Engineering:Eccentric flint
An eccentric flint is an elite chipped artifact of an often irregular ('eccentric') shape produced by the Classic Maya civilization of ancient Mesoamerica.[1] Although generally referred to as "flints", they were typically fashioned from chert, chalcedony and obsidian.[1]
Distribution
Eccentric flints were first categorised by western archaeologists in Belize in the first half of the 20th century,[2] when they were identified as ceremonial in nature.[3] The objects are generally found in the eastern portion of the central Maya area, in the Petén Department of Guatemala and in neighbouring Belize,[4] with few in the west and the Yucatán Peninsula.[5] Very few have been recovered from the Guatemalan Highlands and it is unlikely they were ever manufactured there.[6] Small obsidian eccentrics have been found at the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico.[7]
Physical characteristics
Eccentric flints are among the finest lithic artifacts produced by the ancient Maya.[8] They were very technically challenging to produce,[1] requiring considerable skill on the part of the artisan. Large obsidian eccentrics can measure over 30 centimetres (12 in) in length.[9] Their actual form varies considerably but they generally depict human, animal and geometric forms associated with Maya religion.[1]
Context and possible use
Most examples of eccentric flints have been recovered from caches interred under Maya monuments and buildings.[8] Thus, a cache under the altar of Copan's stela M, at the foot of the Hieroglyphic Stairway, rendered three identical eccentric flints, each shaped like a human figure extending into a tang and evincing six human head outgrowths.[10] Nine eccentric flints with human figures found in an early Copan temple room (temple 16, Rosalila phase), and originally wrapped in a deep blue cloth, show similar tangs. The presence of these tangs suggests that the examples concerned may originally have been set into a shaft or handle, possibly as the head of a sceptre,[1] or as the blade of an axe.[11] Some flint eccentrics were unsuitable for wearing or carrying and they may have been sculpted specifically to be buried as an offering.[12]
Subjects depicted
Eccentric flints show a great variety of forms, such as crescents, crosses, snakes, and scorpions.[6] The largest and most elaborate ones display multiple human heads, with minor heads sometimes branching off from larger ones (see fig. 1). The human face is youthful and crafted as a simple outline, with emphasis on the sloping forehead and the lips.[13] An element more or less resembling a smoking torch, and symbolizing lightning, is often set in the forehead (see fig. 2). For this reason, these human faces are commonly regarded as transformations of the lightning deity, god K (K'awiil).[14] More specifically, they appear to represent the Tonsured Maize God as a lightning deity, perhaps in a protective role.[15] Eccentric flints representing the lightning deity himself are also found,[16] though with less frequency, while some eccentric flints combine both human and God K faces.[17] The most famous eccentric flint is perhaps the one interpreted by Linda Schele and her co-authors[18] as a 'crocodile canoe' transporting the anthropomorphic soul of the dead as its 'passenger'.
Anthropological background
As a background to the eccentric flints showing deities associated with lightning, it is noteworthy that among the traditional Maya and in Mesoamerica generally, obsidian is considered "fossilized lightning", sometimes believed to have split off from the lightning deities' axes.[19] The lightning deity warrants agricultural fertility.[20] As to the 'lightnings' with a human aspect, certain powerful individuals are believed to possess lightning energies, and to have the lightning bolt for a transformation.[21]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
- ↑ Hruby 2003, pp.507–508.
- ↑ Hruby 2003, p. 508.
- ↑ Meadows 2003
- ↑ Thompson 1970, 1990, pp.147–148.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Thompson 1970, 1990, p.147.
- ↑ Thompson 1970, 1990, p.149.
- ↑ Williams 2010.
- ↑ Fash 2001: 147 Fig. 92
- ↑ For such an axe blade, see vase K5850 on research.mayavase.com/kerrn
- ↑ Miller 1999, p.83.
- ↑ Miller 1999, p.228.
- ↑ Miller and Martin 2004: 150
- ↑ Agurcia, Sheets, Taube 2016: 32-37
- ↑ Miller and Martin 2004: 150 Pl. 80
- ↑ e.g., Finamore and Houston 2010: 154, fig. 10
- ↑ Schele and Miller 1986: 286 Pl. 114; Freidel and Schele 1993: 91
- ↑ Staller and Stross 2013: 175
- ↑ e.g., Christenson 2001: 134
- ↑ Houston and Stuart 1989: 1-2
References
- Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo, Payson Sheets, and Karl Andreas Taube (2016). Protecting Sacred Space. Rosalila's Eccentric Chert Cache at Copan and Eccentrics among the Classic Maya. Monograph 2. San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press.
- Christenson, Allen J. (2001). Art and Society in a Highland Maya Community. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Fash, William L. (2001). Scribes, Warriors, and Kings. The City of Copán and the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson.
- Finamore, Daniel, and Stephen Houston eds. (2010). The Fiery Pool. New Haven and London: Peabody Essex Museum & Yale UP.
- Freidel, David; Linda Schele (1993). Maya Cosmos. New York: William Morrow.
- Houston, Stephen; David Stuart (1989). The Way Glyph:Evidence for "Co-essences" among the Classic Maya. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing. 30. Washington DC: Center of Maya Research.
- Hruby, Zachary X. (2003). "Re-evaluación de las categorías utilitarias y ceremoniales de artefactos Mayas de piedra" (in es). XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2002 (Edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo, H. Escobedo and H. Mejía) (Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología): 507–512. http://asociaciontikal.com/pdf/46.02%20-%20Zachary%20Hruby%20-en%20PDF.pdf. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
- Meadows, Richard (2003). "From eccentric lithics to material symbols: aspects of ancient Maya cultural production in northern Belize". Mono y Conejo (University of Texas, Austin) 1: 15–25.
- Miller, Mary Ellen (1999). Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20327-X. OCLC 41659173. https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill.
- Miller, Mary; Simon Martin (2004). Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. Thames & Hudson.
- SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. "Featured Artifacts: Mayan Eccentric Flints". Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. http://www.sfu.museum/hola/en/artifacts/featured/17/.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446. https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar.
- Schele, Linda; Mary Miller (art historian) (1986). The Blood of Kings. New York: George Braziller.
- Staller, John E.; Brian Stross (2013). Lightning in the Andes and Mesoamerica. New York: Oxford UP.
- Taube, Karl A. (1992). The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
- Thompson, J. Eric S. (1990). Maya History and Religion. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2247-1. OCLC 715926981.
- Williams, Josh (2010). "Mississippian and Maya Eccentric Flints". Springfield, Missouri: Board of Governors, Missouri State University. http://art.missouristate.edu/arthist/exhibit1.php?E=2&P=49.
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