Engineering:Melodica
 Hohner melodica | |
| Keyboard instrument | |
|---|---|
| Classification | Wind; free reed aerophone |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 412.132 (Free-reed aerophone) |
| Developed | 1950s |
| Playing range | |
| Usually 2 or 3 octaves | |
| Related instruments | |
| accordion, harmonica, pump organ, yu | |
The melodica is a handheld free-reed instrument similar to a pump organ or harmonica. It features a musical keyboard on top, and is played by blowing air through a mouthpiece that fits into a hole in the side of the instrument. The keyboard usually covers two or three octaves. Melodicas are small, lightweight, and portable, and many are designed for children to play. They are popular in music education programs, especially in Asia. The modern form of the instrument was invented by Hohner in the late 1950s,[1] though similar instruments have been known in Italy since the 19th century.[2]
Description
The mouthpiece can be a short rigid or semi-flexible plastic piece or a long flexible plastic tube (designed to allow the player to either hold the keyboard so the keys can be seen or lay the keyboard horizontally on a flat surface for two-handed playing). A foot pump can also be used as an alternative to breathing into the instrument.[3][4][5] Melodica keyboards typically ascend from a low F note. In the 21st century, 32 and 37 note keyboards are typical, though instruments may have as few as 13 or as many as 44 keys. The melodica with the largest range is the Hammond Pro 44, which has a range of 44 notes.
As a free reed instrument, the melodica produces sound by pushing air past individual reeds corresponding to each playable note. When a key is pressed, it opens a valve blocking its corresponding reed, allowing air to pass through it. The sound of each vibrating reed reverberates in the shell of the instrument, which may be made of plastic, timber or metal. Players can control the instrument's volume with air pressure. Unlike most wind instruments, the melodica can play multiple notes simultaneously, limited only by the amount of air available.[6] An external microphone can be used to amplify the instrument or record its sound.[7] Hammond's Pro-44 melodion and Pro 24-B bass melodion each have built-in dynamic microphones which can be connected to a PA system or recording device via a single TRS 1/4" jack output.[8]
Melodicas range in price from under US$20 for a simple, plastic instrument to several thousand dollars for a rare, custom-made or antique model.
Use
The melodica was first used as a serious musical instrument in the 1960s by composers such as Steve Reich, in his piece titled Melodica (1966).[9] Brazilian multi-instrumentalist Hermeto Pascoal developed a technique consisting of singing while playing the melodica, resulting in a wide tonal and harmonic palette.[10] Jamaican dub and reggae musician Augustus Pablo popularized it in the 1970s,[11] and his son Addis Pablo takes after him in the same genres.[12] The American musician Jon Batiste was often seen playing a melodica on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[13] Funk keyboardist Bernie Worrell played melodica on multiple recordings in Bootsy Collins's discography.[14] The instrument is also associated with the Inti Raymi festival in Otavalo, Ecuador.[15][16]
Types
Melodicas are classified primarily by the range of the instrument. Melodicas with different ranges have slightly different shapes.
- Soprano and alto melodicas are higher-pitched and thinner sounding than tenors. Some are designed to be played with both hands at once: the left hand plays the black keys, and the right hand plays the white keys. Others are played like the tenor melodica.
- Tenor melodicas are a lower-pitched type of melodica. The left hand holds a handle on the bottom, and the right hand plays the keyboard. Tenor melodicas can be played with two hands by inserting a tube into the mouthpiece hole and placing the melodica on a flat surface.
- Bass melodicas include the Hohner Melodica-Basso (discontinued), the Suzuki B-24 Bass Melodion[17] and the Hammond Bass Melodion BB-24.
- The Accordina aka 'Chromatic Button Melodica', generally made of metal, uses the same mechanism and reeds as a traditional melodica. The keyboard is replaced with a button arrangement similar to a chromatic button accordion's keyboard.
Alternative names
The melodica is known by various names, often at the whim of the manufacturer. Melodion (Suzuki), Triola (Seydel), Melodika (Apollo), Melodia (Diana), Pianica (Yamaha), Melodihorn (Samick), Melodyhorn (Angel), Diamonica (Bontempi), Pianetta (Guerrini), face piano[citation needed], and Clavietta (Borel/Beuscher) are just some of the variants. When a recording technician unfamiliar with the melodica called it a "hooter", the band the Hooters took that as their name.[18]
Gallery
Played horizontally, with two hands and an air tube
Played vertically, with two hands and an air tube
Melodica being played vertically, with one hand and without air tube
Wooden melodica; Suzuki Wood Melodion W-37
Hohner alto melodica
Patent drawing for accordina
Accordina being played
Donald Fagen with a Yamaha Pianica in 2007
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See also
- Accordion
- Claviola
- Couesnophone
- Harmonica
- Melodica in music
- Melodica Men
- Pump organ
References
- ↑ Missin P (2004). "A Brief History of Mouth-Blown Free Reed Instruments: Melodica Family". http://www.patmissin.com/history/melodica.html.
- ↑ "Vibrandoneon". Duskyrecords.nl. http://www.duskyrecords.nl/vibrandoneon.engels.html.
- ↑ "Oscar Bettison – Composer: Los Angeles Times". http://www.oscarbettison.com/press-articles/latimes_040812.html.
- ↑ Blow Keyboard with foot pump, using wine cask / bota bag, cork, tubes and a pump, in a similar way to feet bagpipes.
- ↑ Blow keyboard bagpipe mod in magazine Make
- ↑ "The Ultimate Guide to the Melodica in 2023" (in en-US). 2022-09-01. https://melodicaworld.com/whats-a-melodica/.
- ↑ "How to Mic a Melodica" (in en-US). 2019-06-19. https://rangeofsounds.com/uncategorized/how-to-mic-a-melodica/.
- ↑ "Pro44Hv2 Melodion | Hammond USA" (in en-US). https://hammondorganco.com/products/melodions/pro44hv2-melodion/.
- ↑ "Steve Reich – Melodica". Boosey & Hawkes. 1966-05-22. http://www.boosey.com/licensing/music/Steve-Reich-Melodica/3275.
- ↑ Hermeto Pascoal – Rebuliço on YouTube
- ↑ Kliment and Watchtel (2007). "Augustus Pablo". http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=augustus_pablo.
- ↑ "Caribbean Creators: Addis Pablo" (in en). https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/caribbean-creators-addis-pablo-621042.
- ↑ Kato, Yoshi (September 18, 2018). "Jon Batiste of 'Late Show' to draw on New Orleans, NY sounds at local shows" (in en-US). https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/music/jon-batiste-of-late-show-to-draw-on-new-orleans-ny-sounds-at-local-shows.
- ↑ (in en) Glory B da Funk's on Me!: The Bootsy Collins Anthology, https://www.allmusic.com/album/glory-b-da-funks-on-me!-the-bootsy-collins-anthology-mw0000004954/credits, retrieved 2023-06-27
- ↑ Wibbelsman, Michelle (2005). "Encuentros: Dances of the Inti Raymi in Cotacachi, Ecuador". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana 26 (2): 195–226. ISSN 0163-0350. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4121678.
- ↑ "Inti Raymi, a party to give thanks by the rhythm of the stomp". 2022-10-04. https://ecuador.travel/press/inti-raymi-a-party-to-give-thanks-by-the-rhythm-of-the-stomp/.
- ↑ "Suzuki Bass Melodions". http://www.suzukimusic.co.uk/products/melodion/bass.html.
- ↑ Darling, John (2000). What's in a Name? – The Book of Bands. Xlibris. ISBN 978-0-595-09629-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=sIUs9GwfMVIC&pg=PT31.
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