Engineering:Chawan
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A chawan (茶碗; literally "tea bowl") is a bowl used for preparing and drinking tea. Many types of chawan are used in East Asian tea ceremonies. The choice of their use can range from preparing tea to a formal garment for the head.
History
The chawan originated in China. The earliest chawan in Japan were imported from China between the 13th and the 16th centuries.[1]
The Jian chawan, a Chinese tea bowl known as Tenmoku chawan in Japan, was the preferred tea bowl for the Japanese tea ceremony until the 16th century.[2] In Japan, tea was also mainly drunk from this Chinese variety of tea bowls until about the 15th century.[3] The Japanese term tenmoku is derived from the name of the Tianmu Mountain, where Japanese priests acquired these tea bowls from Chinese temples to bring back to Japan, according to tradition.[4]
An 11th-century resident of Fujian wrote about the Jian tea wares:
| “ | Tea is of light colour and looks best in black cups. The cups made at Jianyang are bluish-black in colour, marked like the fur of a hare. Being of rather thick fabric, they retain the heat, so that when once warmed through, they cool very slowly, and they are additionally valued on this account. None of the cups produced at other places can rival these. Blue and white cups are not used by those who give tea-tasting parties.[5] | ” |
By the end of the Kamakura period (1185–1333), as the custom of tea drinking spread throughout Japan and the Tenmoku chawan became desired by all ranks of society, the Japanese began to make their own copies in Seto (in present-day Aichi Prefecture).[6] Although the Tenmoku chawan was derived from the original Chinese that came in various colors, shapes, and designs, the Japanese particularly liked the bowls with a tapered shape, so most Seto-made Tenmoku chawan had this shape.[6]
With the rise of the wabi tea ceremony in the late Muromachi period (1336–1573), the Ido chawan, a variety of Korean bowls mainly used for rice in Korea, also became highly prized in Japan.[3] Korean bowls were a favourite of tea master Sen no Rikyū because of their rough simplicity.[7]
Over time and with the development of the Japanese tea ceremony as a distinct form, local ceramics became more highly priced and developed. Around the Edo period, the chawan was often made in Japan. The most esteemed pieces for a tea ceremony chawan are raku ware, Hagi ware, and Karatsu ware. A saying in the tea ceremony schools for the preferred types of chawan relates: "Raku first, Hagi second, Karatsu third."[8]
Another chawan type that became slightly popular during the Edo period from abroad was the Annan ware from Vietnam (Annam), which were originally used there as rice bowls. Annan ware is blue and white, with a high foot.
Usage
A cloth called chakin is used to wipe the bowl clean.
Types
Japanese chawan have various shapes and types, many of which have specific names:[9]
- "iron" bowl (鉄鉢形 tetsubachi-nari / teppatsu-nari)
- "wooden" bowl (椀形 wan-nari)
- Goki (呉記型 Goki-gata)
- half-cylinder (半筒型 han tsutsu-gata)
- cylinder (筒型 tsutsu-gata)
- go stone box (碁笥底型 gokezoko-gata)
- waist (胴締 dojimari-gata)
- rider's cup (馬上杯 / 馬上盃 bajyohai)
- cedar (杉形 sugi-nari)
- ido / well (井戸型 ido-gata)[10]
- Tenmoku (天目型 Tenmoku-gata)
- Komogai (熊川形 Komogai-nari)[10] – formerly imported from the Korean port of Komogai/Ungcheon (now part of Jinhae)
- Silver tenmoku (銀天目茶碗 silver tea bowl made in the tenmoku style)
- curving lip (端反り型 hatazori-gata)
- flat (平形 hiragata)
- horse bucket (馬盥 badarai)
- clog/shoe (沓形 kutsu-gata)
- shoreline (砂浜形 suhama-gata)
- peach (桃形 momo-gata)
- brush washer (筆洗形 hissen-gata)
- straw hat (編笠 amikasa)
- triangular (三角形 sankaku-gata)
- four-sided (四方形 shiho-gata)
White raku teabowl Fuji-san (Mount Fuji) by Honami Kōetsu, Edo period, 17th century National Treasure
Hagi ware bowl
Black raku bowl used for thick tea, Azuchi-Momoyama period, 16th century
Shino ware tea bowl
See also
- List of Japanese tea ceremony utensils
- Yunomi, teacups used in Japan for everyday use
References
- ↑ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2. Tokyo: Kodansha. 1983. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-87011-622-3. https://archive.org/details/kodanshaencyclop0000koda/page/25.
- ↑ "Jian ware". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110861/Jian-ware. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tsuchiya, Yoshio (2002). The fine art of Japanese food arrangement. London: Kodansha Europe Ltd. p. 67. ISBN 978-4-7700-2930-0.
- ↑ "Tea bowl (China) (91.1.226)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2006. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/91.1.226.
- ↑ Bushell, S.W. (1977). Chinese pottery and porcelain. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0-19-580372-8.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ono, Yoshihiro; Rinne, Melissa M.. "Tenmoku Teabowls". Kyoto National Museum. http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/data/touji/tenmoku.htm. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
- ↑ Sadler, A.L. Cha-No-Yu: The Japanese Tea Ceremony. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1962, 67.
- ↑ "Veteran of Hagi continues rediscovery". 22 January 2000. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2000/01/22/arts/veteran-of-hagi-continues-rediscovery/#.V7HUAluLS_4.
- ↑ "Japanese Tea Bowl Shapes | flyeschool.com". http://flyeschool.com/content/japanese-tea-bowl-shapes.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Korean tea bowls imported to Japan" (in ja, en). Miho Museum. http://www.miho.or.jp/booth/html/artcon/00000520.htm.
External links
- JNT, Joy of the Noble Teacup: International Chawan Exhibition
- Official page of an international traveling chawan Exhibition
- A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
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