Engineering:McLaren 12C

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Short description: British sports car designed and manufactured by McLaren Automotive

McLaren 12C
Silver sports car with prominent silver five-spoke wheels and a licence plate that says "Pre-Owned"
Overview
ManufacturerMcLaren Automotive
ProductionFebruary 2011 – April 2014
AssemblyUnited Kingdom: Woking, Surrey
DesignerFrank Stephenson
Body and chassis
ClassSports car
Body style2-door coupe
2-door retractable hard-top convertible
LayoutLongitudinal rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
DoorsDihedral
Powertrain
Engine3.8 L M838T twin-turbocharged V8
Transmission7-speed SSG Graziano dual-clutch
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,670 mm (105.1 in)[1]
Length4,509 mm (177.5 in)[2]
Width1,908 mm (75.1 in)[1]
Height1,204 mm (47.4 in)[2]
uk|uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight1,434 kg (3,161 lb)[3]
Chronology
PredecessorMercedes-Benz SLR McLaren (Direct)
McLaren F1 (Branded As Just McLaren)
SuccessorMcLaren 650S

The McLaren MP4-12C, later rebranded as the McLaren 12C, is a sports car produced by the British carmaker McLaren Automotive. Manufactured between 2011 and 2014, the MP4-12C was available as both a coupe and a retractable hard-top convertible, the latter known as the "Spider".

The 12C marked McLaren's return to production car sales for the first time since 1998, when the F1 ceased production. Development began in 2005, and the car made its online debut in September 2009 as the MP4-12C. McLaren began series manufacturing the car in February 2011 at the company's facility in Woking, Surrey. The 12C Spider debuted in July 2012.

Production ended in April 2014 with more than 3,400 units manufactured. It was succeeded by the 650S, with which the 12C shares most of its components.

The 12C has a carbon fibre composite chassis and a turbocharged V8 engine that generates a power output of 453 kilowatts (607 bhp) and a torque output of 600 newton metres (440 lbf⋅ft).

Name

The McLaren Formula One team has used the "MP4" prefix as its chassis designation since 1981. This acronym stands for "McLaren Project 4", which originated from the merger of Ron Dennis' organisation, Project Four Racing, with McLaren. The "12" in the name refers to McLaren's internal "Vehicle Performance" index, which evaluates cars based on four key criteria: power, weight, emissions, and aerodynamics. The "C" in the name signifies that the car features a carbon structure.[4] In 2012, McLaren dropped the "MP4" part of its name, simplifying it to "12C".[5]

Development

Front three-quarters view of a red sports car
McLaren used two Ferrari 360s as test mules to develop the MP4-12C.

McLaren began developing the 12C in 2005.[6] In June 2007, Autocar magazine reported that McLaren's upcoming sports car would be independently built by the company, stating that it would give the company "a chance to re-establish [its] credentials at the top-end of the market".[7] McLaren had not sold a production car since the F1 ceased production in 1998.[8] To develop the car, McLaren used modified versions of existing vehicles from other manufacturers as test mules. The first prototype, called the MV1, was a Ferrari 360 that featured a 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine and side vents for additional cooling, which were eventually incorporated into the final production model. A second prototype, the MV2, was a modified Ultima GTR used to test the braking system and suspension components. A third prototype, the MV3, was another modified Ferrari 360 used to test the exhaust system. McLaren subsequently developed two in-house prototypes, the CP1 and CP2, which featured a "MonoCell" monocoque and were used to test heat management and performance.[9]

McLaren would produce over fifty experimental prototypes and test them in various regions to evaluate their performance in different environments. The testing locations included hot weather conditions in Bahrain, Arizona, and Nevada, cold weather conditions in the Arctic and Sweden, high-altitude conditions in South Africa and endurance testing on various circuits and roads in Europe. The head of testing for the programme, Geoff Grose, noted that the development team established bases at Idiada in northern Spain and the Prototipo facility near Nardo in Italy, where they conducted 24-hour testing sessions as well as 18-hour sessions from 8 am to 2 am the next day.[6]

In 2008, Frank Stephenson was appointed lead design director of McLaren,[10][11] and he became chief of the project late in its development. Stephenson made some adjustments to the design of its headlights, front bumper, and interior elements. His contributions were mainly small alterations, as the overall design of the car was already well-established at that point.[12] The final design of the MP4-12C was unveiled online in September 2009,[13][14][15] with its physical debut occurring at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in July 2010.[16][17][18] Following McLaren's investment of £50 million into its production facility at Woking, Surrey, which could build approximately 4,000 cars annually,[9][19] the official manufacture of the MP4-12C began on 2 February 2011.[20][21] David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, officially opened the building on 18 November 2011.[22][23][24]

Design

Rear-three-quarters view of a silver sports car
Rear view

The 12C incorporates a carbon fibre structure called the "MonoCell". Compared to traditional riveted alloy structures, the MonoCell's weight is reduced and its stiffness is improved. The design's cost-effectiveness, swift production and flexibility made it suitable for adoption in other McLaren models.[25] The company invested £127.7 million into the MonoCell. Manufactured by Carbo Tech in Salzburg, Austria,[26] the carbon fibre structure weighs 80 kilograms (176 lb).[27][28][29] The advances in carbon fibre fabrication reduced the time required to produce a MonoCell from 3,000 hours for the F1 and 500 hours for the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, to four hours for the 12C.[30][31][32] The development of the MonoCell also created approximately 100 new jobs, both in the construction of the new facility and in the production of the monocoque. Carbo Tech went on to manufacture the MonoCell for McLaren cars for over eight years, making this the world's largest carbon fibre order for series-produced cars.[33]

Working with McLaren Automotive in taking this fundamental engineering step in carbon-fibre engineering and production will, we believe, enable carbon technology to establish itself ever more in motor-vehicle production.

— Karl Wagner, Carbo Tech CEO[33]

The 12C is a sports car[34][35] with the body style of a two-door coupe.[36][37][38] It has dihedral doors,[39][40] and it has a rear-wheel drive layout with a longitudinally-placed mid-engine.[41][42] The 12C features a double wishbone and hydraulic suspension, the latter referred to as the ProActive Chassis Control.[43][44][45] The car uses rack-and-pinion and electric power steering. The standard front brakes of the car feature a four-piston fixed calliper configuration, paired with a two-piece front rotor.[46] The 12C uses a 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine codenamed "M838T",[47][48] which was produced by Ricardo PLC in West Sussex, England.[49][50] It produces a power output of 453 kilowatts (616 PS) at 7,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and a torque output of 601 newton metres (443 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm,[51] sufficient to give the car a 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) acceleration time of 2.9 seconds[52] and a maximum speed of 333 km/h (207 mph).[53][54][55] The car's transmission is a seven-speed dual-clutch manufactured by Graziano called the SSG.[56][note 1] Its fuel economy rating is 279 grams per kilometre (15.8 oz/mi),[59][60] while its average fuel consumption is about 18.5 miles per US gallon (12.7 L/100 km; 22.2 mpg‑imp).[61]

The centre console of the 12C is equipped with a seven-inch touchscreen that controls the Meridian entertainment system and phone functionalities. The car also features Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity options.[62] The vehicle features ultra-low-profile Pirelli tires, with 19-inch wheels at the front and 20-inch wheels at the rear.[63][64]

Reception

On 10 July 2011, the MP4-12C set the second fastest lap around Top Gear's test track, posting a time of 1 minute and 16.2 seconds.[65] The car was developed and tested by McLaren on the Top Gear test track as part of their product development, long before its appearance on the show. It was 1.1 seconds slower than the Ariel Atom 500 and 2.4 seconds slower than the Pagani Huayra.[66]

The MP4-12C lapped the Nürburgring in 7 minutes and 28 seconds.[67]

The MP4-12C won the Middle East "Car of the Year" Award as "Best Supercar" in 2012 and overall "Car of the Year" at the Middle East Motor Awards the same year.[68] [69]

Spider

McLaren MP4-12C Spider

The 12C Spider is a convertible version of the MP4-12C with a retractable hardtop. Because the coupe was designed from the outset with a convertible version in mind, no additional strengthening was needed for the Spider and it weighs only 40 kg (88 lb) more than the coupe.[70] McLaren has worked to keep the Spider's top speed 204 mph (328 km/h) close to the coupé's 207 mph (333 km/h) top speed and up to 196 mph (315 km/h) is possible roof down. Meanwhile, the dihedral doors of the coupé are retained.[71]

MP4-12C HS

MP4-12C HS

In March 2012, McLaren released pictures of five 12C HS taken in front of the McLaren Technology Center. The HS stands for High Sport. The 12C HS has different wheels and revised aerodynamic features inspired from the 12C GT3 such as a revised front end and rear bumper, larger vents and diffuser and a modified rear wing. Power was also increased by 75 horsepower.[72] Mclaren only made 10 units of the MP4-12C HS. In January 2016, a 12C HS painted in F1 Vodafone Racing Team colours reportedly commissioned by Ron Dennis was offered for sale at Mecum's Kissimmee auction with 203 miles. It had an estimate of $1,300,000 – $1,600,000 and didn't sell.[73] The same F1 Vodafone Racing Team was offered again in January 2017 at Mecum's Kissimmee auction with an estimate of $950,000 – $1,200,000 where it still didn't sell.[74]

McLaren X-1

The McLaren X-1 is a one-off sports car based on the McLaren 12C and built by McLaren Special Operations (MSO). It was displayed at the 2012 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. According to Paul MacKenzie, MSO Programme Director, the X-1 has been developed for the past three years. To style the X-1, McLaren used ideas from a 1961 Facel Vega, a 1953 Chrysler D'Elegance Ghia, a 1959 Buick Electra, a 1939 Mercedes-Benz 540K and a 1971 Citroën SM.[75][76]

Motorsports

GT3

McLaren MP4-12C GT3

In December 2010, McLaren announced that they would produce a small number of MP4-12C cars in order for them to compete in the FIA Group GT3. McLaren stated that they would provide maintenance for the cars and begin racing in 2012 with the CRS Racing team.[77] The MP4-12C was the first car to compete in sportscar racing for the company since the F1 GTR.[78] It received its début with a single car entry for the Spa Francorchamps round of the British GT championship. This was followed by a three car entry in the 2011 Spa 24 Hours.[79] Another car was also entered in the GT cup of the 2011 Macau Grand Prix, driven by Danny Watts.[80]

In March 2012, McLaren readied 25 MP4-12C GT3 cars for a full racing season in the 2012 FIA GT1 World Championship, and its GT drivers tested the car on its Dunsfold test track, the same test track as used in the Top Gear BBC television show.[81] McLaren released several promotional videos for the MP4-12C in the lead up to the racing season, including one of Formula 1 star Lewis Hamilton driving the car at locations in the U.S.

Compared to the road car, the MP4-12C GT3 produces less power with only 493 bhp (368 kW; 500 PS) due to homologation. The car features a bespoke six-speed gearbox that is 80 kg (176 lb) lighter than the road car's seven-speed, developed with Ricardo. The steering wheel is sourced from the McLaren MP4-24 Formula 1 car.[82]

The car took its first victories in the world at the two races of the Circuito de Navarra round of the 2012 FIA GT1 World Championship season being run by Hexis Racing.

Marketing

Tag Heuer produced a limited (1,000 units) series of Carrera MP4-12C Chronograph wrist watch inspired by the MP4-12C sports car. The watch was unveiled in 2011 TAG Heuer Mastering Speed Exhibition at Halle Secheron in Geneva.[83][84][85]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Acronym for "seamless-shift gearbox"[57][58]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sherman, Don (14 February 2011). "2012 McLaren MP4-12C first drive". Car and Driver. https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15127176/2012-mclaren-mp4-12c-first-drive-review/. Retrieved 30 June 2024. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "A trio from McLaren". Detroit Free Press (Detroit, Michigan): p. B2. 9 September 2012. https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press/150352966/. 
  3. ↑ Booth, David (12 August 2011). "This beast is highly civilized". Times Colonist (Victoria, British Columbia): p. 53. https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-colonist/150353673/. 
  4. ↑ Anema (2010), p. 182.
  5. ↑ Frankel, Andrew (24 October 2012). "McLaren MP4-12C Spider". https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/road-cars/mclaren-mp4-12c-spider/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Full details: McLaren MP4-12C". 14 February 2011. https://www.iol.co.za/motoring/cars/full-details-mclaren-mp4-12c-1026070. 
  7. ↑ Holloway, Hilton (27 June 2007). "Uncovered: the McLaren F2". Autocar. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/mclaren/uncovered-mclaren-f2. Retrieved 30 June 2024. 
  8. ↑ Pollard, Tim (9 September 2009). "McLaren MP4-12C | Mclaren P11 | News and photos". Car. https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/mclaren/mclaren-mp4-12c-2011-the-first-official-p11-story/. Retrieved 2 July 2024. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Petrány, Máté (7 September 2016). "McLaren Automotive secretly used these two Ferraris to develop its first car". https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-design/a30686/mclaren-automotive-started-with-two-ferraris-and-an-ultima/. 
  10. ↑ "McLaren P11". Wheels: 28. March 2009. ISSN 0043-4779. 
  11. ↑ Armitage, Tom (30 August 2008). "McLaren hires ex-Fiat design head Stephenson". Automotive News Europe. https://europe.autonews.com/article/20080901/ANE03/808309991/mclaren-hires-ex-fiat-design-head-stephenson. 
  12. ↑ Dron, Will (15 November 2013). "Online exclusive: Q&A with Frank Stephenson, McLaren's chief designer". The Sunday Times. https://www.driving.co.uk/news/interview/online-exclusive-qa-with-frank-stephenson-mclarens-chief-designer/. 
  13. ↑ "McLaren reveals supercar". The Daily Telegraph (London, England): p. 82. 12 September 2009. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph/150412608/. 
  14. ↑ "We need UK talent on the driving seat for the car industry to get back on track". The Independent: p. 70. 13 September 2009. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent/150412900/. 
  15. ↑ Goodwin, Antuan (9 September 2009). "McLaren MP4-12C revealed—photos". https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/pictures/mclaren-mp4-12c-revealed-photos/9/. 
  16. ↑ "McLaren to announce dealers at Goodwood". The Daily Telegraph (London, England): p. 110. 29 May 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph/150418559/. 
  17. ↑ "Drivers admit loss of control due to sneezing". Times Colonist (Victoria, British Columbia): p. 61. 11 June 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-colonist/150418622/. 
  18. ↑ Pollard, Tim (30 June 2010). "McLaren MP4-12C | Goodwood | 2010 Festival of Speed". Car. https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/mclaren/mclaren-mp4-12c-at-the-2010-goodwood-festival-of-speed/. Retrieved 1 July 2024. 
  19. ↑ "McLaren swaps racetrack for freeway to chase down Ferrari". Bloomberg News. 18 November 2011. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-18/mclaren-aims-to-chase-down-ferrari-with-265-000-street-legal-model-cars. 
  20. ↑ "First MP4-12C enters production". Top Gear (BBC). 2 February 2011. https://www.topgear.com/car-news/first-mp4-12c-enters-production. Retrieved 1 July 2024. 
  21. ↑ Kurczewski, Nick (2 February 2011). "McLaren MP4-12C enters production". Road & Track. https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/a379/mclaren-mp4-12c-enters-production-19621/. Retrieved 1 July 2024. 
  22. ↑ Cary, Tom (17 November 2011). "Prime Minister David Cameron hails British Formula One team McLaren as an inspiration in difficult times". The Daily Telegraph (London, England). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/mclaren/8897640/Prime-Minister-David-Cameron-hails-British-Formula-One-team-McLaren-as-an-inspiration-in-difficult-times.html. 
  23. ↑ Wachman, Richard (17 November 2011). "Cameron opens McLaren's £50m sports car plant". The Guardian (London, England). https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/17/mclaren-new-sports-car-factory-david-cameron. 
  24. ↑ "McLaren's Woking supercar factory opened by David Cameron". BBC. 17 November 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-surrey-15772873. 
  25. ↑ "From F1 to the road". The Daily Telegraph (London, England): p. 142. 26 November 2011. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph/150505593/. 
  26. ↑ "McLaren invests in carbon tech". Autocar. 1 June 2010. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mclaren-invests-carbon-tech. Retrieved 3 July 2024. 
  27. ↑ "The facts: McLaren MP4-12C". The Daily Telegraph (London, England): p. 131. 20 March 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph/150552067/. 
  28. ↑ "Turning heads in a 2013 McLaren MP4-12C Spider". The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts): p. J1. 11 August 2013. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe/150552193/. 
  29. ↑ Stewart, Richard (2011). "Rebounding automotive industry welcome news for FRP". Reinforced Plastics 55 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1016/S0034-3617(11)70036-4. 
  30. ↑ Mayersohn, Norman (15 April 2011). "Fabric shifts from racing to road". National Post (Toronto, Ontario): p. 36. https://www.newspapers.com/article/national-post/150625751/. 
  31. ↑ Rehkopf (2011), p. 6.
  32. ↑ Mayersohn, Norman (8 April 2011). "McLaren cuts price of its carbon-fiber menu" (in en-US). The New York Times (New York, New York). https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/10/automobiles/10CARBON.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "McLaren orders carbon monocoques". The Engineer. 28 May 2010. https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/mclaren-orders-carbon-monocoques/. Retrieved 3 July 2024. 
  34. ↑ "From a Formula One circuit to a public highway near you". The Independent (London, England): p. 90. 28 March 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent/150630103/. 
  35. ↑ "McLaren wins £260M cash call". Sunday Telegraph (London, England): p. 35. 25 July 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/sunday-telegraph/150630500/. 
  36. ↑ "McLaren 12C review". Top Gear (BBC). 5 February 2019. https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/mclaren/12c. Retrieved 4 July 2024. 
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  38. ↑ Anema (2010), p. 178.
  39. ↑ Cheney, Peter (28 June 2012). "In pictures: Inside a McLaren supercar". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/in-pictures-inside-a-mclaren-supercar/article4374516/. 
  40. ↑ "McLaren Dallas unveils MP4-12C". Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas): p. Z13. 2 October 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram/150668471/. 
  41. ↑ Loh, Edward (14 February 2011). "2012 McLaren MP4-12C first drive". Motor Trend. https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2012-mclaren-mp4-12c-drive/. Retrieved 4 July 2024. 
  42. ↑ Vivian, David (12 October 2009). "McLaren MP4-12C". Evo. https://www.evo.co.uk/mclaren/mp4-12c/10622/mclaren-mp4-12c. Retrieved 5 July 2024. 
  43. ↑ Vaughn, Mark (10 May 2012). "McLaren MP4-12C: Built for fast fun". Autoweek. https://www.autoweek.com/drives/a1962591/mclaren-mp4-12c-built-fast-fun/. Retrieved 5 July 2024. 
  44. ↑ Dyer, Ezra (3 August 2012). "Accused of understatement, but now acquitted". The New York Times (New York, New York). https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/automobiles/autoreviews/accused-of-understatement-but-now-acquitted.html. 
  45. ↑ "It's been emotional". The Daily Telegraph (London, England): p. 136. 20 October 2010. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph/150678349/. 
  46. ↑ Edmunds, Dan (6 September 2010). "2012 McLaren MP4-12C: Suspension walkaround". Edmunds. https://www.edmunds.com/car-reviews/track-tests/2012-mclaren-mp4-12c-suspension-walkaround.html. 
  47. ↑ "McLaren Automotive introduces the MP4-12C". The Hamilton Spectator (Hamilton, Ontario): p. 57. 17 September 2009. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hamilton-spectator/150682873/. 
  48. ↑ "New roadster is a civilized beast". The Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario): p. 35. 5 August 2011. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ottawa-citizen/150695142/. 
  49. ↑ Rudnick (2013), p. 791.
  50. ↑ "McLaren deal spurs Ricardo expansion". Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 15 January 2014. https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/mclaren-deal-spurs-ricardo-expansion. 
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  52. ↑ Lieberman, Jonny (2012-08-23). "2012 Motor Trend Best Driver's Car" (in en). https://www.motortrend.com/news/2012-motor-trend-best-drivers-car. 
  53. ↑ "Wind thrill factor". The Independent (London, England): p. 143. 2 December 2012. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent/150701887/. 
  54. ↑ "McLaren 12C Spider: an addictive arachnid". The Day (New London, Connecticut): p. 29. 5 October 2013. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-day/150702146/. 
  55. ↑ Goy, Alex (15 August 2013). "McLaren 12C: Hunting the Italians". https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/mclaren-12c-hunting-the-italians/. 
  56. ↑ "2012 McLaren MP4-12C". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, California): p. 16. 31 May 2012. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/150756939/. 
  57. ↑ Kuah, Ian (8 September 2011). "2012 McLaren MP4-12C first drive". Motor Trend. https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/epcp-1110-2012-mclaren-mp4-12c/. Retrieved 6 July 2024. 
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  59. ↑ Smith, Giles (31 March 2012). "McLaren MP4 12C". https://www.thetimes.com/sport/formula-one/article/mclaren-mp4-12c-7nghk0kjg8h. 
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  62. ↑ "McLaren MP4-12C: Photos of the 200mph supercar with Wi-Fi". 18 March 2010. https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/pictures/mclaren-mp4-12c-photos-of-the-200mph-supercar-with-wi-fi/7/. 
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  67. ↑ "MoterSport-McLaren MP4-12C : Nürburgring test". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc1Eaiu1nls. 
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  70. ↑ Comer, Colin (January 2013). "No Roof, No Change, No Problem". Road & Track 64 (5): 44–49. 
  71. ↑ "McLarenAutomotive.com 12C Spider". McLaren Automotive. 3 July 2012. http://www.mclarenautomotive.com/uk/insider/archive/2012/07/03/12c-spider-arrives.aspx. 
  72. ↑ "McLaren MP4-12C High Sport comes into focus" (in en). https://www.autoblog.com/2012/03/02/mclaren-mp4-12c-high-sport-comes-into-focus/. 
  73. ↑ "2012 McLaren MP4-12C High Sport | S148 | Kissimmee 2016" (in en). https://www.mecum.com/lots/FL0116-230036/2012-mclaren-mp4-12c-high-sport/. 
  74. ↑ "2012 McLaren MP4-12C High Sport | F183.1 | Kissimmee 2017" (in en). https://www.mecum.com/lots/FL0117-279239/2012-mclaren-mp4-12c-high-sport/. 
  75. ↑ "Official: McLaren X-1". http://www.gtspirit.com/2012/08/17/official-mclaren-x-1-concept/. 
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  79. ↑ Phillip, Sam (20 April 2011). "McLaren MP4-12C GT3: a Top Gear exclusive". http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/mclaren-mp4-12c-gt3-2011-04-20. 
  80. ↑ "Qualifying". 19 November 2011. http://www.afos.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1537:qualifying-rounds-11-a-12-guia-circuit-japan-&catid=84:results&Itemid=186. 
  81. ↑ "McLaren MP4-12C GT3 Top Gear Track Test Video And Racing Debut – Autos & Trends". International Business Times. 29 March 2012. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/321615/20120329/mclaren-mp4-12c-gt3-top-gear-track.htm. 
  82. ↑ "evo: McLaren MP4-12C GT3 racing car: new pictures and video". http://www.evo.co.uk/news/evonews/267454/mclaren_mp412c_gt3_racing_car_new_pictures_and_video.html. 
  83. ↑ KirGarlitos (23 December 2012). "Tag Heuer Carrera MP4-12C Chronograph". Top Speed. https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/tag-heuer-carrera-mp4-12c-chronograph/. 
  84. ↑ "The only official McLaren Store – McLaren Teamwear – McLaren Gifts – McLaren Accessories – McLaren Polo Shirts – McLaren Jackets – McLaren T-shirts – McLaren Headwear – McLaren Footwear – McLaren Books – McLaren DVDs – McLaren Accessories". mclarenstore.com. http://www.mclarenstore.com/en/uk/mclaren-by-tag-heuer/tag-heuer-mp4-12c-watch/invt/mcl1155/. 
  85. ↑ Noah Joseph. "TAG Heuer makes a watch worthy of the McLaren MP4-12C". Autoblog. http://www.autoblog.com/2011/01/20/tag-heuer-makes-a-watch-worthy-of-the-mclaren-mp4-12c/. 

Bibliography

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