Engineering:Master–slave (technology)
Master–slave is a common terminology for a model of asymmetric communication or control where one device or process (the master) controls one or more other devices or processes (the slaves) and serves as their communication hub. In some systems, a master is selected from a group of eligible devices, with the other devices acting in the role of slaves.[1][2][3]
Master–slave terminology was first used in 1904.[4] Since the early 21st century, the terms have become a subject of controversy from their association with slavery and some organizations have opted to replace them with alternative terms.[5][6][7]
Examples
- In electronics, master–slave relationships are used to describe some of the following scenarios:
- In parallel ATA hard drive arrangements, the terms master and slave are used to describe drives on the same cable, but neither drive has control or priority over the other.
- A master clock that provides time signals used to synchronize one or more slave clocks as part of a clock network.
- In AXI, master and slave have differing roles, with master initiating transactions and the slave responding to those transactions.
- A Serial Peripheral Interface bus typically has a single master controlling multiple slaves. Many people recommend using more modern terms (main/sub, controller/peripheral, etc.) and discontinuing the use of master/slave terms.[8][9][10][11]
- Edge-triggered flip-flops can be created by arranging two latches (master latch and slave latch) in a master–slave configuration. It is named because the master latch controls the slave latch's value and forces the slave latch to hold its value, as the slave latch always copies its new value from the master latch.
- In database replication, the master database is regarded as the authoritative source, and the slave (also called replica) databases are synchronized to it.
- In photography, secondary or slave flash units may be synchronized to the master unit to provide light from additional directions.
- Duplication is often done with several cassette tapes or compact disc recorders linked together. Operating the controls on the master triggers the same commands on the slaves so that recording is done in parallel.
- Railway locomotives operating in multiple (for example: to pull loads too heavy for a single locomotive) can be referred to as a master–slave configuration with the operation of all locomotives in the train slaved to the controls of the first locomotive. See Multiple-unit train control.
- In automotive engineering, the master cylinder is a control device that converts force into hydraulic pressure in the brake system. This device controls slave cylinders located at the other end of the hydraulic system.
- In the creation of audio recordings, a master copy is created as a finalization of the audio mix, to save it to be used as a source for future copies.
- A primary standard in metrology have been referred to as a master (e.g. master kilogram).
Early usages
The master/slave terminology was used in 1988 for RFC 1059 and in 1997 for RFC 2136, related to the domain name system. In 2020, Paul Vixie commented on his choice of words:
I introduced the master/slave terminology in RFC 2136, because I needed names for the roles in an AXFR/IXFR transaction, and the zone transfer hierarchy could be more than one layer deep, such that a server might initiate some AXFR/IXFR's to the "primary master" but then respond to AXFR/IXFR's from other servers. In retrospect I should have chosen the terms, "transfer initiator" and "transfer responder". However, the hydraulic brake and clutch systems in my car had "master cylinders" and "slave cylinders", and so I did not think I was either inventing a new use for the words "master" and "slave", or that my use of them for this purpose would be controversial.[12]
Said hydraulic brakes for the automotive industry were patented in 1917 by Malcolm Loughead.[13] The term slave cylinder was used in other patent applications, including one by Robert Esnault-Pelterie, published in 1919.[14]
Terminology concerns
In 2003, after receiving a discrimination complaint from a county employee, the County of Los Angeles in California asked that manufacturers, suppliers and contractors stop using master and slave terminology on products.[15][16] Following complaints, the County of Los Angeles issued a statement saying that the decision was "nothing more than a request".[15] Media analytics company Global Language Monitor placed the term first in their annual list of politically charged language for 2004.[17]
In 2018, after a heated debate, developers of the Python programming language replaced the term.[7] The Black Lives Matter movement in the United States sparked renewed discussion and terminology changes in 2020.[18] Some have argued that the change is superficial and that companies should make real change to support the black community.[19][6] Google's developer documentation style guide recommends avoiding the term master in software documentation, especially in combination with slave.[20][when?] In 2020, GitHub replaced the default master git branch with main,[18] although in the context of version control, the term master simply refers to the gold master, a term borrowed from the recording industry which refers to the final mixed version of a recording, and does not have a corresponding slave.
Other terminology
Various replacement terms for master or slave have been proposed and implemented. Other replacement names include controller, default, director, host, initiator, leader, manager, primary, principal, root; and for slave: agent, client, device, performer, peripheral, replica, responder, satellite, secondary, subordinate, and worker.[18][6][21][22][23][24]
Python switched to main, parent, and server; and worker, child, and helper, depending on context.[7][25] The Linux kernel has adopted a similar policy to use more specific terms in new code or documentation.[22][26] Other projects and standards have used alternative terms since their inception.
See also
- Bus mastering
- Flexible single master operation
- Master clock
- Multi-master replication
- SCSI initiator and target
References
- ↑ "Master–slave terminology alternatives you can use right now". https://www.theserverside.com/opinion/Master-slave-terminology-alternatives-you-can-use-right-now.
- ↑ Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service from Microsoft KnowledgeBase
- ↑ "Microsoft Support". https://support.microsoft.com/.
- ↑ Eglash, Ron (2007). "Broken Metaphor: The Master–Slave Analogy in Technical Literature". Technology and Culture 48 (2): 360–369. doi:10.1353/tech.2007.0066. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236752849.
- ↑ Ellis, Leonard (2020-06-18). "It's Time for IEEE to Retire 'Master / Slave'". https://www.eetimes.com/its-time-for-ieee-to-retire-master-slave/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Tech Confronts Its Use of the Labels 'Master' and 'Slave'" (in en-us). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/tech-confronts-use-labels-master-slave/. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "'Master/Slave' Terminology Was Removed from Python Programming Language" (in en). September 13, 2018. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8x7akv/masterslave-terminology-was-removed-from-python-programming-language.
- ↑ Dhaker, Piyu (2018). "Introduction to SPI Interface". https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/introduction-to-spi-interface.html.
- ↑ Open Source Hardware Association. "A Resolution to Redefine SPI Signal Names".
- ↑ Nathan Seidle. "A redefinition of SPI signal names".
- ↑ Utah State University ECE 3700 "SPI Chip-to-Chip Communication"
- ↑ Re: DNSOP Question regarding RFC 8499
- ↑ Loughhead, Malcolm, "Braking apparatus, " U.S. Patent no. 1,249,143 (filed: 1917 January 22; issued: 1917 December 4).
- ↑ "Hydraulic power transmission installation". https://patents.google.com/patent/CH94537A.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "'Master' and 'slave' computer labels unacceptable, officials say". CNN. November 26, 2003. http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/11/26/master.term.reut/.
- ↑ Master/Slave, Snopes, 9 December 2007, http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/master.asp
- ↑ 'Master/slave' named most politically incorrect term, Seattle PI, December 2, 2004, http://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Master-slave-named-most-politically-incorrect-1161133.php, ""We found 'master/slave' to be the most egregious example of political correctness in 2004," said Paul JJ Payack, president of The Global Language Monitor."
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Cimpanu, Catalin (14 June 2020). "GitHub to replace "master" with alternative term to avoid slavery references" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-to-replace-master-with-alternative-term-to-avoid-slavery-references/.
- ↑ Shankland, Stephen (2020-06-10). "Tech terms face scrutiny amid anti-racism efforts" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/news/master-and-slave-tech-terms-face-scrutiny-amid-anti-racism-efforts/.
- ↑ "Google Developer Style Guide". https://developers.google.com/style/word-list.
- ↑ "I2C-bus specification Rev 7". NXP Semiconductors. October 1, 2021. https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/user-guide/UM10204.pdf.[non-primary source needed]
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cimpanu, Catalin. "Linux team approves new terminology, bans terms like 'blacklist' and 'slave'" (in en). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-team-approves-new-terminology-bans-terms-like-blacklist-and-slave/.
- ↑ "A Resolution to Redefine SPI Signal Names". Open Source Hardware Association. 7 January 2022. https://www.oshwa.org/a-resolution-to-redefine-spi-signal-names/.
- ↑ Stoicescu, Alin. "Getting Started with Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)". https://onlinedocs.microchip.com/pr/GUID-EF58F3A9-B49B-4C31-A7EC-B71EBB831870-en-US-5/index.html.
- ↑ "Issue 34605: Avoid master/slave terminology - Python tracker". https://bugs.python.org/issue34605.
- ↑ Microsoft (June 24, 2022). "master/slave". Microsoft Style Guide. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/style-guide/a-z-word-list-term-collections/m/master-slave.
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