Engineering:Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender

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Short description: 1943 prototype fighter aircraft
XP-55 Ascender
Curtiss XP-55 Ascender in flight 061024-F-1234P-007.jpg
Curtiss XP-55 Ascender in flight.
Role Fighter
National origin United States
Manufacturer Curtiss-Wright Corporation
First flight 19 July 1943
Status Canceled at flight-test stage
Number built 3

The Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender (company designation CW-24 is a 1940s United States prototype fighter aircraft built by Curtiss-Wright. Along with the Vultee XP-54 and Northrop XP-56, it resulted from United States Army Air Corps proposal R-40C issued on 27 November 1939 for aircraft with improved performance, armament, and pilot visibility over existing fighters; it specifically allowed for unconventional aircraft designs. An unusual design for its time, it had a canard configuration with a rear-mounted engine, and two vertical tails at end of swept wings. Because of its pusher design, it was satirically referred to as the "Ass-ender".[1] Like the XP-54, the Ascender was designed for the 1,800 hp Pratt & Whitney X-1800 24-Cylinder H-engine, but was redesigned after that engine project was canceled. It was also the first Curtiss fighter aircraft to use tricycle landing gear.

Design and development

Curtiss CW-24B at Langley wind tunnel.

In June 1940, the Curtiss-Wright company received an Army contract for preliminary engineering data and a powered wind tunnel model.[2] The designation 'P-55' was reserved for the project. The exhaustive wind-tunnel tests that from November 1940 through January 1941 left the USAAC dissatisfied with the results of these tests.[3][4]

Accordingly, Curtiss-Wright built at their St Louis division a flying full-scale mockup they designated CW-24B.[5] The flying testbed was powered by a 275 hp (205 kW) Menasco C68-5 inline engine.[3][6]Template:Unreliable source inline It had a fabric-covered, welded steel tube fuselage with a wooden wing.[7] The undercarriage was non-retractable.[3] The canard did not carry load but only trimmed flight.[5] The CW-24B model completed its maiden flight in December 1941.[3] From November 1941 to May 1942, the Model 24B logged 169 flights at Muroc Dry Lake, California. The tests appeared to show potential.[4] The CW-24B then went to NACA at Langley Air Force Base for wind tunnel tests.[5]

On 10 July 1942, the United States Army Air Forces issued a contract for three prototypes under the designation XP-55.[4][6] Serial numbers 42-78845 through 42-78847 were assigned to the aircraft. During this time, the Pratt & Whitney X-1800 H-block sleeve valve engine was delayed, and was eventually canceled.[7] Curtiss decided to switch to the 1,000 hp (750 kW) Allison V-1710[4] (F16) liquid-cooled inline engine because of its proven reliability.[7] Armament was to be two 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano autocannon and two 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Bowning heavy machine guns.[3] During the mock-up phase, engineers switched to the 1,275 hp (951 kW) V-1710-95.[4][8] The 20mm cannons were also replaced by 0.50-in machine guns.[6]

One feature of the XP-55 was a propeller jettison lever inside the cockpit to prevent the pilot from hitting the propeller during bailout. The jettison device was invented by W. Jerome Peterson while working as a design engineer for Curtiss-Wright.[3][7]

Operational history

The first XP-55 following a testing crash.

Three XP-55 prototypes were built. Two were destroyed during flight testing, as a result of their propensity for sudden wing stalls.

The first XP-55 (42-78845) was completed and delivered on 13 July 1943, with the same configuration as the final prototype CW-24B. The aircraft made its first flight on 19 July 1943[3][8] from the Army's Scott Field near the Curtiss-Wright plant in St Louis, Missouri.[7] The pilot was J. Harvey Gray,[3] Curtiss' test pilot. Testing revealed the takeoff run was excessively long. To solve this problem, the nose elevator size was increased and the aileron up-trim was interconnected with the flaps so it operated after the flaps were lowered.[7]


In 15 November 1943, test pilot Harvey Gray, flying the first XP-55 (S/N 42-78845), was testing the aircraft's stall performance at altitude. Suddenly, the XP-55 inverted into an uncontrolled descent. The engine failed "making recovery impossible"[2] and it fell out of control for 16,000 ft (4,900 m) before Gray was able to parachute to safety. The aircraft was destroyed and "left a smoking hole in the ground".[4][7]

The second XP-55 (serial 42-78846) was similar to the first, but with a slightly larger nose-elevator,[7] modified elevator-tab systems, and a change from balance tabs to spring tabs on the ailerons. It flew for the first time on 9 January 1944.[4][7] All flight tests were restricted so the stall-zone was avoided; included no stalling below 20,000 ft.[5][7][9]

The third XP-55 (serial 42-78847) flew for the first time on 25 April 1944. Modifications resulting from the investigation of the crash of the first prototype were introduced during construction; the addition of four-foot wingtip extensions to improve the stall characteristics and increasing the limits of the nose elevator travel to improve recovery if a stall did occur.[2] It was the only prototype to be fitted with armament - four 0.5-inch machine guns.[5]

After the second XP-55 (42-78846) was given the same modifications as the third prototype, it underwent official USAAF flight trials between 16 September and 2 October 1944.

The third prototype XP-55 (s/n 42-78847) was lost on 27 May 1945, during the closing day of the Seventh War Bond Air Show at the Army Air Forces Fair at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio.[7][10] After a low pass in formation with a Lockheed P-38 Lightning and a North American P-51 Mustang[7] on each wing, its pilot, William C. Glasgow, attempted a slow roll,[7] but lost altitude and crashed, sending flaming debris into occupied civilian ground vehicles on a highway near the airfield. The crash killed Glasgow and four civilians on the ground.[7][11]

In test flights the P-55 achieved 390 mph at 19,300 feet but there were engine cooling problems.[2] In terms of overall performance, testing of the XP-55 revealed it to be inferior to conventional fighter aircraft.[4][7][12] In addition, by the end of 1944, German and British jet-powered fighters were fully operational, and the Lockheed XP-80 was about to commence operational trials with USAAF units in Italy. Development of completely new piston-engine fighter designs was regarded as redundant; further development of such aircraft was terminated, including the XP-55.

Aircraft disposition

XP-55 on display at the Air Zoo
  • 42-78845: crashed during vertical dive on November 15, 1943. Pilot bailed out.[13]
  • 42-78846: on display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is on long-term loan from the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.[4][7][8][14]Used for official performance tests, flying a total of 27 hours.[8]
  • 42-78847: crashed during air show at Wright Field, Ohio on May 27, 1945. Pilot killed.[7][15]

Specifications (XP-55)

Curtis XP-55 Ascender side view.
Patent for the propeller jettison system used on the XP-55.

Data from Green and Swanborough 1977[16] [17] Air and Space Museum [18]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One (pilot)
  • Length: 29 ft 7 in (9.02 m)
  • Wingspan: 40 ft 7 in (12.37 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 0 in (3.05 m)
  • Wing area: 235 sq ft (21.8 m2)
  • Empty weight: 6,354 lb (2,882 kg)
  • Gross weight: 7,710 lb (3,497 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 7,930 lb (3,597 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Allison V-1710-95 liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,275 hp (951 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 390 mph (630 km/h, 340 kn) at 19,300 feet (5,900 m)
  • Range: 635 mi (1,022 km, 552 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 34,600 ft (10,500 m)
  • Wing loading: 32.8 lb/sq ft (160 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.16 hp/lb

Armament

  • Guns: 4 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the nose

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Jenkins 2008. p. 8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Rubenstein & Goldman  (1974) p178
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Davey, Guy (2023-03-03). "XP-55 Ascender: the Back-to-Front Fighter" (in en-us). https://planehistoria.com/xp-55-ascender/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 "Curtiss XP-55-CS Ascender" (in en). https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/curtiss-xp-55-cs-ascender/nasm_A19600289000. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Bowers (1984) pp 10-11
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender". https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=496. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 "World of Warbirds: Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender on Apple Podcasts" (in en-US). https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/curtiss-wright-xp-55-ascender/id1507302667?i=1000588133434. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 >"Curtiss XP-55 Ascender". https://www.airzoo.org/wwii/airplanes-3/xp55. 
  9. ↑ Bowers 1979, p. 467.
  10. ↑ Balzer 2008
  11. ↑ Scott, Roland B. "Air Mail", Wings, Granada Hills, California, October 1978, Volume 8, Number 5, p. 10.
  12. ↑ Green 1969, p. 65.
  13. ↑ "XP-55 Ascender/42-78845". Joe Baugher's Serial Numbers. Retrieved: 10 May 2013.
  14. ↑ "XP-55 Ascender/42-78846" Air Zoo. Retrieved: 10 May 2013.
  15. ↑ "XP-55 Ascender/42-78847". Joe Baugher's Serial Numbers. Retrieved: 10 May 2013.
  16. ↑ Green and Swanborough 1977, pp. 69–71.
  17. ↑ Air Zoo museumXP-55 AirZoo
  18. ↑ Curtiss XP-55 - National Air and Space Museum

Bibliography

  • Balzer, Gerald H. (2008). American Secret Pusher Fighters of World War II: XP-54, XP-55, and XP-56. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-125-3. 
  • Bowers, Peter M (1979). Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-10029-8. 
  • Bowers, Peter M (1984). Unconventional Aircraft. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books. 
  • Green, William (1969). War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters (Sixth ed.). London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.. ISBN 0-356-01448-7. 
  • Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1977). WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd.. ISBN 0-356-08218-0. 
  • Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony R. (2008). Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6. 
  • McIntyre, Violet. Niagara Gazette, Niagara Falls, NY, 11 November 2004[full citation needed]
  • Rubenstein, Murray; Goldman, Richard M. (1974). To Join With The Eagles : Curtiss-Wright aircraft, 1903-1965. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 

Further reading

  • Balzer, Gerald H. (2014). Curtiss XP-55 Ascender. Air Force Legends. 217. Simi Valley, CA: Ginter Books. ISBN 978-0-9892-5833-3. 

External links




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