port Louis, Mauritius: Central Statistical Office, November 2001, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Documents/Demogra/intro.htm 
  54. ↑ Census 2011 Atlas, Port Louis, Mauritius: Central Statistical Office, 2011, p. 1, http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/2011HousingPopCensusXL/Atlas%20final%20200515.1.pdf 

Further reading

External links

  • Map of Mauritius
  • Marine Protected Areas by Project Regeneration
  • Marine Protection Atlas - an online tool from the Marine Conservation Institute that provides information on the world's protected areas and global MPA campaigns. Information comes from a variety of sources, including the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), and many regional and national databases.
  • Marine protected areas - viewable via Protected Planet, an online interactive search engine hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme's World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC).




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