Engineering:BMW Z4 (E85)

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BMW Z4 (E85/E86)
BMW Z4 2.2i (E85) – Frontansicht (2), 26. Juni 2011, Mettmann.jpg
Overview
ManufacturerBMW
ProductionJuly 2002 – December 2008
Model years2003–2008
AssemblyUnited States: Greer, South Carolina (Plant Spartanburg)
DesignerAnders Warming (E85)[1]
Thomas Sycha (E86)[2]
Body and chassis
ClassSports car (S)
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
RelatedBMW 3 Series (E46)
BMW 3 Series Compact (E46/5)
Powertrain
Engine
  • Petrol:
  • 2.0 L N46 I4
  • 2.2–3.2 L M54/N52/S54 I6
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,495 mm (98.2 in)
Length4,090 mm (161.0 in)
Width1,780 mm (70.1 in)
Height
  • E85: 1,300 mm (51.2 in)
  • E86: 1,285 mm (50.6 in)
Chronology
PredecessorBMW Z3
SuccessorBMW Z4 (E89)
Interior

The first generation of the BMW Z4 consists of the BMW E85 (roadster version) and BMW E86 (coupe version) sports cars. The E85/E86 generation was produced from 2002 to 2008. The E85/E86 replaced the Z3 and is the third model in the BMW Z Series. Initial models were in the roadster (E85) body style, with the coupé (E86) body style being added in 2006. In February 2009, the BMW Z4 (E89) began production as the successor to the E85/E86.

As per the Z3, the E85/E86 was manufactured solely in Greer, South Carolina. The M model, the Z4 M, is powered by the S54 straight-six engine.

Development and launch

The E85 was designed by Denmark BMW-designer Anders Warming from mid-1998 to the summer of 1999.[citation needed] The coupe models were designed by Tomasz Sycha.[3] The E85 designs were frozen on March 1, 2000.[4] The Z4 was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 2002,[5] and North American models went on sale in November of the same year (as the 2003 model year). European sales began in March 2003.[6]

Initial models consisted of the roadster body style powered by a 2.5L or 3.0L 6-cylinder engine.

Body styles

Roadster (E85)

The Z4 Roadster was launched in 2002 with the 2.5i and 3.0i six-cylinder models.[7] Transmission choices were a five-speed manual, six-speed manual, five-speed automatic and a six-speed SMG-II automated manual transmission.[8]

A four-cylinder model, the Z4 2.0i Roadster, was introduced for the European market in May 2005.

The drag coefficient is maximum of Cd=0.35.[9]

Coupé (E86)

Z4 Coupé (rear view)

BMW unveiled a concept coupé version of the Z4 at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show.[10] The design of the Z4 and Z4 coupé has variously been ascribed to Anders Warming, Chris Bangle, the controversial former BMW Head of Design, and Adrian van Hooydonk, former BMW chief designer,[11][12] and BMW designer Tomasz Sycha. The design was approved in Summer of 2004 and frozen in December 2004. The company announced in 2005 that the two-door coupé would be available for production including the return of the M Coupé. The production car was introduced at the New York Auto Show in April 2006 and was available for sale in late May 2006.[13]

Thanks to its hatch design, the Z4 Coupé offers 10.1 cu ft (0.29 m3) of trunk space,[14] compared with 8.5 cu ft (0.24 m3) for the roadster.[15]

The Coupe's fixed roof increases torsional rigidity, resulting in a stiffness of 32,000 N⋅m (24,000 lb⋅ft) per degree of body twist on the coupe (compared to 14,500 N⋅m (10,700 lb⋅ft) per degree on the roadster), which improves turn-in and overall handling response.[16] The roof has a "double-bubble" contour which serves as an aerodynamic aid and offers more headroom than the roadster with the soft top closed. The Coupé has a sleek fastback rear window that slopes down to an integrated spoiler which is shaped to deliver downforce to the rear axle at high-speed.

The model range for the Coupé was more limited than the roadster, and consisted of the six-cylinder 3.0si and Z4 M model only.[17][18] Transmission choices were a 6-speed manual and a 6-speed automatic with shift paddles mounted on the steering column.

Chassis and body

Convertible (pre-facelift)

Compared with its Z3 predecessor, the Z4 is larger and has a stiffer chassis.[19] As per the Z3, the front suspension is a Macpherson strut design. The rear suspension uses a multi-link design, instead of the semi-trailing design used by the Z3. [20]

The Z4 used lightweight materials to offset the increased weight over the smaller Z3, such as an aluminum hood and suspension components, magnesium roof frame. Run-flat tires removed the need for a spare tire, which reduces weight and allows for a larger trunk.[21]

Equipment

The 6-cylinder engines included all-alloy construction, variable valve timing (double-VANOS), and throttle by wire. Safety technology included four-wheel disc brakes and electronic stability control, incorporating ABS and traction control.

An optional "Sport Package" included added stiffer and lower suspension, 18 inch wheels, and sport tuned electronic steering, throttle and shift parameters ("Dynamic Driving Control").[22]

Electric power steering replaced the traditional hydraulic power steering used by the Z3.[23][24] The power assist is speed-sensitive, allowing for easier maneuvering at low speeds. [25] However, the Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, and has been judged as having a more direct and communicative feel to the steering.[26]

In 2002 a 6-speed SMG gearbox was offered as an option on the 2.5 and 3.0 roadsters.[27][28]

Transmissions

The available transmissions were:

  • 5-speed manual Getrag S5D250G (2.2i, 2.5i)[29]
  • 6-speed manual Getrag GS6-17BG (2.0i)[30]
  • 6-speed manual ZF GS6-37BZ-TJEE (Z4M)[31]
  • 6-speed manual ZF GS6-37BZ-THEA/TJES (3.0&3.0si)[32]
  • 5-speed automatic ZF 5HP19 (2.2i, 2.5i, 3.0i ~ MY 03-05)[33]
  • 6-speed automatic ZF 6HP19 (2.5i, 3.0i, 3.0si ~ MY 06-08)[34]
  • 6-speed GS6-S37BZ SMG automated manual (2.5i, 3.0i)[35][36][37]

Models

Model Years Engine Power[38] Torque[38] Kerb Weight 0–100 km/h
(62 mph)
2.0i* 2005–2008 2.0 L N46B20
4-cyl		 110 kW (150 hp)
at 6,200 rpm		 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft)
at 3,600 rpm		 2,855 lb (1,295 kg) 8.2 seconds
2.2i 2003–2005 2.2 L M54B22
6-cyl		 125 kW (170 hp)
at 6,100 rpm		 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft)
at 3,500 rpm		 2,921 lb (1,325 kg) 7.7 seconds
2.5i 2003–2005 2.5 L M54B25
6-cyl		 141 kW (192 hp)
at 6,000 rpm		 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft)
at 3,500 rpm		 2,943 lb (1,335 kg) 7.0 seconds
2006–2008 2.5 L N52B25
6-cyl		 130 kW (177 hp)
at 5,800 rpm		 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft)
at 3,500 rpm		 2,965 lb (1,345 kg) 7.0 seconds
2.5si 2006–2008 160 kW (218 hp)
at 6,500 rpm		 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft)
at 2,750 rpm		 2,998 lb (1,360 kg) 6.5 seconds
3.0i 2002–2005 3.0 L M54B30
6-cyl		 170 kW (231 hp)
at 5,900 rpm		 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft)
at 3,500 rpm		 3,009 lb (1,365 kg) 5.9 seconds
2006–2008 3.0 L N52B30
6-cyl		 160 kW (218 hp)
at 6,100 rpm		 270 N⋅m (199 lb⋅ft)
at 2,500-4,250 rpm		 3,020 lb (1,370 kg) 6.2 seconds
3.0si Roadster 2006–2008 3.0 L N52B30
6-cyl		 195 kW (265 hp)
at 6,600 rpm		 315 N⋅m (232 lb⋅ft)
at 2,750 rpm		 3,086 lb (1,400 kg) 5.6 seconds
3.0si Coupé 3,075 lb (1,395 kg) 5.6 seconds
M Roadster 2006–2008 3.2 L S54B32
6-cyl		 252 kW (343 hp)
at 7,900 rpm		 365 N⋅m (269 lb⋅ft)
at 4,900 rpm		 3,197 lb (1,450 kg) 4.8 seconds
M Coupé 3,230 lb (1,465 kg) 4.8 seconds

* The 2.0i was only sold in Europe.[39]

All models are E85 roadsters except as noted. European specifications shown. North American vehicles may have slightly lower power ratings. US models include 2.5i Roadster, 3.0i Roadster, 3.0si Roadster & Coupé, M Roadster & Coupé.[40]

Z4 M versions

Main page: Engineering:BMW M Coupé and Roadster
Z4 M Coupé

thumb|right|Z4 M RoadsterThe Z4 M Coupé/Roadster was introduced in 2006 and is powered by the S54 straight-six engine shared with the E46 M3. The S54 was also on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2001 through 2004.[41] The engine in the North American Z4 M models are rated at 330 hp (246 kW) at 7,900 rpm, 3 hp less than the North American M3.[42] In other markets, the power output is the same 252 kW (343 hp) as the M3. The engine had BMW double VANOS system and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The torque generated by the engine amounted to 355 N⋅m (262 lb⋅ft) at 4,500 rpm. The torque was available from 2,500 rpm.

The Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, unlike the electric power steering used by the rest of the Z4 range.[42] The Roadster used the E46 M3 steering rack, the Coupé the faster M3 CS/CSL rack. Other changes include a wider front track, revised front suspension, wider non-runflat-tires (measuring 225/45 at the front, 255/40 at the rear), and steering geometry.[42] The brakes and the entire rear axle was too from the M3 CS/CSL.

The M Coupé's production began at the Spartanburg BMW plant in Greer on 4 April 2006.

Special models

Alpina Roadster S (2004–2006)

Main page: Engineering:Alpina Roadster S

The Alpina Roadster S is a high-performance iteration of the pre-facelift Z4 introduced at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. Manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Alpina, the Roadster S was assembled at the manufacturer's Buchloe plant from body-in-white sent by the Spartanburg BMW factory. The Roadster S was produced for two years (2004 to 2005) before production was halted due to stricter emission regulations stopping engine supplies. The Roadster S was available in two trims, those being Standard and Luxury with the Luxury trim adding more creature comforts and bigger wheels over the Standard trim. The car had a claimed top speed of 270 km/h (168 mph) and accelerated to 100 km/h (62 mph) from a standstill in 5.3 seconds. The engine was modified by Alpina and change the name to E5/2. The engine create max output 300hp and max torque 362 Nm.

Concept Coupé Mille Miglia (2006)

Concept Coupé Mille Miglia 2006 at the BMW Museum in Munich

The Concept Coupé Mille Miglia is a concept car inspired by the BMW 328 Mille Miglia Touring Coupé. It was unveiled at the 2006 Mille Miglia rally in Italy.[43]

Using the Z4 M Coupé's mechanical components, the concept car is 23 cm (9 in) longer, 14 cm (6 in) wider but 4 cm (2 in) flatter than the Z4 M Coupé. Other features of the concept car include 20-inch alloy wheels with 245/40R20 tyres, permanently integrated sidewalls, swing-up cockpit, an LED headlight panel, silver-coloured carbon-fibre reinforced plastic body and an interior constructed from stainless steel, untreated cowhides and Lycra fabric.[44]

The vehicle was designed by Anders Warming.[45]

Model year changes

2005

  • Four-cylinder model (2.0i) introduced.

2006 facelift or LCI

Convertible (facelift)
Coupe (facelift)

The Z4 facelift (also known as LCI) models were launched at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.[46] The major changes were:

  • Introduction of Coupé models.
  • Introduction of the M Roadster, powered by the S54 straight-six engine (the M Coupe began production a few months later, in April 2006)
  • Discontinuation of the 2.2i model.[47]
  • Introduction of "si" models.
  • Six-cylinder engines (aside from the M Roadster) upgraded from the M54 to the N52.
  • Revised headlights, front bumper and tail lights.[48]
  • Availability of the six-speed automatic transmission.
  • Inclusion of the six-speed manual transmission as standard equipment on all models.

Production

Over the Z4's life cycle, 197,950 vehicles had been produced, with 180,856 roadsters and 17,094 coupés.[49]

The last of the first-generation Z4 (Z4 3.0si Roadster in Space Grey) rolled off the production line on 28 August 2008.[50]

Roadsters

The Z4M Roadster had a total worldwide production of 5,070, including 3,042 cars for the North American market.[51]

Coupes

The worldwide model breakdown for the E86 Coupe over its life cycle (2006–2008) is 12,819 Z4 3.0si coupés, and 4,275 Z4M coupés.[52][53] Even from its introduction in 2006, the Coupé was relatively rare: In its first 13 months on the market, the roadster outsold it at a ratio of 7 to 1.[54] For the UK 3.0si coupe model, 1598 cars were produced with a manual transmission and 1998 cars with an automatic transmission.[55]

The North American (United States and Canada) production total for coupe models is 3,919, comprising 1,815 M-Coupes[53] and 2,104 were the 3.0si Coupes. Of the 2,104 3.0si Coupes produced for the North American market, 1,276 were automatics and 828 were manual transmission; the Z4M was only available with a manual transmission.[56]

In North America, the 3.0si coupe was only available for sale in the United States although a number were imported into Canada from the US.

The yearly breakdown of North American market coupe production totals are as follows:[57]

Year 3.0si coupes Z4M Coupes
2006 348 380
2007 1,280 1,187
2008 476 248

Motorsport

Endurance racing

BMW Z4 M Coupé of Petronas Syntium team at the 2008 Merdeka Endurance Race

Dieter Quester, Dirk Werner, Jamie Campell-Walter and Tim Mullen won the Silverstone Britcar 24-Hour race with a BMW Z4 M Coupé.[58] The unit of the racing version is a modified version of the S54B32 3.2-litre straight-six engine, producing approximately 294 kW (394 bhp). The car is made by BMW's M Division and called the Z4 M Coupé Motorsport.[59]

In the 2008 Super Taikyu Endurance Series in Japan, the Petronas Syntium Team entered two Z4M cars.[60] The cars dominated the series by taking first and second at every race, finishing the Super Taikyu 1 class in first and second place to win both the championship and drivers title. The Petronas Syntium Team earned 277 points, compared to the next placed team on 98 points.[61] The cars were driven by established and popular drivers such as Fariqe Hairuman, Nobuteru Taniguchi, Masataka Yanagida, Manabu Orido and father and son pairing of Hans-Joachim Stuck and Johannes Stuck.[62]

Super GT

In August 2008, a modified Z4 debuted in Round 6 of the Super GT season,[63] marking BMW's return to the series after the M3 was retired from the JGTC series. It was run by the Studie team and participated in the GT300 class. The car was powered by a detuned version of the S62 V8 engine from the E39 M5. The Z4 competed in the 2009 Super GT season (aside from than Sepang Race),[64] and they would replace their H-pattern to a sequential transmission, as well as their S62 Engine with an S65B40 after race 3, after they had suffered an unrepairable engine blow in race 2 at Suzuka.[65] The car was retired at the end of the 2009 season, with its E89 Z4 GT3 successor making its debut in the 2010 season.[66]

References

  1. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in en). https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=D0480021. 
  2. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in en). https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=D0538712. 
  3. ↑ "Polscy projektanci samochodów" (in pl). 19 February 2014. https://moto.wp.pl/polscy-projektanci-samochodow-6062061772121217g. 
  4. ↑ "Design to Reality: the Z4 Roadster". AutoFieldGuide. http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/design-to-reality-the-z4-roadster. 
  5. ↑ "BMW Z4 - 2002 Paris Motor Show". September 2002. http://www.caranddriver.com/news/bmw-z4-auto-shows. 
  6. ↑ Jung, Holger (November 2004) (in de). GWA Effie Jahrbuch 2004. GWA. pp. 21. ISBN 3871508853. https://books.google.com/books?id=diWGnIBa1BcC. 
  7. ↑ "2002 BMW Z4 Roadster E85 phase-I full range specs". http://www.automobile-catalog.com/make/bmw/z4/z4_roadster_i/2002.html. 
  8. ↑ "Long-Term Test Verdict: 2003 BMW Z4 3.0i". 3 May 2005. http://www.motortrend.com/cars/bmw/z4/2003/2003-bmw-z4-2/. 
  9. ↑ BMW. "BMW Presse - Technische Daten Z4 E85 VFL" (in de). http://www.treffseiten.de/bmw/info/daten_Z4_2.2i_2.5i_3.0i.pdf.  before facelift in 2006.
  10. ↑ "2005 Frankfurt Motor Show Coverage". 11 September 2005. http://www.motortrend.com/news/2005-frankfurt-motor-show/. 
  11. ↑ Vasilash, Gary S. (2002). "Design to Reality: the Z4 roadster". Automotive Design and Production. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KJI/is_/ai_95526319. 
  12. ↑ "An Interview with BMW's chief designer". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_42/b4005076.htm. 
  13. ↑ "BMW Z4 2006 review". https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-reviews/bmw-z4-coupe-evolved-to-a-revolution-9303. 
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  16. ↑ "BMW Z4 & M Coupé". Pistonheads pages. http://www.pistonheads.com/doc.asp?c=100&i=15562/. 
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  18. ↑ "Z4 E86 model selection". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/select?product=P&archive=0&series=E86. 
  19. ↑ "2003 BMW Z4 first drive". 6 November 2012. http://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/first-drives/reviews/a9537/2003-bmw-z4/. 
  20. ↑ "BMW Z4 3.0i - Long term tests". http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evolongtermtests/46372/bmw_z4_30i.html. 
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  22. ↑ "2003 BMW Z4 3.0i - Long-Term Road Test". March 2005. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2003-bmw-z4-30i-long-term-road-test. 
  23. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 2.5i Steering column/trim/interlock cable". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BT31-EUR-07-2002-E85-BMW-Z4_25i&diagId=32_1383. 
  24. ↑ "Z3 E36 Z3 3.0i POWER STEERING". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=CN51-EUR-04-2002-Z3-BMW-Z3_30i&diagId=32_0636. 
  25. ↑ "Road Test: ...2004 BMW Z4...". Motor Trend. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/coupes/112_0408_sport_convertibles_comparison/z4_handling_steering.html. 
  26. ↑ "2007 BMW Z4 M". Edmunds. http://www.edmunds.com/bmw/z4-m/2007/. 
  27. ↑ ST 813 M DCT Drivelogic. BMW AG. p. 7. https://archive.org/details/st813mdctdrivelogic. Retrieved 14 July 2019. 
  28. ↑ Lewin, Tony (in en). The Complete Book of BMW. MotorBooks International. ISBN 9781610592055. https://books.google.com/books?id=AZKFLcLybIMC&pg=PA347. Retrieved 14 July 2019. 
  29. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 2.2i Manual gearbox". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BT11-EUR-09-2003-E85-BMW-Z4_22i&diagId=23_0116. 
  30. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 2.0i Manual gearbox". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BZ11-EUR-06-2008-E85-BMW-Z4_20i&diagId=23_0996. 
  31. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 M3.2 Manual transmission". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BT91-EUR-04-2005-E85-BMW-Z4_M32&diagId=23_0918. 
  32. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 3.0si Manual transmission". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BU52-EUR-01-2007-E85-BMW-Z4_30si&diagId=23_0918. 
  33. ↑ "E85 transmissions". http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/05%20E85%20Driveline.pdf. 
  34. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 3.0si Automatic gearbox". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BU51-EUR-04-2008-E85-BMW-Z4_30si&diagId=24_1024. 
  35. ↑ Master SBT Sequential Manual Transmission SMG E 60 V 2. BMW AG. p. 2. https://archive.org/details/mastersbtsequentialmanualtransmissionsmge60v2. Retrieved 14 July 2019. 
  36. ↑ "Z4 E85 Z4 2.5i Manual gearbox GS6S37BZ (SMG)". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/showparts?id=BT31-EUR-09-2002-E85-BMW-Z4_25i&diagId=23_0928. 
  37. ↑ BMW Z4 ROAD TEST
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Power and torque figures may vary slightly between North American and European specification engines.
  39. ↑ "Z4 E85 2.0i model selection". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/select?product=P&archive=0&series=E85&body=Roa&model=Z4+2.0i. 
  40. ↑ "2008 BMW Z4 Review". JB car pages. http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/z4/2008/. 
  41. ↑ "Jalopnik: "Dear BMW, Why Did You Retire the S54B32 Engine?"". BMW BLOG. 26 August 2010. http://www.bmwblog.com/2010/08/26/jalopnik-dear-bmw-why-did-you-retire-the-s54b32-engine/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "2006 BMW Z4 M Roadster - Road Test". June 2006. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2006-bmw-z4-m-roadster-road-test. 
  43. ↑ "BMW Concept Coupe Mille Miglia". https://www.classicdriver.com/en/article/bmw-concept-coupe-mille-miglia. 
  44. ↑ Stuart Waterman (11 May 2006). "BMW unveils stunning Mille Miglia Concept Coupe". Autoblog. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/05/11/bmw-unveils-mille-miglia-concept-coupe/. 
  45. ↑ "BMW Car Designers". bmwism.com. http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm. 
  46. ↑ "BMW Z4 Roadster gets its 343 hp M version with major updates to the whole Z4 family". http://www.autopressnews.com/2005/m10eng/bmw/bmw_z4_m_roadster.shtml. 
  47. ↑ "Z4 E85 2.2i model selection". http://www.realoem.com/bmw/en/select?product=P&archive=0&series=E85&body=Roa&model=Z4+2.2i. 
  48. ↑ "BMW Z4 Buyers Guide". http://www.hilmi.eu/bmw-z4-buyers-guide/. 
  49. ↑ "US: BMW ends Z4 production". AutomotiveWorld. http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/manufacturing/70629-us-bmw-ends-z4-production. 
  50. ↑ Final Z4 roadster rolls out in Greer
  51. ↑ "E85 Z4 M - how many?". http://www.z4-forum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=8945. 
  52. ↑ Source – BMW Car magazine, Nov. 2008 issue, pp 9.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "z4M-R/C VIN numbers/ Total production". https://www.bmwcca.org/forum/index.php?threads/z4m-r-c-vin-numbers-total-production.3695/. 
  54. ↑ Kelsey Mays. "2008 BMW Z4". cars.com. http://www.cars.com/bmw/z4/2008/expert-reviews. 
  55. ↑ "Production Numbers - Z4 Coupe". http://www.z4-forum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=15112. 
  56. ↑ "Z4C non-M list, production numbers". zpost.com. http://www.zpost.com/forums/showthread.php?t=913341. 
  57. ↑ "Z4 E86 Coupe Non-M 2006-2008 North America public". Nov 14, 2013. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oZVcvoipdWJFbH3vu0ON5VO6Gw1Rx2k8/view?usp=sharing. 
  58. ↑ "BMW Z4 M Coupe prevails in Silverstone 24-Hour Race". BMW Motorsport. http://bmw-motorsport.com/ms/en/news/current/2006_09/2006_09_14.html. 
  59. ↑ "BMW Z4 M Coupe as Motor Racing Kit". AutoMotoPortal.com. http://www.automotoportal.com/article/BMW_Z4_M_Coupe_as_Motor_Racing_Kit. 
  60. ↑ "Team Petronas Motorsport website". http://www.teampetronas.com:80/. 
  61. ↑ "Super Taikyu Series 2008 Ranking". http://www.so-net.ne.jp/s-taikyu/ranking/index.html. 
  62. ↑ "Tokachi 24 Hours Endurance Race". http://www.teampetronas.com/a_standard.asp?cid=1186023193&aid=1792466216. 
  63. ↑ "MTSGT2008 - Studie GLAD BMW Z4~Super GT 2008 Memorial". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wza0SrL7gyc. 
  64. ↑ "Hatsune Miku BMW Z4 appears at a year-end Itasha event". Super GT. http://ww2.supergt.net/gtcgi/prg/NList02.dll/Code?No=NS012074&List=13. 
  65. ↑ "Hatsune Miku Z4's report vol.4". Studie Glad Racing. http://ameblo.jp/stgt/entry-10249238561.html. 
  66. ↑ "BMW Z4 GT3 is the V8-powered Z4 M you can race". http://www.autoblog.com/2010/03/04/bmw-z4-gt3-is-the-v8-powered-z4-m-you-can-race/. 



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