Engineering:K239 Chunmoo

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Short description: South Korean long-range multiple launch rocket system
K239 Chunmoo
K239 천무
Defense White Paper 2020 - K239 Chunmoo.jpg
K239L Chunmoo vehicle
TypeMultiple rocket launcher
Tactical ballistic missile
Place of originSouth Korea
Service history
In service2015-present
Used bySee Operators
Production history
DesignerAgency for Defense Development (launcher)
Doosan DST (vehicle)
Hanwha (rocket)
Samyang Comtech (armor)
Designed2009-2013
ManufacturerHanwha Aerospace (system)
Korea Defense Industry (rocket)
Unit cost₩3.6 billion (United States dollar 2.94 million) per one launcher+K239L vehicle (2020)[1][2]
Produced2014-present
No. built218[3]
VariantsHomar-K
Specifications
Mass31 t (31 long tons; 34 short tons)
Length9 m (29 ft 6 in)
Width2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)
Height3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Crew3 (K239L launcher vehicle)
2 (K239T ammunition support vehicle)
Calibre131 mm (K33)
230 mm (KM26A2)
239 mm (CGR080)
400 mm (GPS-aided INS)[4]
600 mm (CTM290)
Rate of fire6 rds/in 30 sec (CGR080)
Effective firing range36 km (K33)
45 km (KM26A2)
80 km (CGR080)
>200 km (400 mm rocket)
290 km (CTM290)
ArmourSamyang Comtech Steel / Ceramic + Polymer Matrix Composites (STANAG 4569 Level 2)[5]
Main
armament
20×2 K33 (unguided)
6×2 KM26A2 (unguided)
6×2 CGR080 (guided)
2×2 400 mm rocket (guided), in development
1×2 CTM290 (TBM), in development
EngineHD Hyundai Infracore DV11K 6-cylinder water-cooled Diesel engine
450 hp (340 kW)
Power/weight14.5 hp/t (10.81 kW/t)
TransmissionAllison Transmission 4500SP
Fuel capacity250 L (66 U.S. gal)
Operational
range
450 km (280 mi)
Speed80 km/h (50 mph)
Guidance
system
GPS-aided INS
Accuracy15 m CEP (CGR080 with high explosive warheads)
2 m CEP (Ure-II)

The K239 Chunmoo[note 1] (Romanization: K239 'Cheon-mu'; Hangul: K239 '천무'; Hanja: K239 '天橆') is a rocket artillery system developed in 2013 to replace the aging K136 Kooryong of the South Korean military.

History

File:K239 MLRS Launches K33 131 mm unguided rocket.webm South Korea struggled to come up with countermeasures in the 1970s when North Korea deployed BM-21 Grad, a new multiple rocket launcher (MRL) brought in from the Soviet Union. At that time, the possibility of fatal casualties increased if towed howitzers, self-propelled howitzers, and multiple rocket launchers deployed by the North Korean military fired at the South Korea. The South Korean military developed the K136 Kooryong in 1978 to counter the threat of North Korean artillery. With the deployment of Kooryong to the South Korean Army since the 1980s, it was temporarily able to maintain a similar balance to North Korea's artillery power.[6]

However, over time, problems such as the discontinuation of the main parts of the aging Kooryong system have been revealed, and as North Korea developed a large-caliber rocket with a further increased range, the military pointed out that Kooryong has a limit to respond in wartime. Later, from 2009 to 2013, it developed a new multiple rocket launcher system with an automated fire control system compatible with the ammunition used in the M270 MLRS, which the South Korean military had previously operated, for replacing the aging Kooryong system.[6] The K239 development program was the first defense development program led by South Korean private defense companies, unlike other defense development programs conducted under the leadership of the Agency for Defense Development (ADD).

Design and development

File:The K239 MLRS is launching a 239 mm guided rocket.webm The K239 Chunmoo is a self-propelled multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) capable of firing several different guided or unguided artillery rockets.

The K239 is capable of launching K33 131 mm rockets, but not 130 mm rockets (such as the K30, K37 and K38), which are used in the existing K136 Kooryong rocket artillery system. The K239 launcher carries two launch pods that can hold three types of rockets:

  • 20 K33 131 mm unguided rockets, previously used on the K136 Kooryong, with a range of 36 km (22 mi) (40 total).[7]
  • Six KM26A2 230 mm rockets which are based on the M26 227 mm unguided DPICM rocket used in M270 MLRS vehicles operated by the South Korean Army, with a range of 45 km (28 mi) (12 total).[8]
  • Six 239 mm chunmoo guided rockets (CGR080) with either high explosive penetration warheads, or cluster bombs with 300 bomblets, designed for the K239 Chunmoo with a range of 80 km (50 mi) (12 total).[9][10]

The CGR080 239 mm rockets are 3.96 m (13.0 ft) long and GPS-aided INS guided, and the rocket is designed to be equipped with two types of warheads, a high explosive warhead developed as a bunker buster, or a cluster bomb warhead, with hundreds of bomblets, for use against personnel in a wide area. The high explosive warhead bursts on impact for use against personnel and bursts after a delay to destroy bunkers; it was a requirement of the ROK Army for the guided rocket to have a penetrator warhead to be used as a bunker buster solution against the large number of bunkers along the DMZ. A guided rocket containing cluster bombs is capable of extensive artillery fire on a specific area of three times the area of a soccer field.[9]

Two different types of rocket pods can be loaded at once. The rocket pod can launch six 239 mm rockets in 30 seconds and a total of 12 rockets in one minute, and it's possible to reload two rocket pods in seven minutes. The launch vehicle is based on a Doosan DST (now Hanwha Defense) K239L 8×8 truck chassis with an armored cab that protects its 3-man crew from small arms fire and artillery shell splinters as well as providing NBC protection. The vehicle can climb 60% slopes (20 degrees), and is equipped with an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Run-flat tires, and a Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS).[11][12] Each Chunmoo launcher is paired with an K239T Ammunition Support Vehicle (ASV) which uses the same type of truck chassis and carries four reload pods.[11] An ROK Army Chunmoo battery consists of 18 vehicles and uses a K200A1 as a command vehicle.[13][14]

Origins

Development of the K239 Chunmoo began in 2009 and was completed in late 2013. South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) spent 131.4 billion won ($112.4 million) on the project to create a replacement for the K136 Kooryong MLRS. Initial production was carried out in August 2014. The main purpose of the Chunmoo MLRS is to suppress North Korea's artillery systems in case of war.

K239T Ammunition Support Vehicle (ASV)
  • In order to reduce operational and maintenance costs, the Chunmoo launcher system is mounted on the modified chassis of a four-axle Korean truck which has less cross-country ability when compared to tracked vehicles.
  • The artillery unit does not have permanently mounted launch rails. This allows the Chunmoo to transport and use launch containers containing different types of rockets from one platform.[15]
  • The cockpit of the vehicle is armoured to provides protection against small-calibre weapons and artillery shell fragments.[5]
  • It is equipped with a load-lifting device, similar to that of the MLRS. The estimated maximum recharging time is 10 minutes.
  • The Chunmoo system includes an ammunition transport and charging vehicle on a common 8x8 chassis, and carries two sets of transport and discharge containers.[11]
  • The Korean army requested that the Chunmoo be designed to fire different types of ammunition. This includes 227 mm standard MLRS, but also 131 mm and 239 mm South Korean rockets. The maximum range of the 131 mm ammunition is up to 36 km and approximately 80 km for the 239 mm ammunition.
  • Rockets can be fired from the cockpit of the combat vehicle, or by using a remote fire control device.
  • Chunmoo system was specified to be transportable by aircraft of the C-130 type, in order to be easily deployed.

Purchase and Deployment

In October 2014, South Korea announced the purchase of 58 Chunmoo MLRS. In August 2015, the ROK Army began deploying the Chunmoo batteries.[16][17]

Homar-K prototype on Jelcz P883.57 chassis

Variants

Homar-K

Homar-K (English: Lobster, K for Korean) is a Polish multiple launch rocket system combining the improved K239 launcher and domestic Jelcz P883.57 8x8 truck chassis. Built to meet Polish military requirements, the system will ultimately integrate a Polish-designed TOPAZ fire control system and be serviced with a South Korean CGR080 239 mm guided rocket produced in Poland under license and a 600 mm short-range tactical ballistic missile known as the CTM290 (Chunmoo Tactical Missile)[15] with a range of 290 km.[18] Hanwha Aerospace is undergoing further development to use the Polish 122 mm rocket in the Homar-K system.[19]

Improvements

Extended-range rockets

In June 2022, South Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD) revealed efforts to increase the range of the Chunmoo's 239 mm rockets to 200 km (120 mi). This would give them range similar to the North Korean 300 mm KN-09. Research and development efforts are evaluating ducted rocket propulsion technology, which adds an air inlet that absorbs external air and combines it with a gas generator for combustion to produce greater thrust, as well as a valve that controls the flow of gas for maneuvering. There is also research into a larger 400 mm rocket, which the Chunmoo could carry four of.[20][21][4]

Ure-2 (CTM290)

Main page: Engineering:Ure (missile)

On 27 April 2022, South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration announced a plan to develop a vehicle-mounted tactical surface-to-surface guided weapon (Ure-2). The purpose of this development project is to improve the existing Ure-1 to increase the range from 180 km (110 mi) to 290 km (180 mi) and integrate tactical ballistic missile systems into various types of Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) such as the K239 Chunmoo. The development project is scheduled to begin in 2023 and plans to complete the development with a total budget of 1.56 trillion won (United States dollar 1.232 billion) by 2034.[22]

On 21 December 2022, the Agency for Defense Development conducted a public test of Ure-2 under further development at Anheung Proving Ground. The missile was mounted on the K239 Chunmoo vehicle and hit a target 200 kilometers away after it was launched.[23]

On 13 March 2023, the 150th Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee deliberated and approved the basic strategy and system development plan for developing a vehicle-mounted tactical surface-to-surface missile, and the revised plan included the agenda of completing the development of Ure-2 by 2032, two years earlier than the previous plan.[24]

Export

United Arab Emirates

In 2017, Hanwha Defense announced at ADEX (Aerospace & Defense Exhibition) in Seoul that it had signed a nondisclosure contract worth 700 billion won to export K239 Chunmoo to a certain country in the Middle East, and it was later revealed that the United Arab Emirates signed a supply contract with Hanwha Defense, including 12 K239 Chunmoos, 12 K239T Ammunition Support Vehicles, GPS-guided rockets, and munitions.[25][26] Later, In February 2021, 12 K239 Chunmoo systems and 12 K239T Ammunition Support Vehicles were delivered to the United Arab Emirates.[27]

Saudi Arabia

At the World Defense Show in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on March 9, 2022, Hanwha signed a defense export contract worth 1 trillion won (worth $800 million) with the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Defense, but details of the contract were not known.[28] It was later confirmed on 31 March 2023 that an unknown number of Chunmoo was being serviced by the Royal Saudi Land Forces.[29] As in the past cases with the UAE, it is presumed that it has signed a non-disclosure contract.

Poland

On 27 August 2022, Poland's defense minister, Mariusz Błaszczak, said there are ongoing negotiations to acquire South Korea's rocket artillery system.[30] On 13 October 2022, Polish Armament Agency announced that the negotiations with South Korea to acquire nearly 300 K239 Chunmoo systems had been completed and the framework agreement will be signed on October 17.[31][32] Poland had originally intended to procure 500 American M142 HIMARS launchers, but such an order could not be fulfilled in a satisfactory timeline, so decision was made to split the HIMARS order into two stages, buying less of them and adding Chunmoo procurement; the first South Korean launchers are to be delivered in 2023.[33] A supply contract for 288 Chunmoo MLRS mounted on Jelcz 8x8 chassis and equipped with Polish TOPAZ Integrated Combat Management System along with 23 thousand missiles with the range of 80 and 290 kilometers was signed in Poland on October 19, 2022.[34][35] On 20 August 2023, one Homar-K, which completed system integration and testing in South Korea, was deployed to the 18th Mechanised Division of the Polish Land Forces after being delivered to Poland.[36]

Operators

K239 Chunmoo operators

Current operators

 Poland
  • Polish Land Forces – A total of 288 Homar-K systems will be delivered to Polish Land Forces from 2023.[30][31][32]
    • 18th Infantry Division – Received 3 Homar-K as of November 2023. Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW) is currently working on integrating the 15 delivered K239 launcher modules into the jelc truck chassis.[37][38]
 Saudi Arabia
  • Royal Saudi Land Forces – Unknown number within service with Royal Saudi Land Forces.[29]
 South Korea – A total of 218 systems are in service in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.[3][39][40]
  • Republic of Korea Army
  • Republic of Korea Navy
    • Republic of Korea Marine Corps
 United Arab Emirates
  • United Arab Emirates Army – A total of 12 systems are in service in the United Arab Emirates Army.[25][26][27]

Potential operators

  •  Norway: On 27 September 2022, Hanwha Defense signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Norway's Kongsberg Gruppen to introduce the K239 Chunmoo multiple rocket artillery system.[41]
  •  Romania: On 3 February 2023, Hanwha Aerospace signed an MOU with ROMARM SA, Romania's state-owned defense company, for the production of military equipment and ammunition.[42][43]

See also

  • K136 Kooryong - South Korea's 36 extended multiple rocket artillery system

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

Notes

  1. ↑ The name Chunmoo (天橆) means to cover the sky. The name was given because the smoke from the rocket covered the sky when 20 131 mm rockets were launched in a row.

References

  1. ↑ Kim Dae-yeong (26 April 2017). "천무". Bemil. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014205916/https://bemil.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/04/26/2017042601143.html. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  2. ↑ Kim Dae-yeong (10 May 2020). "[김대영의 무기 인사이드 우리 손으로 만든 국산 강철비 '천무'"]. Now news. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014163900/https://nownews.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20200510601001. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "천무 추가양산". milidom. 18 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007001223/https://milidom.net/freeboard/893216. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "기동형 통합 감시체계, 레이저폭발물처리기, 첨단 드론 탐지 시스템 등 19 합동무기체계 전시회". Bemil. 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014233326/https://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10168&pn=1&num=1076. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Add-on plates for operating crew compartment in multi-caliber launch vechile "Chunmoo"". Samyang Comtech. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. https://archive.today/20220902201337/http://samyangct.com/eng/lab/?ckattempt=1. Retrieved 2 September 2022. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Park Soo-chan (30 May 2021). "사거리 최대 80km ... 축구장 3개 면적 '초토화' [한국의 무기 이야기"]. Segye Ilbo. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605093812/https://m.segye.com/view/20210525514477. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  7. ↑ "130mm pod rocket". Korea Defense Industry. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605120800/http://www.koreadefenseindustry.com/eng/home/content.do?menu_cd=000011. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  8. ↑ "230mm unguided rocket". Korea Defense Industry. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605120906/http://www.koreadefenseindustry.com/eng/home/content.do?menu_cd=000012. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "230mm guided rocket". Korea Defense Industry. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605123125/http://www.koreadefenseindustry.com/eng/home/content.do?menu_cd=000010. Retrieved 5 June 2023. 
  10. ↑ Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (30 June 2020). "A Research on the Manufacturing Process Improvement of High-Precision Parts for Precision Guided Missile". The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014064348/https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO202019550428094.pdf. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Chunmoo System Operational Concept". Hanwha Group. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230701153553/https://www.hanwhacorp.co.kr/common/fileDownload.do?path=/upload/defense/chunmoo/Launcher_ASV.pdf&name=Launcher_ASV.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2023. 
  12. ↑ "현무 탄도탄 발사차량". Defense Times. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220925134550/http://defensetimes.kr/article/_view.php?&ss%5Bfc%5D=4&bbs_id=DefenceTimes_news&doc_num=1716. Retrieved 25 September 2022. 
  13. ↑ "Chunmoo". Military Today. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221007131514/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/chunmoo.htm. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  14. ↑ "ADEX 2017: Chunmoo K-MLRS with 239mm Guided Rockets". Army Recognition. 21 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007133027/https://armyrecognition.com/adex_2017_online_show_daily_news/adex_2017_chunmoo_k-mlrs_with_239mm_guided_rockets.html. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Chunmoo Guided Rocket". Hanwha Aerospace. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230701152354/https://www.hanwhaaerospace.co.kr/eng/whatwedo/product/template/popupTemplate.do?seq=101. Retrieved 1 July 2023. 
  16. ↑ "South Korea to purchase 58 Chun Moo K-MLRS multi-calibers MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System.". Army Recognition. 5 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. https://archive.today/20141005184456/http://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/south_korea_to_purchase_58_chun_moo_k-mlrs_multi-calibers_mlrs_multiple_launch_rocket_system_0510144.html. Retrieved 5 October 2014. 
  17. ↑ "South Korea starts deploying its next-generation Chunmoo multiple launch rocket system 20508152". Army Recognition. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174516/https://armyrecognition.com/august_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/south_korea_starts_deploying_its_next-generation_chunmoo_multiple_launch_rocket_system_20508152.html. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  18. ↑ "Uderzenie z ziemi i spod wody". Defence24 Biznes. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mseZ0q-AsI. Retrieved 1 July 2023. 
  19. ↑ "Chunmoo MRLS and Guided Rocket with a Range of up to 290km Poland MSPO 2023". Hanwha Aerospace. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230924083818/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbJs2eKwLLc. Retrieved 24 September 2023. 
  20. ↑ Kim Min-seok (10 June 2022). "[밀덕텔링 [단독] 천무 로켓탄, 북 초대형 방사포 대응 '사거리 3배' 연장 추진"]. BizHankook. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014060258/https://www.bizhankook.com/bk/article/23865. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  21. ↑ Daehan Lee (24 June 2022). "South Korea is trying to double the range of its K239 rocket launcher". Defense News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221014054015/https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2022/06/24/south-korea-is-trying-to-double-the-range-of-its-k239-rocket-launcher/. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  22. ↑ Park Tae-jeong (27 April 2022). "차량탑재형 전술지대지유도무기(KTSSM-II) 개발". CNews. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221015015409/https://www.thecommoditiesnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4424. Retrieved 15 October 2022. 
  23. ↑ Shin Gyu-jin (22 December 2022). "[단독사거리 80km '천무' 발사대로 200km 미사일 발사 성공"]. The Dong-a Ilbo. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221223064911/https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20221222/117108919/1. Retrieved 23 December 2022. 
  24. ↑ "제150회 방위사업추진위원회 결과". Defense Acquisition Program Administration. 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314145730/https://www.dapa.go.kr/dapa/na/ntt/selectNttInfo.do?menuId=678&bbsId=326&nttSn=43440. Retrieved 14 March 2023. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "[단독 차기 다련장 로켓 천무, 해외 수출길 열렸다"]. TV Chosun. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220831232733/http://news.tvchosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/12/19/2017121990109.html. Retrieved 31 August 2022. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "밀리터리 리뷰 쇼트 2003". 밀리터리 리뷰 쇼트. March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. https://archive.today/20220831233353/http://preview.kyobobook.co.kr/epubPreviewPopup.jsp?type=web&barcode=480D200225380&search=Y&orderClick=LAT. Retrieved 31 August 2022. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "South-Korean Chunmoo K239 MLRS rockets/missile launcher to enter in service with UAE". Army Recognition. 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233421/https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_april_2021_global_security_army_industry/south-korean_chunmoo_k239_mlrs_rockets/missile_launcher_to_enter_in_service_with_uae.html. Retrieved 31 August 2022. 
  28. ↑ Jeon Seung-ryul (21 April 2022). "사우디 세계방위산업전시회 참관기". Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. https://archive.today/20230909150801/https://dream.kotra.or.kr/kotranews/cms/news/actionKotraBoardDetail.do?SITE_NO=3&MENU_ID=70&CONTENTS_NO=1&bbsGbn=00&bbsSn=245&pNttSn=193717. Retrieved 9 September 2023. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Saudi military unveils Chun-Moo MRLs". Janes Information Services. 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005845/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/saudi-military-unveils-chun-moo-mrls. Retrieved 5 April 2023. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Szef MON: będą Kolejne zamówienia sprzętu dla Wojska Polskiego". Polish Press Agency. 27 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023012117/https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C1408729%2Cszef-mon-beda-kolejne-zamowienia-sprzetu-dla-wojska-polskiego.html. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 JAKUB PALOWSKI (14 October 2022). "Poland Concludes a Deal on Hundreds of Korean Multiple Rocket Launchers". Defence24. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023013523/https://defence24.com/armed-forces/poland-concludes-a-deal-on-hundreds-of-korean-multiple-rocket-launchers. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Gil So-yeon (14 October 2022). "[단독 폴란드, 17일 한국산 '천무' 구매계약 서명"]. The Guru. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014171117/https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=43552. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 
  33. ↑ Jaroslaw Adamowski (15 October 2022). "Poland to buy hundreds of SKorean Chunmoo multiple-rocket launchers". Defense News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221023014901/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/10/14/poland-to-buy-hundreds-of-s-korean-chunmoo-multiple-rocket-launchers/. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  34. ↑ "K239 Chunmoo launchers will increase the deterrence potential of the Polish Army". Defence Industry News. 19 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023020828/https://defenceindustrynews.com/all-news/k239-chunmoo-launchers-will-increase-the-deterrence-potential-of-the-polish-army/. Retrieved 23 October 2022. 
  35. ↑ Shin Jun-myeong (19 October 2022). "폴란드 부총리, 중국 영공 통과 거부로 방한 무산". YTN. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. https://archive.today/20221019015023/https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_202210182146336655. Retrieved 19 October 2022. 
  36. ↑ Gil So-yeon (20 August 2023). "'K-239 천무' 폴란드 상륙…예정보다 12일 지연". The guru. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906092250/https://www.theguru.co.kr/mobile/article.html?no=58723. Retrieved 6 September 2023. 
  37. ↑ Lee Seung-jun (11 November 2023). "폴란드, 한화에어로스페이스사의 호마르-K 천무 K239 천무발사대 현지통합 시작". DefenseToday. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015231/http://www.defensetoday.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=6517. Retrieved 21 January 2024. 
  38. ↑ ADAM ŚWIERKOWSKI (30 November 2023). "Rakietowy Homar już w 18. Dywizji". Defence24. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240121012437/https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/rakietowy-homar-juz-w-18-dywizji. Retrieved 21 January 2024. 
  39. ↑ Jung Chung-sin (15 November 2022). "北방사포 위협에 전방 7개사단 신형 다연장로켓 ‘천무 사격대’ 배치". Munhwa Ilbo. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906114202/https://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2022111501039930114004. Retrieved 6 September 2023. 
  40. ↑ Yang Nak-kyu (28 March 2022). "[양낙규의 Defence Club전군 전력 총집결…'전설의 섬' 백령도"]. The Asia Business Daily. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906114458/https://military.asiae.co.kr/view.htm?idxno=2023032711004280613. Retrieved 6 September 2023. 
  41. ↑ "[단독 노르웨이, 한화 '천무' 다연장 로켓 도입 추진"]. The Guru. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007183135/https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=42676. Retrieved 7 October 2022. 
  42. ↑ https://www.defenseromania.ro/romania-planuri-mari-privind-achizitiile-din-coreea-de-sud-obuziere-k9-masini-de-lupta-si-k239-chunmoo-versiunea-coreeana-a-himars_620978.html
  43. ↑ Kil So-yeon (6 February 2023). "[단독 한화에어로스페이스, 루마니아 방산기업과 탄약 생산 MOU"]. The guru. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240125161540/https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=49311%C2%A0. Retrieved 25 January 2024. 

External links



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