Engineering:CAC Wackett

Short description: Training airplane CAC

CAC Wackett Trainer (CA-2, CA-6)
Role	Military trainer aircraft
Manufacturer	Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation
Designer	Lawrence Wackett
First flight	19 September 1939
Introduction	March 1941
Status	Retired
Primary user	Royal Australian Air Force
Number built	202
Variants	Kingsford Smith Cropmaster Yeoman Cropmaster

The CAC Wackett Trainer was the first aircraft type designed in-house by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation of Australia . The name was derived from its designer Lawrence Wackett. "In acknowledgement of the CAC Manager's enormous contribution, the RAAF were to call the aircraft the Wackett Trainer" (although often referred to as simply the Wackett)

Development

The type was designed to meet RAAF Specification 3/38 for an ab initio training aircraft. It was a tandem seat fixed tailwheel-undercarriage monoplane aircraft with a fuselage of steel tube and fabric construction and wings and tail made of wood. Despite the simplicity of the design, construction of the first of two CA-2 prototypes, begun in October 1938, was not completed until September 1939 (this was partly because CAC was still building its factory during this time period). The first prototype flew for the first time on 19 September 1939 fitted with a Gipsy Major series II engine, fitted with a metal DH variable pitch propeller. The aircraft proved to be underpowered with this engine so the second prototype was fitted with a Gipsy Six, removed from a Tugan Gannet, along with its wooden propeller, prior to its first flight in early November the same year (the first prototype was subsequently also re-engined with a Gypsy Six from a Tugan Gannet). Although in-flight performance was improved, the heavier engine negated any benefits to take-off performance obtained from the increased power, so the decision was made to install a 165D Warner Scarab radial engine driving a Hamilton Standard 2B20 two-bladed propeller. The two prototypes were fitted with Scarabs in mid-1940.

Several months passed before the RAAF committed to the type, partly because for a time it appeared that the organisation's training needs could be met with other types already being procured. However, RAAF Specification 1/40 for the "Supply of [the] CAC Wackett..." was eventually issued in August 1940 and the Wackett Trainer entered production. The first CA-6 production Wackett Trainer recorded its first flight on 6 February 1941 and entered service in March that year. Supplies of Hamilton Standard 2B20 propellers, which were being manufactured locally by de Havilland Australia, and the Scarab engines, were erratic during the first half of 1941. The propeller supply problem was not fully resolved until October of that year, so many unflyable aircraft accumulated at the CAC factory at Fishermans Bend. However, during this time the opportunity was taken to incorporate modifications to the thickness of the lower wing skins that in-service use had shown were required. Following the outbreak of the Pacific War production was increased to make way for the Boomerang and the last Wackett was delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force on 22 April 1942.

In the 1950s several aircraft were converted by Kingsford Smith Aviation Services Pty. Ltd. as agricultural aircraft, being renamed the KS-2 or KS-3 Cropmaster. The KS-2 had a hopper installed in the front cockpit; the single conversion was not a success so it was re-modified as the KS-3 with the hopper located in the rear cockpit. Four more Wacketts were converted to KS-3s and the type was further developed as the Yeoman Cropmaster.

Operational history

Initially designed pre-war as an intended basic trainer to lead into the more advanced Wirraway trainer, the Wackett saw early service for evaluation in that role with the Royal Victorian Aero Club at Essendon, resulting in the brief formation of 3 Elementary Flying Training School (3 EFTS) before its relocation and reformation as 11 EFTS at Benalla, but the local production and standardisation of basic training under the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS) on the simpler and cheaper de Havilland DH82A Tigermoth saw the Wackett largely superseded in that flying training role. The Wackett Trainer went on to serve in an important but largely forgotten role as wireless operator trainers with No. 1 Wireless Air Gunnery School (WAGS) at Ballarat, Victoria No. 2 WAGS at Parkes, New South Wales; and No. 3 WAGS at Maryborough, Queensland, and also as an initial dual flying trainer with ; 1 Elementary Flying Training School at Tamworth, New South Wales; 3 Elementary Flying Training School at Essendon, Victoria; ; 11 Elementary Flying Training School at Benalla, Victoria; and No. 5 Operational Training Unit at Tocumwal, New South Wales. It also served at several other Empire Air Training Scheme establishments in Australia. About one-third of the 200 aircraft were written-off during the type's service with the RAAF and after the end of World War II the remaining aircraft were withdrawn from use and sold to civilian individuals and organisations. About thirty aircraft were subsequently re-sold to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force and the survivors of these were transferred to the nascent Indonesian Air Force at independence, although it is thought that they did not see further use. Several dozen more were placed on the Australian civil register.

VH-BEC on display at the Central Australian Aviation Museum, 2015

On 14 January 1962 James Knight commenced a flight from Ceduna, South Australia to Cook, South Australia (c.220 miles WNW) in Wackett VH-BEC (ex-RAAF A3-139). He was never seen again. Over three years later, on 28 March 1965, VH-BEC was found by chance two hundred miles north of Cook. Knight had remained with the aircraft after it force-landed and inscribed a diary and his Last Will and Testament on the fuselage panels; the last diary entry was made on 20 January 1962. It was subsequently determined that the mount of the magnetic compass was loose and displayed headings that were 30 degrees in error. VH-BEC was recovered in 1977 and is now on display at the Central Australian Aviation Museum at Alice Springs.

Several other Wackett Trainers and a KS-3 Cropmaster are in other museums and in private hands in Australia.

Variants

• CA-2 Wackett Trainer : Prototypes. Two aircraft were built.
• CA-6 Wackett Trainer : Two-seat basic trainer aircraft for the RAAF. 200 aircraft were built.

Operators

Australia

• Royal Australian Air Force

Netherlands East Indies

• Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (30 ex-RAAF aircraft)

Indonesia

• Indonesian Air Force

Surviving aircraft

• A3-22 / (former VH-ALV) – CA-6 under restoration for static display at the Australian National Aviation Museum in Melbourne. This airframe is the 22nd production and oldest surviving Wackett Trainer.
• A3-31 / (former VH-AIY) – CA-6 (formerly owned by Horrie Miller) on static display at the Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek, Western Australia.
• A3-49 / (former VH-AJH) – CA-6 modified to KS-3 Cropmaster (Kingsford Smith Air Services) static display at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.
• A3-56 / (no civil use) - – CA-6 stored for future static fuselage restoration at Lara, Victoria.
• A3-85 / (former VH-BLV) Currently registered as VH-LYW – CA-6 under longterm airworthy restoration at Lara, Victoria.
• A3-87 / (former VH-AJY) – CA-6 under restoration at the Maryborough Military Aviation Museum of Maryborough, Queensland.
• A3-129 / (former VH-AKJ, VH-AMA, VH-DGR) Currently registered as VH-WKT – CA-6 under longterm airworthy restoration with John Gallagher at Wedderburn, New South Wales.
• A3-137 / (no civil use) – CA-6 stored for future static cockpit restoration at Lara, Victoria.
• A3-139 / (former VH-BEC) - CA-6 on display "as found in the desert", at the Central Australian Aviation Museum, in Alice Springs, Northern Territory.
• A3-167 / (former VH-AGP) – Currently registered as VH-LNW – CA-6 under longterm airworthy restoration at Lara, Victoria.

Specifications

Data from Holmes, 2005. p. 135

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 7.92 m (26 ft 0 in)
• Wingspan: 11.28 m (37 ft 0 in)
• Height: 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
• Empty weight: 866 kg (1,910 lb)
• Gross weight: 1,175 kg (2,590 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × Warner Scarab , 130 kW (175 hp)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 185 km/h (115 mph, 100 kn)
• Range: 684 km (425 mi, 369 nmi)

See also

• List of aircraft of the RAAF

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Wirraway to Hornet - a history of the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation Pty Ltd Brian Hill. Southern Cross Publications.
• Tiger Moth, CT-4, Wackett & Winjeel in Australian Service Stewart Wilson. Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. ISBN:1875671161
• Holmes, Tony (2005). Jane's Vintage Aircraft Recognition Guide. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0007192924. 
• Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation M. J. H. Taylor ed. Studio Editions Ltd. ISBN:1851703241

External links

• Wackett
• http://www.defence.gov.au/raaf/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A3.htm
• CAC Wackett