Engineering:Etrich Taube
| Etrich-Rumpler Taube | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | Bomber, surveillance, and trainer |
| Manufacturer | Various |
| Designer | Igo Etrich |
| First flight | 1910 |
| Primary user | Luftstreitkräfte |
The Etrich Taube, also known by the names of the various later manufacturers who built versions of the type, such as the Rumpler Taube, was a pre-World War I monoplane aircraft. It was the first military aeroplane to be mass-produced in Germany .
The Taube was very popular prior to the First World War, and it was also used by the air forces of Italy and Austria-Hungary. Even the Royal Naval Air Service operated at least one Taube in 1912. On 1 November 1911, Giulio Gavotti, an Italian aviator, dropped the world's first aerial bomb from his Taube monoplane over the Ain Zara oasis in Libya.[1] Once the war began, it quickly proved inadequate as a warplane and was soon replaced by other designs.
Design and development
The Taube was designed in 1909 by Igo Etrich of Austria-Hungary, and first flew in 1910. It was licensed for serial production by Lohner-Werke in Austria and by Edmund Rumpler in Germany, now called the Etrich-Rumpler-Taube.[2][3] Rumpler soon changed the name to Rumpler-Taube, and stopped paying royalties to Etrich, who subsequently abandoned his patent.
Despite its name (Taube means "dove"), the Taube's unique wing form was not modeled after a dove, but was copied from the seeds of Alsomitra macrocarpa, which may glide long distances from their parent tree. Similar wing shapes were also used by Karl Jatho and Frederick Handley Page.[citation needed] Etrich had tried to build a flying wing aircraft based on the Zanonia wing shape, but the more conventional Taube type, with tail surfaces, was much more successful.
Etrich adopted the format of crosswind-capable main landing gear that Louis Blériot had used on his Blériot XI cross-channel monoplane for better ground handling. The wing has three spars and was braced by a cable-braced steel tube truss (called a "bridge", or Brücke in German) under each wing: at the outer end the uprights of this structure were lengthened to rise above the upper wing surfaces, to form kingposts to carry bracing and warping wires for the enlarged wingtips. A small landing wheel was sometimes mounted on the lower end of this kingpost, to protect it for landings and to help guard against ground loops.[4]
Later Taube-type aircraft from other manufacturers replaced the Bleriot type main gear with a simpler V-strut main gear design, and also omitted the underwing "bridge" structure to reduce drag.
Like many contemporary aircraft, especially monoplanes, the Taube used wing warping rather than ailerons for lateral (roll) control, and also warped the rear half of the stabilizer to function as the elevator. Only the vertical, twinned triangular rudder surfaces were usually hinged.
Operational history
In civilian use, the Taube was used by pilots to win the Munich-Berlin Kathreiner prize. On 8 December 1911, Gino Linnekogel and Suvelick Johannisthal achieved a two-man endurance record for flying a Taube 4 hours and 35 minutes over Germany.[5][6]
The design provided for very stable flight, which made it extremely suitable for observation. The translucent wings made it difficult for ground observers to detect a Taube at an altitude above 400 meters.[7] The first hostile engagement was by an Italian Taube in 1911 in Libya, its pilot using pistols and dropping 2 kg (4.4 lb) grenades during the Battle of Ain Zara. The Taube was also used for bombing in the Balkans in 1912–13, and in late 1914 when German 3 kg (6.6 lb) bomblets and propaganda leaflets were dropped over Paris. Taube spotter planes detected the advancing Imperial Russian Army in East Prussia during the World War I Battle of Tannenberg.
World War I
While initially there were two Taube aircraft assigned to Imperial German units stationed at Qingdao, China, only one was available at the start of the war due to an accident. The Rumpler Taube piloted by Lieutenant Gunther Plüschow had to face the attacking Japanese, who had with them a total of eight aircraft. On 2 October 1914, Plüschow's Taube attacked the Japanese warships blockading Tsingtao with two small bombs, but failed to score any hits. On 7 November 1914, shortly before the fall of Qingdao, Plüschow was ordered to fly top secret documents to Shanghai, but was forced to make an emergency landing at Lianyungang in Jiangsu, where he was interned by a local Chinese force. Plüschow was rescued by local Chinese civilians under the direction of an American missionary, and successfully reached his destination at Shanghai with his top secret documents, after giving the engine to one of the Chinese civilians who rescued him.
Poor rudder and lateral control made the Taube difficult and slow to turn. The aeroplane proved to be a very easy target for the faster and more agile Allied Scouts of the early part of World War I, and just six months into the war, the Taube had been removed from front line service to be used to train new pilots. Many future German aces would learn to fly in a Rumpler Taube.
Variants
Due to the lack of licence fees, 14 companies built a large number of variations of the initial design, making it difficult for historians to determine the exact manufacturer based on historical photographs. An incomplete list is shown below. The most common version was the Rumpler Taube with two seats.
- Albatros Taube
- Produced by Albatros Flugzeugwerke
- Albatros Doppeltaube
- Biplane version produced by Albatros Flugzeugwerke.
- Aviatik Taube
- Produced by Automobil und Aviatik AG firm.
- DFW Stahltaube (Stahltaube)
- Version with steel frame produced by Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke.
- Etrich Taube
- Produced by inventor Igo Etrich.
- Etrich-Rumpler-Taube
- Initial name of the "Rumpler Taube".
- Gotha Taube
- Produced by Gothaer Waggonfabrik as LE.1, LE.2 and LE.3 (Land Eindecker – "Land Monoplane") and designated A.I by the Idflieg.
- Harlan-Pfeil-Taube
- Halberstadt Taube III
- Produced by Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke.
- Jeannin Taube (Jeannin Stahltaube)
- Version with steel tubing fuselage structure.
- Kondor Taube
- Produced by Kondor Flugzeugwerke.
- RFG Taube
- Produced by Reise- und Industrieflug GmbH (RFG).
- Roland Taube
- Rumpler 4C Taube
- Produced by Edmund Rumpler's Rumpler Flugzeugwerke.
- Rumpler Delfin-Taube (Rumpler Kabinentaube "Delfin")
- Version with closed cabin, produced by Rumpler Flugzeugwerke.
- Isobe Rumpler Taube[8]
- A Taube built in Japan by Onokichi Isobe
Operators
Argentina
- Argentine Air Force
- Argentine Navy
Austria-Hungary
- Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
Bulgaria
China
- Two units were ordered by Chinese revolutionaries to fight Imperial Qing China, but when they reached Shanghai in December 1911 with other Taube airplanes ordered by Imperial German forces stationed in China, the Qing dynasty had already been overthrown and the airplanes were not used in battle.
German Empire
- Luftstreitkräfte
- Kaiserliche Marine
Kingdom of Italy
- Corpo Aeronautico Militare
Empire of Japan
Norway
- Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
Romania
- Romanian Air Corps - One Taube with a Mercedes 100 hp engine, delivered from Germany in 1913[11]
Ottoman Empire
Switzerland
Survivors and flyable reproductions
The Technisches Museum Wien has the only remaining Etrich-built Taube, which has a four-cylinder engine.[12]
Other original Taubes exist, such as one in Norway, which was the last original Taube to fly under its own power, in 1922.
The Owl's Head Transportation Museum in Owls Head, Maine, US has a reproduction which has been flying since 1990, using a 200 hp (150 kW) Ranger L-440 inline-6 air-cooled engine.[13]
Specifications (Rumpler Taube)
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
- Wingspan: 14.3 m (46 ft 11 in)
- Height: 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
- Wing area: 32.5 m2 (350 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 650 kg (1,433 lb)
- Gross weight: 850 kg (1,874 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes Typ E4F[14] 4-cyl. water-cooled piston engine, 64 kW (86 hp)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kn)
- Range: 140 km (87 mi, 76 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Armament
- Guns: Rifles and pistols
- Bombs: Hand dropped bombs
See also
Related development
References
Citations
- ↑ Johnston, Alan (10 May 2011). "Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13294524.
- ↑ "Lohner Etrich-F Taube OE-CET". Virtual Aviation Museum. http://www.khs.at/aviaticum/6.htm.
- ↑ "Lohner Etrich-F Taube OE-CET". Virtual Aviation Museum. http://www.khs.at/aviaticum/7.htm.
- ↑ The Etrich Monoplane Flight, 11 November 1911, p.276
- ↑ Henry Villard. Contact! The Story of the Early Aviators. p. 183.
- ↑ Simon Newton Dexter North; Francis Graham Wickware; Albert Bushnell Hart. The American year book, Volume 2. p. 719.
- ↑ Naughton, Russell (1 January 2002). "Igo Etrich (1879 - 1967) and his 'Taube'". Monash University. http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/etrich_taube.htm.
- ↑ Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam, 1990. ISBN:0-85177-840-2
- ↑ 財団法人 日本航空協会 Japan Aeronautic Association, ミニ企画展「日本航空協会創立100周年記念展 帝国飛行協会と航空スポーツ」- 国立科学博物館 (JAA 100th anniversary exhibition – National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo)
- ↑ Siege of Tsingtao
- ↑ Valeriu Avram. "Din Istoria Aripilor Româneşti 1910-1916" (in ro). Revista Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române nr.3(61)/2013: 10. https://amnr.defense.ro/app/webroot/fileslib/upload/files/Revista_Document/Revista_061_2013.pdf.
- ↑ "Etrich-II Taube, built in 1910". Technisches Museum Wien. http://www.technischesmuseum.at/language/en-us/home/sammlung-forschung/sammlungsbereiche/ojekt-detail/articleid/371/urlmaster/false.
- ↑ "1913 Etrich Taube (Replica)". Owls Head Transportation Museum. http://www.ohtm.org/etrich.html.
- ↑ Mincbergr, Marek. "Mercedes E4F 64HP Engine". http://www.mincbergr.net/index.php?page=en-mercedes-e4f-64hp.
Bibliography
- Herris, Jack (2013). Gotha Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. 6. Charleston, South Carolina: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-14-8.
- Herris, Jack (2014). Rumpler Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. 11. n.p.: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-21-6.
- Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. (1990) Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam. ISBN:0-85177-840-2
- Neulen, Hans Werner (November 1999). "Les aigles isoles du Kaiser" (in French). Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et Son Histoire (80): 24–31. ISSN 1243-8650.
- "Aircraft 'Made in Germany'" (PDF). Flight VI (34): 877 etc.. August 21, 1914. No. 295. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1914/1914%20-%200877.html. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
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