Engineering:Hitchcockian
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Hitchcockian films are those made by various filmmakers, with the styles and themes similar to those of Alfred Hitchcock.
Characteristics
Elements considered Hitchcockian include:
- Climactic plot twist.
- The cool platinum blonde.[1]
- The presence of a domineering mother in someone's life.[2]
- An innocent person accused (e.g. The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog, Blackmail, Murder!/Mary, Young and Innocent, The 39 Steps)
- Restricting the action to a single setting to increase tension (e.g. Lifeboat, Rope, Rear Window).
- Characters who switch sides and/or who cannot be trusted.
- Tension building through suspense to the point where the audience enjoys seeing the character in a life-threatening situation (e.g. Vertigo).
- Average people thrust into strange or dangerous situations (e.g., Psycho, North by Northwest, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Secret Agent).
- Bumbling or incompetent authority figures, particularly police officers.
- Use of darkness to symbolize impending doom (dark clothing, shadows, smoke, etc.; e.g. Rope)
- Strong visual use of famous landmarks (Statue of Liberty, Mount Rushmore, Forth Rail Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, Albert Hall, British Museum, Piccadilly Circus, etc.)
- Mistaken identity (e.g. North by Northwest, Frenzy).
- The use of a staircase as a motif for impending danger or suspense.[3] (e.g. The Man Who Knew Too Much, Number Seventeen)
- Use of a MacGuffin plot device.[4]
- Referring to crime for mystery rather than presenting it explicitly (e.g. Dial M for Murder).
- Train scenes (e.g. North by Northwest, The Lady Vanishes, Strangers on a Train, Shadow of a Doubt, The 39 Steps).
- Bus scenes (e.g. Sabotage, To Catch a Thief, The Man Who Knew Too Much)
- Belfry/bell tower sequences (e.g. The Man Who Knew Too Much, Vertigo, Secret Agent)
- Rooftop-borne demises, especially from very tall buildings (e.g. To Catch a Thief, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Blackmail, Jamaica Inn)
- The color red provoking a fearful, and potentially self-destructive, reaction. (e.g. Rear Window, Marnie)
- A beautiful woman needlessly embezzling her employer's money
- Voyeurism and surveillance.[5]
Notable examples
Some films, or films with scenes, considered Hitchcockian include:
- Gaslight (1944)[6]
- Sorry, Wrong Number (1948)[7]
- Niagara (1953)[8]
- 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956)[9]
- Witness for the Prosecution (1957)[10][11]
- Chase a Crooked Shadow (1957)[12]
- Midnight Lace (1960)[13]
- Peeping Tom (1960)[14]
- Cape Fear (1962)[15]
- Charade (1963)[16]
- From Russia with Love (1963)[17]
- The Prize (1963)[18]
- Mirage (1965)[19]
- Arabesque (1966)[20]
- Blowup (1966)[21]
- Wait Until Dark (1967)[22][23]
- Duel (1971)[24]
- Play Misty for Me (1971)[25]
- Sisters (1972)[26]
- The Last of Sheila (1973)[27]
- Phantom of the Paradise (1974)[28]
- Jaws (1975)[29]
- Obsession (1976)[30]
- Halloween (1978)[31]
- Last Embrace (1979)[32]
- Dressed to Kill (1980)[33]
- Maniac (1980)
- Blow Out (1981)[34]
- Body Double (1984)[35]
- Blue Velvet (1986)[36]
- Fatal Attraction (1987)[37]
- Frantic (1988)[38]
- Arachnophobia (1990)[39]
- Misery (1990)[40]
- Cape Fear (1991)[15]
- Basic Instinct (1992)[41]
- Shallow Grave (1994) [42][43]
- 12 Monkeys (1995)[44][45]
- Bound (1996)[46][47]
- The Cable Guy (1996)[48]
- Double Jeopardy (1999)[49]
- What Lies Beneath (2000)[50]
- Mulholland Drive (2001)[51]
- Panic Room (2002)[52]
- Femme Fatale (2002)[53]
- Phone Booth (2002)[54]
- Disturbia (2007)[55]
- Bad Education (2004)[56]
- Funny Games (2007)[57]
- Passion (2012)[53]
- Side Effects (2013)[58][59][60]
- Stoker (2013)[61]
- Not Safe for Work (2014)[62]
- Crimson Peak (2015)[63]
- The Gift (2015)[64]
- Don't Breathe (2016)[65][23]
- Nocturnal Animals (2016)[66]
- A Kind of Murder (2016)[67]
- Split (2016)[68]
- Thoroughbreds (2017)[69]
- Gerald's Game (2017)[70]
- A Simple Favor (2018)[71]
- The Invisible Man (2020)
- Eileen (2023)
- Drop (2025)
Filmmakers
The following is a list of filmmakers who have directed multiple Hitchcockian films:
Films by country
Australia
- Roadgames (1981)[76]
- Crosstalk (1982)[77]
- Coffin Rock (2009)[78]
- Blame (2010)[79]
- Crawl (2011)[80]
- Bad Blood (2017)[81]
France
- Les Diaboliques (1955)[82]
- Plein Soleil (1960)[83]
- The Bride Wore Black (1968)[84]
- La Piscine (1969)
- Mississippi Mermaid (1969)[84]
- Le Boucher (1970)[85]
- The Vanishing (1988)[86][87]
- Love Crime (2010)[88]
- Elle (2016)[89]
- Personal Shopper (2016)[90]
- L'Amant double (2017)[91]
Germany
India
- Andhadhun (2018)
- Sookshmadarshini (2024)
Italy
South Korea
Spain
- Buried (2010)[101]
See also
- Alfred Hitchcock
- Alfred Hitchcock filmography
- Giallo
- Krimi
- Thriller film
References
- ↑ Franich, Darren. "'The Girl' and the Director: A guide to the Hitchcock Blondes" (in en). https://ew.com/article/2012/10/20/hitchcock-blondes-the-girl/#:~:text=Hitchcock%20famously%20discovered%20the%20young,a%20roiling%20hyper%2Dsexualized%20id..
- ↑ Hiland, Dan (15 March 2023). "Hitchcock's Mother's" (in en). https://medium.com/the-house-that-hitchcock-built/hitchcocks-mother-s-50cd4b1e88e2.
- ↑ Hellerman, Jason. "How Hitchcock's Use of Stairs Was Different Than Any Other Director" (in en). https://nofilmschool.com/hitchcock-stairs.
- ↑ Ostberg, René (29 December 2023). "MacGuffin | Definition, Origin, Hitchcock, Examples, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/art/MacGuffin#ref365759.
- ↑ Regis, Ralph (17 October 2023). "Dial M for Manipulation!" (in en). https://medium.com/@ralph.regis/dial-m-for-manipulation-c1b7c3497433.
- ↑ "Gaslight(s).". 10 July 2012. http://trueclassics.net/2012/07/09/gaslights/.
- ↑ Lowry, Andrew (1 June 2014). "The 20 Best Home Invasion Movies of All Time". https://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-disturbing-home-invasion-movies/.
- ↑ "Henry Hathaway: 10 essential films". https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/henry-hathaway-10-essential-films.
- ↑ "23 Paces to Baker Street DVD | Classic Movies | Films by Movie Mail UK". http://www.moviemail.com/film/dvd/23-Paces-to-Baker-Street/.
- ↑ "MoMA - Billy Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution". http://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2013/01/29/billy-wilders-witness-for-the-prosecution/.
- ↑ "Witness for the Prosecution (1957)". https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051201/trivia.
- ↑ https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/07/magazines/zest/chase-a-crooked-shadow-dark-secrets/
- ↑ "Midnight Lace". http://www.tcm.tv/this-month/article/79846%7C78322/Midnight-Lace.html.
- ↑ Charles Barr, Vertigo (London: BFI, 2002)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Cape Fear: 1991 vs. 1962". 10 June 2012. http://spectrumculture.com/2012/06/10/re-makere-model-cape-fear-1962-vs-cape-fear-1991/.
- ↑ Greydanus, Steven D.. "Charade (1963) - Decent Films - SDG Reviews". http://decentfilms.com/sections/reviews/charade.html.
- ↑ Gilligan, Patrick. Alfred Hitchcock: A Light in Darkness and Light. New York City: HarperCollins, 2004. Print.
- ↑ "Prize The (1963) – full review! - Classic Film Guide". http://www.classicfilmguide.com/index8c64.html/.
- ↑ Johnson, Ted (27 February 1992). "'Mirage': A Hitchcock-Like Thriller Not Easily Forgotten". https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-27-ol-4299-story.html.
- ↑ Dfordoom (11 September 2014). "Classic Movie Ramblings: Arabesque (1966)". http://dfordoom-movieramblings.blogspot.com.au/2014/09/arabesque-1966.html.
- ↑ "Freedom, revolt and pubic hair: Why Antonioni's Blow-Up thrills 50 years on". 10 March 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/mar/10/antonioni-blow-up-50-years-movie-photographer-murder.
- ↑ "Wait Until Dark: Audrey Hepburn's Non-Hitchcock Hitchcock Film". 19 July 2012. http://www.alfredhitchcockgeek.com/2012/07/wait-until-dark-audrey-hepburns-non.html.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Don't Breathe is a ruthlessly efficient, claustrophobic terror machine". 25 August 2016. https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12645032/dont-breathe-movie-review-horror-thriller.
- ↑ "Duel (1971) - Creative Criticism". http://creativecriticism.net/?p=3828.
- ↑ "Play Misty for Me – Eastwood does Hitchcock". 9 July 2012. https://aurorasginjoint.com/2012/07/09/play-misty-for-me-eastwood-does-hitchcock/.
- ↑ Rickey, Carrie. "Sisters: Psycho-Thriller, Qu'est-ce Que C'est?". https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5994-sisters-psycho-thriller-quest-ce-que-cest#:~:text=Although%20Sisters%20was%20De%20Palma's,unnerving%20effect%20was%20indeed%20Hitchcockian..
- ↑ "DVD and Blu-ray - Slant Magazine". 11 May 2024. https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/review.
- ↑ Sherlock, Ben (11 December 2022). "The Success Of Rocky Horror Overshadowed Another Great '70s Horror Comedy Musical" (in en). https://gamerant.com/rocky-horror-success-overshadowed-another-great-70s-horror-comedy-musical-phantom-paradise/.
- ↑ "Jaws: The Hitchcockian Blockbuster | Diorama". http://www.dioramamagazine.co.uk/p/jaws-the-hitchcockian-blockbuster/.
- ↑ "'Obsession': When De Palma Stepped Out of Hitchcock's Shadow". 2 May 2016. https://cinephiliabeyond.org/obsession-de-palma-stepped-hitchcocks-shadow/.
- ↑ "How Alfred Hitchcock inspired John Carpenter's 'Halloween'". 25 October 2021. https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-alfred-hitchcock-inspired-john-carpenters-halloween/.
- ↑ "Last Embrace - Blu-ray Review - Slant Magazine". 20 October 2014. https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/review/last-embrace.
- ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Dressed to Kill movie review & film summary (1980)" (in en). https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dressed-to-kill-1980.
- ↑ Yorker, The New (11 June 2010). "DVR Alert: Blow Out". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/dvr-alert-blow-out. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ↑ Brody, Richard (11 June 2010). "DVR Alert: Blow Out". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/dvr-alert-blow-out. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ↑ "How Blue Velvet reflects the voyeuristic gaze of Rear Window". Lwlies.com. 2016-12-02. http://lwlies.com/articles/blue-velvet-rear-window-voyeurism/.
- ↑ Cassidy, Suzanne (24 June 1990). "FILM; James Dearden's Latest Fatal Attraction". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/24/movies/film-james-dearden-s-latest-fatal-attraction.html?pagewanted=all.
- ↑ Howe, Desson (Feb 26, 1988). "'Frantic' (R)". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/frantic.htm.
- ↑ "18 Creepy Facts about Arachnophobia". 18 July 2015. http://mentalfloss.com/article/66197/18-creepy-facts-about-arachnophobia.
- ↑ "Misery - The Psychology of a Stalker (Blu-Ray) REVIEW - Cultured Vultures". 21 November 2017. https://culturedvultures.com/misery-psychology-stalker-blu-ray-review/.
- ↑ we're fighting back on Basic Instinct: "Basic Instinct owes a lot to Hitchcock's Vertigo, and the homage is so obvious as to be a bit embarrassing."
- ↑ "Shallow Grave". https://www.criterion.com/films/27981-shallow-grave.
- ↑ Goble, Blake; Roffman, Michael; Gerber, Justin (10 February 2015). "DNA: Shallow Grave (1995)". https://consequence.net/2015/02/dna-shallow-grave-1995/4/.
- ↑ "…Hitchcockian…" — 12 Monkeys review from Time Out Film Guide
- ↑ 'A time-travel thriller that dares to compare itself to Alfred Hitchcock's "Vertigo."… actually pays back its debt to Hitchcock…' — Salon.com
- ↑ Schickel, Richard (October 27, 1996). "No Gag". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985288,00.html.
- ↑ LaSalle, Mick (October 4, 1996). "Darkly Witty 'Bound' a Taut Noir Caper". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/10/04/DD42774.DTL.
- ↑ Kehr, Dave (25 February 2011). "Jim Carrey as the Id Unleashed a Bit Before Its Time". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/movies/homevideo/27kehr.html.
- ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Double Jeopardy Movie Review & Film Summary (1999) - Roger Ebert". https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/double-jeopardy-1999.
- ↑ Levy, Emanuel (16 July 2000). "What Lies Beneath". https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/what-lies-beneath-1200463438//.
- ↑ Cwik, Greg (16 April 2015). "9 Great Films Influenced By Alfred Hitchcock's 'Vertigo'". https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/9-great-films-influenced-by-alfred-hitchcocks-vertigo-62999/.
- ↑ Review: 'Panic Room' Screams Hitchcock
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Goldstein, Patrick (17 September 2002). "Defensive? Him?". https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-17-et-gold17-story.html.
- ↑ "The Film Canon: Phone Booth (2002) | the Young Folks". 28 February 2016. https://www.theyoungfolks.com/review/73805/the-film-canon-phone-booth-2002/.
- ↑ "Disturbia (2007) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical Essays, and Film Analysis". http://www.deepfocusreview.com/reviews/disturbia.asp.
- ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Bad Education movie review & film summary (2004)" (in en). https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bad-education-2004.
- ↑ Wray, John (23 September 2007). "Minister of Fear". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/magazine/23haneke-t.html.
- ↑ "Side Effects: Making of Hitchcockian Thriller - Emanuel Levy". http://www.emanuellevy.com/comment/side-effects-making-of-hitchcockian-thriller/.
- ↑ "Steven Soderbergh's 'Side Effects': A 'Hitchcock mindf---'". http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/11/07/soderbergh-side-effects/.
- ↑ "Side Effects is Steven Soderbergh's post-modern Hitchcock thriller". http://honeycuttshollywood.com/sideeffects-review-2/.
- ↑ "Park Chan-wook does Hitchcock by way of de Palma in the stylish Stoker". 19 October 2020. https://www.avclub.com/park-chan-wook-does-hitchcock-by-way-of-de-palma-in-the-1845388487.
- ↑ "Not Safe for Work (2014)". https://letterboxd.com/film/not-safe-for-work/.
- ↑ Kermode, Mark; critic, Observer film (18 October 2015). "Crimson Peak review – an American in fear of the Lake District". https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/crimson-peak-review-guillermo-del-toro-mark-kermode.
- ↑ Holden, Stephen (6 August 2015). "Review: 'The Gift,' a Stalker Thriller That Isn't What It Seems". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/movies/review-the-gift-a-stalker-thriller-that-isnt-what-it-seems.html?_r=0.
- ↑ "[Repost Review 'Don't Breathe' Is Like Hitchcock On Crack! - Bloody Disgusting"]. 24 August 2016. https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3403256/review-dont-breathe-hitchcock-crack/.
- ↑ "'Nocturnal Animals' Review: Tom Ford's Complex Suspense Thriller Is Worthy Of Hitchcock". Deadline Hollywood. 15 November 2016. https://deadline.com/2016/11/nocturnal-animals-review-amy-adams-jake-gyllenhaal-tom-ford-hitchcockian-thriller-1201854334/.
- ↑ "'A Kind Of Murder' Brings Hitchcock To The 2016 Tribeca Film Festival [REVIEW"]. 22 April 2016. http://www.ibtimes.com/kind-murder-brings-hitchcock-2016-tribeca-film-festival-review-2358032.
- ↑ "Split review – James McAvoy is 23 shades of creepy in M Night Shyamalan chiller - Film - The Guardian". https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/27/split-review-james-mcavoy-m-night-shyamalan-fantastic-fest-austin.
- ↑ Lemire, Christy (2018-03-09). "Thoroughbreds movie review & film summary (2018)" (in en). https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/thoroughbreds-2018.
- ↑ "Film Review: 'Gerald's Game'". 25 September 2017. https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/geralds-game-review-stephen-king-1202570269/.
- ↑ "Review: 'A Simple Favor,' with Anna Kendrick and Blake Lively, is a Delicious Adult Thriller". https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2018/09/11/a-simple-favor-review-anna-kendrick-and-blake-lively-make-hitchcock-proud/.
- ↑ Rafferty, Terrence (June 2008). "Blood Not So Simple, From Dario Argento, Italy's Hitchcock". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/movies/01raff.html?mcubz=0.
- ↑ Taylor, Drew (19 March 2013). "Park Chan-wook Talks Differences Between Korean & American Films, How 'Stoker' Fits In With His Filmography & More". https://www.indiewire.com/2013/03/park-chan-wook-talks-differences-between-korean-american-films-how-stoker-fits-in-with-his-filmography-more-100527/.
- ↑ "The Criterion Collection". https://www.criterion.com/explore/7-henri-georges-clouzot.
- ↑ Murray, Noel (10 March 2011). "Dive into the virtuosic thrillers of Brian De Palma". https://www.avclub.com/dive-into-the-virtuosic-thrillers-of-brian-de-palma-1798225034.
- ↑ Buckmaster, Luke (23 May 2014). "Road Games: rewatching classic Australian films". https://www.theguardian.com/film/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/23/road-games-rewatching-classic-australian-films.
- ↑ "CROSSTALK (OZPLOITATION CLASSICS) - Umbrella Entertainment". https://www.umbrellaent.com.au/movies/4459-crosstalk-ozploitation-classics.html.
- ↑ dave_or_did. "Dave's Film & DVD Reviews: November 2009". Davesfilmreviews.blogspot.com. http://davesfilmreviews.blogspot.com/2009_11_01_archive.html.
- ↑ "Blame - John McDonald". 25 June 2011. http://johnmcdonald.net.au/2011/blame/.
- ↑ "Crawl (2011) - News". https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1848832/news.
- ↑ "Bad Blood To Get Cinema Release". 5 September 2017. https://heavymag.com.au/bad-blood-get-cinema-release/.
- ↑ Richman, Darren (1 November 2017). "Movies You Might Have Missed: Henri-Georges Clouzot's Les Diaboliques". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/movies-you-might-have-missed-henri-georges-clouzot-les-diaboliques-psycho-alfred-hitchcock-horror-a8031246.html.
- ↑ "Purple Noon" (in en). https://tiff.net/events/purple-noon.
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 "‘Mississippi Mermaid,’ New Wave homage to Hitchcock, plays at Northwest Film Forum". 14 August 2009. https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/movies/mississippi-mermaid-new-wave-homage-to-hitchcock-plays-at-northwest-film-forum/.
- ↑ "Le boucher". Chicago Reader. https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/le-boucher/Film?oid=1048848.
- ↑ Nieporent, Ben. "Movie Review - Vanishing, The (1988) - eFilmCritic". http://www.efilmcritic.com/review.php?movie=10707&reviewer=416.
- ↑ Hinson, Hal. "The Vanishing". https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thevanishingrhinson_a0a9db.htm.
- ↑ "Love Crime: Film Review". 14 October 2010. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/love-crime-film-review-29955.
- ↑ Scott, A. O. (10 November 2016). "Review: In 'Elle,' Isabelle Huppert Subverts the Role of Rape Victim". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/movies/elle-review-isabelle-huppert.html?mcubz=1.
- ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (16 May 2016). "Personal Shopper review: Kristen Stewart's psychic spooker is a must-have". https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/16/personal-shopper-review-kristen-stewarts-psychic-spooker-is-a-must-have.
- ↑ Earle, Peggy (21 June 2018). "Ozon inspired by vintage Hitchcock and De Palma for "Double Lover"". https://www.highdefwatch.com/post/ozon-inspired-by-vintage-hitchcock-and-de-palma-for-double-lover.
- ↑ 'Unknown' review: Liam Neeson brings gravitas to pulpy Alfred Hithcock-style [sic] action thriller, Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News, February 17, 2011
- ↑ Unknown review, Roger Ebert, February 16, 2011
- ↑ Neeson wakes up 'Unknown', Steven Rea,The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 18, 2011
- ↑ Gonzalez, Ed (26 October 2001). "Review: The Bird With the Crystal Plumage". https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-bird-with-the-crystal-plumage/.
- ↑ Milne, Tom (May 1979). "Terror". The Monthly Film Bulletin (London, UK: British Film Institute) 46 (544): 102. ISSN 0027-0407. OCLC 2594020.
- ↑ Argento, Dario (1999). Tenebrae DVD Audio Commentary. Anchor Bay Entertainment. ASIN B00000IBRJ.
- ↑ Rife, Katie (23 October 2020). "Bong Joon Ho's Mother is a Hitchcock disciple at his most Hitchcockian" (in en). https://www.avclub.com/bong-joon-ho-s-mother-finds-a-hitchcock-disciple-at-his-1845457186.
- ↑ Thompson, Anne (11 October 2016). "How Park Chan-Wook's 'The Handmaiden' Reveals His Ongoing Passion For Strong Women". https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/park-chan-wook-the-handmaiden-erotic-thriller-1201735155/.
- ↑ Wise, Damon (12 January 2023). "'Decision To Leave' Director Park Chan-Wook Explains How Less Is Much More When It Comes To Creating Tension: "That's The Purest Form Of Cinema"". https://deadline.com/2023/01/decision-to-leave-park-chan-wook-interview-1235216556/.
- ↑ "'Buried' And Alfred Hitchcock: An Expert's Perspective". http://www.mtv.com/news/2437548/buried-and-alfred-hitchcock-an-experts-perspective.
Bibliography
- Michael Walker (2005), Hitchcock's motifs, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 978-90-5356-773-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=v2dnVhpwVssC&pg=PA7
External links
