Engineering:London Hammer
| London Hammer | |
|---|---|
 London Hammer in 1986 | |
| Material | Iron, wood |
| Long | 6 in (15 cm) |
| Width | 1 in (25 mm) |
| Discovered | 1936 London, Texas |
| Discovered by | Max Hahn |
| Present location | Creation Evidence Museum |
The London Hammer (also known as the "London Artifact") is a name given to a hammer made of iron and wood that was found in London, Texas in 1936. Part of the hammer is embedded in a limey rock concretion, leading to it being regarded by some as an anomalous artifact who ask how a man-made tool could come to be encased in Lower Cretaceous rock.[1][2]
The hammer is identical with late 19th-century mining hammers and the most likely explanation is that it was encased in a deposit of highly-soluble travertine within a relatively short time.[1][2]
History
The hammer was purportedly found by a local couple, Max Hahn and a female friend, while out walking along the course of the Red Creek near the town of London.[3] They spotted a curious piece of loose rock with a bit of wood embedded in it and took it home with them. A decade later, their son Max broke open the rock to find the concealed hammerhead within.
The metal hammerhead is approximately 6 inches (15 centimeters) long and has a diameter of 1 in (25 mm), leading some to suggest that this hammer was not used for large projects, but rather for fine work or soft metal.[4] The metal of the hammerhead consists of 96.6% iron, 2.6% chlorine, and 0.74% sulfur.[2]
The hammer began to attract wider attention after it was bought by creationist Carl Baugh in 1983 who claimed the artifact was a "monumental 'pre-Flood' discovery."[5] He has used it as the basis of speculation of how the atmospheric quality of a pre-flood earth could have encouraged the growth of giants.[1][6] Baugh's Creation Evidence Museum purchased the hammer around 1983 and began to promote it as "the London Artifact".[7]
Other observers have noted that the hammer is stylistically consistent with typical American tools manufactured in the region in the late 19th century. Its design is consistent with a miner's hammer. One possible explanation for the rock containing the artifact is that the highly soluble minerals in the ancient limestone may have formed a concretion around the object, via a common process (like that of a petrifying well) which often creates similar encrustations around fossils and other nuclei in a relatively short time.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cole, J. R. (Winter 1985). "If I Had a Hammer". Creation Evolution Journal (National Center for Science Education Inc.) 5 (15): 46–47. https://ncse.com/cej/5/1/if-i-had-hammer. "One of his principal pieces of evidence for human contemporaneity with supposedly ancient geological strata is an iron hammer with a wooden handle found near London, Texas by others in the 1930s in an "Ordovician" stone concretion..." (Baugh, 1983b).".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kuban, Glen J. (July 14, 2006). "The London Hammer: An Alleged Out-of-Place Artifact". Glen Kuban's Web Sites. http://paleo.cc/paluxy/hammer.htm. "An iron and wooden hammer, sometimes called the "London Artifact" or "London Hammer," found by local hikers in a creek bed near London, Texas in 1936, has been promoted by Carl Baugh and other strict creationists as an out-of-place artifact. They maintain that the hammer, which was partially embedded in a small, limy rock concretion, originated in a Cretaceous rock formation (or an Ordovician or Silurian one, depending on the account), thus contradicting the standard geologic timetable. However, the hammer was not documented in situ and has not been reliably associated with any specific host formation. Other relatively recent implements have been found encased in by similar nodules and can form within centuries or even decades under proper conditions (Stromberg, 2004). The hammer in question was probably dropped or discarded by a local miner or craftsman within the last few hundred years, after which dissolved limy sediment hardened into a nodule around it."
- ↑ Helfinstine, Robert F.; Roth, Jerry D. (2007). "Texas Tracks and Artifacts: Do Texas Fossils Indicate Coexistence of Men and Dinosaurs?". R & J Pub..
- ↑ "The London Artifact". http://www.creationevidence.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26.
- ↑ Middleton, Jim (July 20, 2011). "The London Hammer". Historic Mysteries. http://www.historicmysteries.com/the-london-hammer/. "First of all, there are conflicting reports as to where the object was actually located in the surrounding rocks. And there is no photographic evidence of the object prior to being disturbed. One report states that the hammer was embedded in a rock formation dating from the Cretaceaus Period (65-135 million years ago, whilst others stating from Ordovician strata. But other accounts state that Mr. Hahn found the hammer bearing nodule "near" these surrounding rocks, lying loose not in situ. Skeptics argue that minerals could have cemented the hammer around the Cretaceous rock after it was dropped or left behind. This could easily lead novice geologists to believe that the hammer and the rock formation are from the same time period. The only true method of determining the age of the hammer is through Carbon 14 dating of the wooden handle, but Baugh has yet to authorize this procedure. The handle appears to be partially fossilized, so this certainly adds to the argument that this a very ancient tool. But fossilization can occur prematurely through various natural methods. To skeptics, the hammer appears to be a tool that was abandoned or lost some 200 years ago, but to it's [sic] supporters, this is a clear indication that man has been on this Earth much longer than previously thought."
- ↑ Coppedge, M.. "Giant Humans and Dinosaurs". http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/giants.htm.
- ↑ Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews (May 9, 2007). "The London Artifact (Texas)". Bad Archaeology. http://www.badarchaeology.com/out-of-place-artefacts/very-ancient-artefacts/the-london-artifact/.
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