Engineering:K239 Chunmoo

From HandWiki
Short description: South Korean long-range multiple launch rocket system
K239 Chunmoo
K239L Chunmoo vehicle
TypeMultiple rocket launcher
Tactical ballistic missile
Place of originSouth Korea
Service history
In service2015–present
Used bySee Operators
Production history
DesignerAgency for Defense Development (launcher)
Doosan DST (vehicle)
Hanwha (rocket)
Samyang Comtech (armor)
Designed2009–2013
Manufacturer
  • Hanwha Aerospace (2015–present)
  • Korea Defense Industry (2020–present)
  • Huta Stalowa Wola (2023–present)
Unit cost₩3.6 billion (US$2.94 million) per one launcher+K239L vehicle (2020)[1][2]
Produced2014–present
No. built356/705
VariantsHomar-K
Specifications
Mass31 metric tons (31 long tons; 34 short tons)
Length9 meters (29 ft 6 in)
Width2.9 meters (9 ft 6 in)
Height3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in)
Crew3 (K239L launcher vehicle)
2 (K239T ammunition support vehicle)
Calibre131 mm (K33)
230 mm (KM26A2)
239 mm (CGR-080)
280 mm (CTM-MR/ASBM)
600 mm (CTM-290)
Rate of fire6 rds/in 30 sec (CGR-080)
Effective firing range36 km (K33)
45 km (KM26A2)
80 km (CGR-080)
160 km (CTM-MR/ASBM)
290 km (CTM-290)[3]
ArmourSamyang Comtech Steel / Ceramic + Polymer Matrix Composites (STANAG 4569 Level 2)[4]
Main
armament
20×2 K33
6×2 KM26A2
6×2 CGR-080
4×2 CTM-MR/ASBM
1×2 CTM-290[3]
EngineHD Hyundai Infracore DV11K 6-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine
450 hp (340 kW)
Power/weight14.5 hp/t (10.81 kW/t)
TransmissionAllison Transmission 4500SP
Fuel capacity250 liters (66 U.S. gal)
Operational
range
450 km (280 mi)
Speed80 km/h (50 mph)
Guidance
system
GPS-aided INS[3]
Accuracy9 m CEP (CTM-290)
15 m CEP (CGR-080)[3]

The K239 Chunmoo[note 1] (Korean: 천무; Hanja: 天橆; RR: Cheon-mu) is a rocket artillery system developed in 2013 to replace the aging K136 Kooryong of the South Korean military.[5]

History

File:K239 MLRS Launches K33 131 mm unguided rocket.webm South Korea struggled to come up with countermeasures in the 1970s when North Korea deployed BM-21 Grad, a new multiple rocket launcher (MRL) brought in from the Soviet Union. At that time, the possibility of fatal casualties increased if towed howitzers, self-propelled howitzers, and multiple rocket launchers deployed by the North Korean military fired at the South Korea. The South Korean military developed the K136 Kooryong in 1978 to counter the threat of North Korean artillery. With the deployment of Kooryong to the Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) since the 1980s, it was temporarily able to maintain a similar balance to North Korea's artillery power.[5]

However, over time, problems such as the discontinuation of the main parts of the aging Kooryong system have been revealed, and as North Korea developed a large-caliber rocket with further increased range, the military pointed out that Kooryong could be outmatched.


In August 2015, the ROK Army began deploying Chunmoo batteries, and by the end of 2016, it was deployed to Yeonpyeong Island and Baengnyeong Island, where ROK Marine Corps are stationed.[6]

In October 2025 at ADEX 2025 in Seoul, Hanwha Aerospace unveiled the High-Performance Multiple Rocket Launcher (HPMRL). Developed for Marine Corps usage as a more mobile launcher than the K239 Chunmoo, the HPMRL prototype weighs 19 tons and is 8.5 meters long, 2.6 meters wide, and 3.2 meters high. Its smaller size means that HPMRL only carry a single ammunition pod of the type used by Chunmoo. However, HPMRL is capable of being transported by C-130 aircraft without disassembly and can fire from the deck of a moving ship in Sea State 5. With initial development of HPMRL as an internal Hanwha program being complete, full-scale development in cooperation with DAPA is expected to start in 2030.[7][8]

Design

File:The K239 MLRS is launching a 239 mm guided rocket.webm

The K239 Chunmoo is a self-propelled multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) capable of firing several different guided or unguided artillery rockets.

The K239 is capable of launching K33 131 mm rockets, but not 130 mm rockets (such as the K30, K37 and K38), which are used in the existing K136 Kooryong rocket artillery system. The K239 launcher carries two launch pods, each of which can hold three types of loadouts:

  • 20 K33 131 mm unguided rockets, previously used on the K136 Kooryong, with a range of 36 kilometers (22 mi) (40 total).[9]
  • Six KM26A2 230 mm rockets which are based on the M26 227 mm unguided DPICM rocket used in M270 MLRS vehicles operated by the South Korean Army, with a range of 45 kilometers (28 mi) (12 total).[10]
  • Six 239 mm chunmoo guided rockets (CGR-080) with either high explosive penetration warheads, or cluster bombs with 300 bomblets, designed for the K239 Chunmoo with a range of 80 kilometers (50 mi) (12 total).[11][12]

The CGR-080 239 mm rockets are 3.96 meters (13.0 ft) long and GPS-aided INS guided, and the rocket is designed to be equipped with two types of warheads, a high explosive warhead developed as a bunker buster, or a cluster bomb warhead, with hundreds of bomblets, for use against personnel in a wide area. The high explosive warhead bursts on impact for use against personnel and bursts after a delay to destroy bunkers; it was a requirement of the ROK Army for the guided rocket to have a penetrator warhead to be used as a bunker buster solution against the large number of bunkers along the DMZ. A guided rocket containing cluster bombs is capable of extensive artillery fire on a specific area of three times the area of a soccer field.[11]

Two different types of rocket pods can be loaded at once. The rocket pod can launch six 239 mm rockets in 30 seconds and a total of 12 rockets in one minute, and it's possible to reload two rocket pods in seven minutes. The launch vehicle is based on a Doosan DST (now Hanwha Defense) K239L 8×8 truck chassis with an armored cab that protects its 3-man crew from small arms fire and artillery shell splinters as well as providing NBC protection. The vehicle can climb 60% slopes (20 degrees), and is equipped with an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Run-flat tires, and a Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS).[13][14] Each Chunmoo launcher is paired with an K239T Ammunition Support Vehicle (ASV) which uses the same type of truck chassis and carries four reload pods.[13] An ROK Army Chunmoo battery consists of 18 vehicles and uses a K200A1 as a command vehicle.[15]

K239T Ammunition Support Vehicle (ASV)

System features

The K239 Chunmoo system was created from the ground up to have distinguishing characteristics from other multiple launch rocket systems.

  • In order to reduce operational and maintenance costs, the Chunmoo launcher system is mounted on the modified chassis of a four-axle Korean truck which has less cross-country ability when compared to tracked vehicles.
  • The artillery unit does not have permanently mounted launch rails. This allows the Chunmoo to transport and use launch containers containing different types of rockets from one platform.[16]
  • The cockpit of the vehicle is armoured to provides protection against small-calibre weapons and artillery shell fragments.[4]
  • It is equipped with a load-lifting device, similar to that of the MLRS. The estimated maximum recharging time is 10 minutes.
  • The Chunmoo system includes an ammunition transport and charging vehicle on a common 8x8 chassis, and carries two sets of transport and discharge containers.[13]
  • The Korean army requested that the Chunmoo be designed to fire different types of ammunition. This includes 227 mm standard MLRS, but also 131 mm and 239 mm South Korean rockets. The maximum range of the 131 mm ammunition is up to 36 kilometers (22 mi) and approximately 80 kilometers (50 mi) for the 239 mm ammunition.
  • Rockets can be fired from the cockpit of the combat vehicle, or by using a remote fire control device.
  • The Chunmoo system is capable of being transported by the C-130 but requires the removal of its tires and wheels to fit inside the aircraft's hold.[8]

Rocket and missile specifications

[3][17][18] K33 KM26A2 CGR-080 CTM-MR CTM-ASBM CTM-290 CTM-500 (CTM-X) L-PGW 100 L-PGW 300 Training rocket
Type Surface-to-surface rocket Surface-to-surface missile Anti-ship ballistic missile Surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile Loitering munition Target practice rocket
Diameter 131 mm (5.2 in) 230 mm (9.1 in) 239 mm (9.4 in) 280 mm (11 in) 600 mm (24 in) Non-projectile 239 mm (9.4 in)
Guidance type Unguided GPS/INS GPS/INS/IIR GPS/INS Artificial intelligence seeker Unguided
Warhead High explosive M77 DPICM High explosive/Penetration fragmentation High explosive/Blast fragmentation Unknown High explosive/Blast fragmentation Unknown Unknown Inert warhead
Propulsion Solid fuel propellant Composite propellant Unknown Unknown K223 Rocket motor
Range 36 km (22 mi) 45 km (28 mi) 30–80 km (19–50 mi) 50–160 km (31–99 mi) 80–290 km (50–180 mi) 250–500 km (160–310 mi) 80–100 km (50–62 mi) 300 km (190 mi) 5–8 km (3.1–5.0 mi)
Accuracy (CEP) Unknown Unknown 15 m (49 ft 3 in) 9 m (29 ft 6 in) 80% 9 m (29 ft 6 in) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Ammunition capacity 20 rounds per pod 6 rounds per pod 4 rounds per pod 1 rounds per pod 6 units per pod 3 units per pod 6 rounds per pod
Notes K136 MRL's extended range rocket American M26A2 unguided rocket A guided rocket with built-in HE warheads or cluster bombs Chunmoo 2.0 improvement program. Mid-range Chunmoo Tactical Missile Chunmoo 2.0 improvement program. An anti-ship ballistic missile modified based on CTM-MR for coastline defense operations Chunmoo 1.0 improvement program. A variant of the Ure Block 2 tactical ballistic missile Chunmoo 3.0 improvement program. A deep strike missile with a longer range and length modified based on CTM-290 Chunmoo 3.0 improvement program. A Loitering Precision Guided Weapon (L-PGW) that can be mounted on the CGR-080. Chunmoo 3.0 improvement program. A Loitering Precision Guided Weapon that can be mounted on a CTM-290 Surrogate for CGR-080

Improvements

A full-scale models of CTM-MR, CTM-ASBM and CTM-290 on display

Ure-2 (CTM-290)

Main article: Engineering:Ure (missile)

On 27 April 2022, South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration announced a plan to develop a vehicle-mounted tactical surface-to-surface guided weapon (Ure-2). The purpose of this development project is to improve the existing Ure-1 to increase the range from 180 kilometers (110 mi) to 290 kilometers (180 mi) and integrate tactical ballistic missile systems into various types of Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) such as the K239 Chunmoo. The development project is scheduled to begin in 2023 and plans to complete the development with a total budget of 1.56 trillion won (US$1.232 billion) by 2034.[19]

On 21 December 2022, the Agency for Defense Development conducted a public test of Ure-2 under further development at Anheung Proving Ground. The missile was mounted on the K239 Chunmoo vehicle and hit a target 200 kilometers away after it was launched.[20]

On 13 March 2023, the 150th Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee deliberated and approved the basic strategy and system development plan for developing a vehicle-mounted tactical surface-to-surface missile, and the revised plan included the agenda of completing the development of Ure-2 by 2032, two years earlier than the previous plan.[21]

On 24 April 2024, ADD conducted a test launch of CTM-290 integrated into the Homar-K system in the presence of Poland's Deputy Defense Minister Paweł Bejda and government officials from each country. The missile that was launched successfully hit the target after flying for more than 200 seconds.[22]

Extended-range rockets

In June 2022, South Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD) revealed efforts to increase the range of the Chunmoo's 239 mm rockets to 200 kilometers (120 mi). This would give them range similar to the North Korean 300 mm KN-09. Research and development efforts are evaluating ducted rocket propulsion technology, which adds an air inlet that absorbs external air and combines it with a gas generator for combustion to produce greater thrust, as well as a valve that controls the flow of gas for maneuvering.[23][24][25] There is also research into a larger 400 mm rocket based on a miniaturized version of the Ure surface to surface missile, which the Chunmoo could carry four of.[23]

Variants

Homar-K prototype on Jelcz P882.57 chassis

Homar-K

Homar-K (English: Lobster; K for koreański, meaning Korean) is a Polish multiple launch rocket system combining the improved K239 launcher and Jelcz P882.57 8x8 chassis (ultimately to be replaced with the third-generation Jelcz P883.57 chassis) produced by Huta Stalowa Wola.[26] Built to meet Polish military requirements, the system is equipped with Topaz (fire-control system) ({{{2}}}) Integrated Combat Management System and is armed with a South Korean 239 mm CGR-080 guided rocket produced in Poland under license as well as a 600 mm CTM-290 tactical ballistic missile (Chunmoo Tactical Missile)[16] with a range of 290 kilometers (180 mi).[27] Further development is underway for integration with Polish 122 mm M-21 Feniks ({{{2}}}) unguided rocket.[28]

The Homar-K program also envisages the production of a Polonized missile launcher module by Huta Stalowa Wola. Poland ordered a total of 290 launchers, the first of which entered service with the Polish Land Forces in 2023.[29] As of 25 June 2025, over 100 launchers were in active service.[30]

Export

United Arab Emirates

In 2017, Hanwha Defense announced at ADEX (Aerospace & Defense Exhibition) in Seoul that it had signed a nondisclosure contract worth 700 billion won to export K239 Chunmoo to a certain country in the Middle East, and it was later revealed that the United Arab Emirates signed a supply contract with Hanwha Defense, including 12 K239 Chunmoos, 12 K239T Ammunition Support Vehicles, GPS-guided rockets, and munitions.[31][32] Later, In February 2021, 12 K239 Chunmoo systems and 12 K239T Ammunition Support Vehicles were delivered to the United Arab Emirates.[33]

Saudi Arabia

At the World Defense Show in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on March 9, 2022, Hanwha signed a defense export contract worth 1 trillion won ($800 million) with the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Defense, but details of the contract were not known.[34] It was later confirmed on 31 March 2023 that an unknown number of Chunmoo was being serviced by the Royal Saudi Land Forces.[35] As in the past cases with the UAE, it is presumed that it has signed a non-disclosure contract.

Poland

On 27 August 2022, Poland's defense minister, Mariusz Błaszczak, said there are ongoing negotiations to acquire South Korea's rocket artillery system.[36] On 13 October 2022, Polish Armament Agency announced that the negotiations with South Korea to acquire nearly 300 K239 Chunmoo systems had been completed and the framework agreement will be signed on October 17.[37][38] Poland had originally intended to procure 500 American M142 HIMARS launchers, but such an order could not be fulfilled in a satisfactory timeline, so decision was made to split the HIMARS order into two stages, buying less of them and adding Chunmoo procurement; the first South Korean launchers are to be delivered in 2023.[39] A supply contract for 288 Chunmoo MLRS mounted on Jelcz 8x8 chassis and equipped with Polish TOPAZ Integrated Combat Management System along with 23 thousand missiles with the range of 80 and 290 kilometers was signed in Poland on October 19, 2022.[40][41] On 20 August 2023, first Homar-K, which completed system integration and testing in South Korea, was deployed to the 18th Mechanised Division of the Polish Land Forces after being delivered to Poland.[42]

Estonia

On 23 October 2025, the Estonian and South Korean defence ministers signed a defense cooperation agreement, under which the Estonian Defence Forces intends to acquire K239 Chunmoo systems.[43] Later, On 21 December 2025, the Estonian Centre for Defence Investments (ECDI) and the Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA) signed an intergovernmental (G2G) export contract worth 300 million euros (₩520 billion) to introduce the K239 Chunmoo system. Under the contract, Hanwha Aerospace will supply Estonia with six Chunmoo launcher vehicles and three types of missiles over the next three years.[44]

Norway

On 27 September 2022, Hanwha Defense signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Norway's Kongsberg Gruppen to introduce the K239 Chunmoo multiple rocket artillery system.[45] On 27 January 2026, the Norwegian Parliament approved the government's proposal to purchase the K239 Chunmoo system with a budget of 19 billion krone. Hanwha Aerospace will sign a supply contract with the Norwegian government in January and will be supplied to the Norwegian Army from 2029.[46] On 30 January 2026, the Norwegian government, through The Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency (NDMA) signed a contract for procuring 16 K239 Chunmoo systems and a significant amount of precision-guided missiles, plus training and logistical support from Hanwha Areospace, in a 19 billion NOK deal (close to 2 billion USD). There will be three types of missiles with a range of up to 500 kilometers. Hanwha will set up a production line for the missiles in Poland, which will supply all the European operators. The K239 mobile launchers are expected to be delivered in 2028 and 2029, with the missiles expected to be delivered in 2030 and 2031. [47] [48] [49]

Operators

A map of operators of the K239 Chunmoo or its variants

Current operators

 Poland
  • Polish Land Forces – A total of 290 Homar-K systems will be delivered to Polish Land Forces from 2023.[36][37][38]
    • 18th Mechanised Division[50][51]
    • 16th Mechanised Division[29]
 Saudi Arabia
  • Royal Saudi Land Forces – 36 in service with Royal Saudi Land Forces.[35]
 South Korea
A total of 218 systems in service with the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.[52][53][54]
  • Republic of Korea Army
  • Republic of Korea Navy
    • Republic of Korea Marine Corps
 United Arab Emirates
  • United Arab Emirates Army – A total of 12 systems are in service in the United Arab Emirates Army.[31][32][33]

Future operators

 Estonia
  • Estonian Land Forces – A total of 6 systems and ammunition, including the CTM-290 tactical ballistic missiles, will be delivered to Estonia under the contract signed on 21 December 2025.[55][44]
 Norway
  • Norwegian Army – A total of 16 K239 launchers and a significant number of precision-guided missiles, with a range of up to 500 kilometers plus training and logistical support. The Contract was signed with Hanwha Aerospace on 30 January 2026. [56]

Potential operators

  •  Egypt: On July 21, 2025, Hanwha Aerospace was reported to be in advanced talks with Egypt for a K239 Chunmoo multiple rocket launcher export. This significant deal includes local production and technology transfer, aiming to modernize Egypt's defense and diversify its arms suppliers.[57]
  •  Philippines: Officials from the Armed Forces of the Philippines attended the test-firing of KTSSM-II missiles from a K239 Chunmoo-I Multiple Launch Rocket System unit on December 21, 2022. The platform is being considered alongside the M142 HIMARS[58] and the Elbit PULS.[59][60]
  •  Romania: On 3 February 2023, Hanwha Aerospace signed an MOU with ROMARM SA, Romania's state-owned defense company, for the production of military equipment and ammunition.[61][62]

Summary

Operators Orders Acquisition Losses In service Note
K239
Poland Polish Land Forces HOMAR-K
290 		90
(+200) 		— 90 Batch I: 218 K239 launcher modules.
Batch II: 72 modules.
South Korea Republic of Korea Army and Marine Corps K239 Chunmoo
367 		218
(+149) 		— 218 Batch I: 218 K239s.
Batch II: 149 K239s.
Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Land Forces K239 Chunmoo
36 		36 — 36
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Army K239 Chunmoo
12 		12 — 12
In service Total orders
705 		356 — 356
Total acquired: 505
To be manufactured: 349

Legend of the colored numbers in the table:

  Systems assembled and produced in South Korea
  Systems assembled or produced outside of South Korea
  2nd hand sold/transferred [ - ] and bought/received [ + ]
  System upgraded, one variant to the other [ - ] / [ + ]

See also

  • K136 Kooryong - South Korea's 36 extended multiple rocket artillery system
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Notes

  1. ↑ The name Chunmoo (天橆) means to cover the sky. The name was given because the smoke from the rocket covered the sky when 20 131 mm rockets were launched in a row.

References

  1. ↑ Kim Dae-yeong (26 April 2017). "천무". Bemil. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014205916/https://bemil.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/04/26/2017042601143.html. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  2. ↑ Kim Dae-yeong (10 May 2020). "[김대영의 무기 인사이드 우리 손으로 만든 국산 강철비 '천무'"]. Now news. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014163900/https://nownews.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20200510601001. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "CHUNMOO GUIDED ROCKET & MISSILES". Korea Defense Industry Association. 2020. Archived from the original on 14 August 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250814190614/https://defense-korea.com/web/prdct/view?CMPNY_SEQ=&PRDCT_SEQ=1080&pageIndex=1&pageUnit=10&searchCate1=53&searchCate2=54&searchKeyword2=&topSearchKeyword=&searchOrder=ASC&searchCondition=ALL. Retrieved 14 August 2025. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Add-on plates for operating crew compartment in multi-caliber launch vechile "Chunmoo"". Samyang Comtech. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. https://archive.today/20220902201337/http://samyangct.com/eng/lab/?ckattempt=1. Retrieved 2 September 2022. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Park Soo-chan (30 May 2021). "사거리 최대 80km ... 축구장 3개 면적 '초토화' [한국의 무기 이야기"]. 세계일보. Segye Ilbo. Archived from the original on 4 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241004141355/https://www.segye.com/newsView/20210525514477. Retrieved 4 October 2024. 
  6. ↑ "'천무' 서북도서 배치…"응징 전초기지"". Korean Broadcasting System. 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 November 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251103022730/https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=3407138. Retrieved 3 November 2025. 
  7. ↑ Kumar, A. (2025-11-13). "Hanwha Aerospace Unveils New High-Power Multiple Rocket Launcher at ADEX 2025" (in en). https://www.thedefensenews.com/news-details/Hanwha-Aerospace-Unveils-New-High-Power-Multiple-Rocket-Launcher-at-ADEX-2025/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lee, YoungHak (2025-11-13). "Hanwha Aerospace unveiled its HPMRL rocket artillery for the Marine Corps" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/11/hanwha-aerospace-unveiled-its-hpmrl-rocket-artillery-for-the-marine-corps/. 
  9. ↑ "130mm pod rocket". Korea Defense Industry. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605120800/http://www.koreadefenseindustry.com/eng/home/content.do?menu_cd=000011. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  10. ↑ "230mm unguided rocket". Korea Defense Industry. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605120906/http://www.koreadefenseindustry.com/eng/home/content.do?menu_cd=000012. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "230mm guided rocket". Korea Defense Industry. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605123125/http://www.koreadefenseindustry.com/eng/home/content.do?menu_cd=000010. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  12. ↑ Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (30 June 2020). "A Research on the Manufacturing Process Improvement of High-Precision Parts for Precision Guided Missile". The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014064348/https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO202019550428094.pdf. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Chunmoo System Operational Concept". Hanwha Group. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230701153553/https://www.hanwhacorp.co.kr/common/fileDownload.do?path=/upload/defense/chunmoo/Launcher_ASV.pdf&name=Launcher_ASV.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2023. 
  14. ↑ "현무 탄도탄 발사차량". Defense Times. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220925134550/http://defensetimes.kr/article/_view.php?&ss%5Bfc%5D=4&bbs_id=DefenceTimes_news&doc_num=1716. Retrieved 25 September 2022. 
  15. ↑ "K239 Chunmoo Multiple Launch Rocket System, South Korea". Army Technology. 9 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251103060604/https://www.army-technology.com/projects/k239-chunmoo-multiple-launch-rocket-system-south-korea/. Retrieved 3 November 2025. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Chunmoo Guided Rocket". Hanwha Aerospace. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230701152354/https://www.hanwhaaerospace.co.kr/eng/whatwedo/product/template/popupTemplate.do?seq=101. Retrieved 1 July 2023. 
  17. ↑ "[단독 한화에어로 '천무→딥 스트라이크' 새 명찰 달고 사거리 늘려 유럽 공략"]. THE GURU. 5 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 February 2026. https://web.archive.org/web/20260201072717/https://theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=91392. Retrieved 1 February 2026. 
  18. ↑ "ADEX 2025에서 K-방산의 앞날을 보고 왔습니다.". Eugene Investment & Securities. 5 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 February 2026. https://web.archive.org/web/20260201072236/https://www.eugenefn.com/common/files/amail//20251027_B2030_syyang0901_278.pdf. Retrieved 1 February 2026. 
  19. ↑ Park Tae-jeong (27 April 2022). "차량탑재형 전술지대지유도무기(KTSSM-II) 개발". CNews. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221015015409/https://www.thecommoditiesnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4424. Retrieved 15 October 2022. 
  20. ↑ Shin Gyu-jin (22 December 2022). "[단독사거리 80km '천무' 발사대로 200km 미사일 발사 성공"]. The Dong-a Ilbo. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221223064911/https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20221222/117108919/1. Retrieved 23 December 2022. 
  21. ↑ "제150회 방위사업추진위원회 결과". Defense Acquisition Program Administration. 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314145730/https://www.dapa.go.kr/dapa/na/ntt/selectNttInfo.do?menuId=678&bbsId=326&nttSn=43440. Retrieved 14 March 2023. 
  22. ↑ "[단독 폴란드 수출형 천무, 300km급 미사일 실사격 영상"]. Defense Media Agency. 25 April 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlbmK1DH2A0. Retrieved 2 February 2024. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kim Min-seok (10 June 2022). "[밀덕텔링 [단독] 천무 로켓탄, 북 초대형 방사포 대응 '사거리 3배' 연장 추진"]. BizHankook. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014060258/https://www.bizhankook.com/bk/article/23865. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  24. ↑ Daehan Lee (24 June 2022). "South Korea is trying to double the range of its K239 rocket launcher". Defense News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221014054015/https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2022/06/24/south-korea-is-trying-to-double-the-range-of-its-k239-rocket-launcher/. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  25. ↑ "기동형 통합 감시체계, 레이저폭발물처리기, 첨단 드론 탐지 시스템 등 19 합동무기체계 전시회". Bemil. 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014233326/https://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10168&pn=1&num=1076. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  26. ↑ "Field trials of 3rd generation Jelcz trucks" (in en-US). 2024-07-01. https://milmag.pl/en/field-trials-of-3rd-generation-jelcz-trucks/. 
  27. ↑ "Uderzenie z ziemi i spod wody". Defence24 Biznes. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mseZ0q-AsI. Retrieved 1 July 2023. 
  28. ↑ "Hanwha Aerospace CEO: Transfer of Technology a Key Element of Homar-K" (in pl). 2024-07-12. https://defence24.com/industry/hanwha-aerospace-ceo-transfer-of-technology-a-key-element-of-homar-k. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "The first Homar-K Multiple Launch Rocket System in the 16th Mechanized Division" (in en-US). 2024-08-13. https://milmag.pl/en/the-first-homar-k-multiple-launch-rocket-system-in-the-16th-mechanized-division/. 
  30. ↑ Kelman, Damian (25 June 2025). "Ponad 100 wyrzutni Homar-K już w Polsce" (in pl). https://www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl/wiadomosci/intermodal-i-logistyka/ponad-100-wyrzutni-homark-juz-w-polsce-95771.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "[단독 차기 다련장 로켓 천무, 해외 수출길 열렸다"]. TV Chosun. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220831232733/http://news.tvchosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/12/19/2017121990109.html. Retrieved 31 August 2022. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "밀리터리 리뷰 쇼트 2003". 밀리터리 리뷰 쇼트. March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. https://archive.today/20220831233353/http://preview.kyobobook.co.kr/epubPreviewPopup.jsp?type=web&barcode=480D200225380&search=Y&orderClick=LAT. Retrieved 31 August 2022. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Royal Saudi Land Force Unveils South Korean Chun-Moo Multiple Rocket Launchers". Army Technology. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251103061552/https://militaryleak.com/2023/04/11/royal-saudi-land-force-unveils-south-korean-chun-moo-multiple-rocket-launchers/. Retrieved 3 November 2025. 
  34. ↑ Jeon Seung-ryul (21 April 2022). "사우디 세계방위산업전시회 참관기". Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. https://archive.today/20230909150801/https://dream.kotra.or.kr/kotranews/cms/news/actionKotraBoardDetail.do?SITE_NO=3&MENU_ID=70&CONTENTS_NO=1&bbsGbn=00&bbsSn=245&pNttSn=193717. Retrieved 9 September 2023. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Saudi military unveils Chun-Moo MRLs". Janes Information Services. 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005845/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/saudi-military-unveils-chun-moo-mrls. Retrieved 5 April 2023. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Szef MON: będą Kolejne zamówienia sprzętu dla Wojska Polskiego". Polish Press Agency. 27 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023012117/https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C1408729%2Cszef-mon-beda-kolejne-zamowienia-sprzetu-dla-wojska-polskiego.html. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 JAKUB PALOWSKI (14 October 2022). "Poland Concludes a Deal on Hundreds of Korean Multiple Rocket Launchers". Defence24. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023013523/https://defence24.com/armed-forces/poland-concludes-a-deal-on-hundreds-of-korean-multiple-rocket-launchers. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Gil So-yeon (14 October 2022). "[단독 폴란드, 17일 한국산 '천무' 구매계약 서명"]. The Guru. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014171117/https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=43552. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  39. ↑ Jaroslaw Adamowski (15 October 2022). "Poland to buy hundreds of SKorean Chunmoo multiple-rocket launchers". Defense News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221023014901/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/10/14/poland-to-buy-hundreds-of-s-korean-chunmoo-multiple-rocket-launchers/. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  40. ↑ "K239 Chunmoo launchers will increase the deterrence potential of the Polish Army". Defence Industry News. 19 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023020828/https://defenceindustrynews.com/all-news/k239-chunmoo-launchers-will-increase-the-deterrence-potential-of-the-polish-army/. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  41. ↑ Shin Jun-myeong (19 October 2022). "폴란드 부총리, 중국 영공 통과 거부로 방한 무산". YTN. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221019015023/https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_202210182146336655. Retrieved 19 October 2022. 
  42. ↑ Gil So-yeon (20 August 2023). "'K-239 천무' 폴란드 상륙…예정보다 12일 지연". The guru. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906092250/https://www.theguru.co.kr/mobile/article.html?no=58723. Retrieved 6 September 2023. 
  43. ↑ "Estonia to procure South Korean Chunmoo rocket launchers". 23 October 2025. https://news.err.ee/1609837131/estonia-to-procure-south-korean-chunmoo-rocket-launchers. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "한화에어로, 에스토니아에 5천억원 규모 다연장로켓' 천무' 수출". 연합뉴스. Yonhap News Agency. 21 December 2025. Archived from the original on 21 December 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251221134000/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20251221050600003. Retrieved 21 December 2025. 
  45. ↑ "[단독 노르웨이, 한화 '천무' 다연장 로켓 도입 추진"]. The Guru. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007183135/https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=42676. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  46. ↑ "Stortingsflertall for gigantisk forsvarsanskaffelse: Norges nye «supervåpen»". Aftenposten. 27 January 2025. Archived from the original on 28 January 2025. https://archive.md/4g8En. Retrieved 28 January 2025. 
  47. ↑ https://www.fma.no/en/news-and-media/newsarticles/new-contract-with-hanwha-aerospace-to-procure-long-range-precision-fires
  48. ↑ https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/regjeringen-har-valgt-leverandor-av-langtrekkende-presisjonsild/id3147546/
  49. ↑ https://milmag.pl/en/the-norwegian-parliament-has-selected-the-k239-chunmoo/
  50. ↑ Lee Seung-jun (11 November 2023). "폴란드, 한화에어로스페이스사의 호마르-K 천무 K239 천무발사대 현지통합 시작". DefenseToday. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015231/http://www.defensetoday.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=6517. Retrieved 21 January 2024. 
  51. ↑ ADAM ŚWIERKOWSKI (30 November 2023). "Rakietowy Homar już w 18. Dywizji". Defence24. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240121012437/https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/rakietowy-homar-juz-w-18-dywizji. Retrieved 21 January 2024. 
  52. ↑ "천무 추가양산". milidom. 18 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007001223/https://milidom.net/freeboard/893216. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  53. ↑ Jung Chung-sin (15 November 2022). "北방사포 위협에 전방 7개사단 신형 다연장로켓 '천무 사격대' 배치". Munhwa Ilbo. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906114202/https://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2022111501039930114004. Retrieved 6 September 2023. 
  54. ↑ Yang Nak-kyu (28 March 2022). "[양낙규의 Defence Club전군 전력 총집결…'전설의 섬' 백령도"]. The Asia Business Daily. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906114458/https://military.asiae.co.kr/view.htm?idxno=2023032711004280613. Retrieved 6 September 2023. 
  55. ↑ "Estonia to Purchase at Least Six South Korean–Made Chunmoo Multiple Rocket Launchers". 12 December 2025. https://www.kaitseinvesteeringud.ee/en/estonia-to-purchase-at-least-six-south-korean-made-chunmoo-multiple-rocket-launchers/. 
  56. ↑ https://www.fma.no/en/news-and-media/newsarticles/new-contract-with-hanwha-aerospace-to-procure-long-range-precision-fires
  57. ↑ 박선우 (21 July 2025). "천무 수출 성사될까… 한화, 이집트와 기술이전 등 협상". Chosun Biz. https://biz.chosun.com/industry/company/2025/07/21/5VMZ6W7JNBEFFJGT77EG5LVDKM/. 
  58. ↑ Orpiano, Pitz. "The Philippine Army and the M142 HIMARS MLRS Acquisition Plan". https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2023/07/the-philippine-army-and-m142-himars-mlrs-acquisition-plan.html. 
  59. ↑ Orpiano, Pitz (21 January 2024). "K239 Chunmoo - A Potential and Cheaper HIMARS Alternative for the Philippine Army". https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2024/01/k239-chunmoo-potential-cheaper-himars-alternative-philippine-army.html. 
  60. ↑ Lariosa, Aaron-Matthew (2023-07-01). "Philippines to Acquire HIMARS, More BrahMos Missiles in Coming Years" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/07/philippines-to-acquire-himars-more-brahmos-missiles/. 
  61. ↑ "România - planuri mari privind achizițiile din Coreea de Sud. Obuziere K9, mașini de luptă și K239 Chunmoo, versiunea coreeană a HIMARS". 6 February 2023. https://www.defenseromania.ro/romania-planuri-mari-privind-achizitiile-din-coreea-de-sud-obuziere-k9-masini-de-lupta-si-k239-chunmoo-versiunea-coreeana-a-himars_620978.html. 
  62. ↑ Kil So-yeon (6 February 2023). "[단독 한화에어로스페이스, 루마니아 방산기업과 탄약 생산 MOU"]. The guru. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240125161540/https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=49311%C2%A0. Retrieved 25 January 2024. 



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