Engineering:Tactical ballistic missile

Short description: Ballistic missile designed for short-range use on the battlefield

The MGM-140 ATACMS tactical ballistic missile firing

A tactical ballistic missile (TBM), or battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM), is a ballistic missile designed for short-range battlefield use. Typically, range is less than 300 kilometres (190 mi).Template:According to who Tactical ballistic missiles are usually mobile to ensure survivability and quick deployment, as well as carrying a variety of warheads to target enemy facilities, assembly areas, artillery, and other targets behind the front lines. Warheads can include conventional high explosive, chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads. Typically tactical nuclear weapons are limited in their total yield compared to strategic nuclear weapons.

Design

Tactical ballistic missiles fill the gap between conventional rocket artillery and longer-range short-range ballistic missiles. Tactical missiles can carry heavy payloads deep behind enemy lines in comparison to rockets or gun artillery, while having better mobility and less expense than the more strategic theatre missiles. Additionally, due to their mobility, tactical missiles are better suited to responding to developments on the battlefield.

For many nations, tactical missiles represent the upper limit of their land-based military equipment. They can provide a powerful weapon for a very economical price, and in some cases are sought to help level the playing field against opponents who are superior in other areas of military technology. Currently, tactical ballistic missile technology remains within reach for nations that may face difficulties in obtaining other advanced military technologies.

Ballistic missiles are still difficult to defeat on the battlefield. Newer air defense systems have improved ability to intercept tactical missiles, but still can not reliably protect assets against ballistic missile threats. This allows a moderate force of missiles to threaten a superior enemy by penetrating their air defenses better than with conventional aircraft, while providing a deeper strike than conventional artillery.

Propulsion

Early large rockets and missiles were propelled by liquid-propellant rocket engines, as the first types developed. These were replaced as soon as possible by solid fuel rocket motors. Liquid propellants involve cryogenic (liquid oxygen) or corrosive (nitric acid) oxidisers. These must be loaded before launch, delaying the rocket's time into action. This delay was a problem for large strategic missiles, but especially so for tactical.

Missiles, particularly in the Soviet Union, switched to using storable liquid propellants such as IRFNA, inhibited nitric acid. These were still hazardous to handle, but could be stored pre-loaded in the missile. This also allowed the development of single vehicle transporter erector launchers (TEL), rather than the previous convoy of carriers, launchers, fuel vehicles and service vehicles.

Western missiles adopted solid propellants instead, which were inherently storable, and later Warsaw Pact missiles followed suit. Tactical missiles are now almost universally solid-fuelled, except for some states using indigenous derivatives of the original Scud platform.

Specific TBMs

	NATO reporting name	Propellant	Range	Introduction	Withdrawal	Origin	Operators
Al-Samoud 2		Liquid propelled	0160 180 km	2001	2003	Iraq
Al-Hussein		Liquid propelled	600–650 km	1987	1991	Iraq
Blue Water				1960 (first flight)	cancelled 1962	United Kingdom
MGM-140 ATACMS		Solid propelled	0300 300 km	1986	2007 (program terminated, missile remains in service)	United States	Bahrain Greece Taiwan South Korea Turkey United Arab Emirates Romania Ukraine
MGM-52 Lance		Liquid propelled	0120 120 km	1972	1992	United States	Belgium West Germany Israel Italy Netherlands United Kingdom
PGM-11 Redstone		Liquid propelled	92.5 km-323 km	1958	1964	USA
Precision Strike Missile			>500 km	2023		USA
MGM-18 Lacrosse			19 km	1959	1964	USA
WS-1			0180 60–180 km	≈1990		China
WS-2 / WS-3			0180 70–200 km	≈2004		China
DTI-1			0180 60–180 km			Thailand
Hrim-2			0180 280–500 km			Ukraine
Shaurya		two-stage solid propelled	700-1900 km	2011		India
Prahaar		Solid propelled	150 km	2011		India
Pragati		Solid propelled	170 km	2013		India
Pranash		Solid propelled	200 km	TBD		India
Pralay		Solid propelled	150-500 km	TBD		India
Ghaznavi (missile)		Solid propelled	0320290–320 km	2004		Pakistan
Nasr/Hatf IX		Solid propelled	007070 km	2013		Pakistan
Abdali/Hatf-II		Solid propelled	0180180 km	2002		Pakistan
Hatf-I		Solid propelled	0100 70 km	1990		Pakistan
Hatif-1A		Solid propelled	0100 100 km	1990		Pakistan
Hatif-1B		Solid propelled	0100 100 km	1990		Pakistan
Sky Spear		Solid propelled	0300 120–300 km	2001		Taiwan
J-600T Yıldırım		Solid propelled	0900 150–900 km	1998		Turkey
TOROS		Solid propelled	0160 100–160 km			Turkey
Bora		Liquid propelled	0120 280–700 km	2017		Turkey
T-300 Kasırga			0120 100–120 km			Turkey
R-11 Zemlya	SS-1b Scud-A	Liquid propelled	0700 180 km	1958		Soviet Union
2K1 Mars	FROG-2	Solid propelled	0700 7–18 km			Soviet Union
R-17/R-300 Elbrus	SS-1c Scud-B SS-1d Scud-C SS-1e Scud-D	Liquid propelled	0700 300–700 km	1964		Soviet Union
OTR-21 Tochka	SS-21 Scarab	Solid propelled	0185 70–185 km	1975		Soviet Union	Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Kazakhstan North Korea Russia Ukraine Syria Yemen Former: Czechoslovakia Czech Republic East Germany Germany Lithuania Poland Slovakia Soviet Union
OTR-23 Oka	SS-23 Spider	Solid propelled	0120 500 km	1979	1987	Soviet Union
2K6 Luna	Frog-3, Frog-5		0050 10–50 km	1960	1982	Soviet Union	Afghanistan Algeria Cuba East Germany Egypt Iraq Libya North Korea Poland Romania Soviet Union Syria Yemen Yugoslavia
9K52 Luna-M	Frog-7		0050 70 km	1964		Soviet Union	Algeria Afghanistan Belarus Egypt Libya North Korea Russia Syria Ukraine Yemen Former Bulgaria Cuba Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Iraq Kuwait Lebanon Poland Romania South Yemen Soviet Union Yugoslavia
LORA			0120 400–800 km	2005		Israel
KN-02 Toksa		Solid propelled	0160 120–160 km	2008		North Korea
KN-23		Solid propelled	450 km	2018		North Korea
KN-24		Solid propelled	410 km	2019		North Korea
KN-25			0160 380 km	2019		North Korea
9K720 Iskander	SS-26 Stone	Solid propelled	0500 400–500 km	2006		Russia
Predator Hawk			0120 300–400km	2016		Israel
Hyunmoo-1		Solid propelled	0500 180 km	1977		South Korea
Hyunmoo-2A		Solid propelled	0500 300 km	2006		South Korea
Ure-1		Solid propelled	0500 180 km	2022		South Korea
BRE8 King Dragon/Fire Dragon		Solid propelled	0500 280–300 km	2014?		China
Burkan-1			0800 800 km	2016		Yemen
al-Najm al-Thaqib-1			045 45 km	2015		Yemen
al-Najm al-Thaqib-2			075 75 km	2015		Yemen
Fajr-5		Solid propelled	180 km	1990s		Iran	Syria Yemen Iraq Lebanon
Shahab-1			0350 350 km	1987	~2016	Iran
Shahab-2		liquid propelled	500 km	1990	2016	Iran
Fateh-110		Solid propelled	300 km	2002		Iran	Syria Lebanon
Fateh-313		Solid propelled	500 km	2015		Iran
Qiam 1		Liquid propelled	800 km	2010		Iran	Yemen
Zelzal-1		Solid propelled	160 km	1990		Iran
Zelzal-2		Solid propelled	210 km	1998		Iran	Syria Yemen Lebanon
Zelzal-3		Solid propelled	200–250 km	2007		Iran	Syria
Naze'at 6-H		Solid propelled	80–100 km	1980's		Iran
Naze'at 10-H		Solid propelled	100–130 km	1980's		Iran
Jerina-1		Solid propelled	285-300 km	2017		Serbia
Jerina-2		Liquid propelled	75 km	2017		Serbia

See also

• List of missiles