Engineering:Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clone

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Short description: Hardware clones of the Nintendo Entertainment System home video game console

Following the popularity and longevity of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES; known in Japan as the Family Computer, or Famicom), the system has seen many clone video game consoles. Such clones are colloquially called Famiclones (a portmanteau of "Famicom" and "clone"), and are electronic hardware devices designed to replicate the workings of, and play games designed for, the NES and Famicom. Hundreds of unauthorized clones and unlicensed copies have been made available since the height of the NES popularity in the late 1980s.[citation needed] The technology employed in such clones has evolved over the years: while the earliest clones feature a printed circuit board containing custom or third party integrated circuits (ICs), more recent (post-1996) clones utilize single chip designs, with a custom ASIC which simulates the functionality of the original hardware,[citation needed] and often includes one or more on-board games. Most devices originate in China and Taiwan, and less commonly South Korea .

In some locales, especially former Eastern Bloc, former Soviet Union countries, South America, various Asian countries, and Africa[1] where the NES was only available in low quantities[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] such clones were the easiest available console gaming systems. Such was the case with the Dendy Junior, a particularly successful NES clone which achieved widespread popularity in Russia and former Soviet republics in the early 1990s. Elsewhere, such systems could occasionally even be found side by side with official Nintendo hardware,[11] often prompting swift legal action.[12] Many of these early systems were similar to the NES or Famicom not only in functionality, but also in appearance, often featuring little more than a new name and logo in place of Nintendo's branding. As opposed to that, in former Yugoslavia NES clones often visually resembled Mega Drive, together with the Sega logo.[13]

Few of these systems are openly marketed as "NES compatible".[citation needed] Some of the packaging features screenshots from more recent and more powerful systems, which are adorned with misleading, or even potentially false, quotes such as "ultimate videogame technlology" [sic] or "crystal clear digital sound, multiple colors and advanced 3D graphics".[citation needed] Some manufacturers opt for a less misleading approach, describing the system generically as a "TV game", "8-bit console", "multi-game system", or "Plug & Play", but even these examples generally say nothing to suggest any compatibility with NES hardware.

Types of Famiclones

Because NES clones are not officially licensed, they vary in areas such as hardware quality, available games and overall performance. Most clones are produced extremely cheaply, while a few are comparable to first-party hardware in their manufacture quality. In terms of appearance and basic build, there are four general types of clones:

Console type

Many clones are designed to resemble the original Famicom, but others have been produced to look like almost all other consoles from the NES, SNES, and Mega Drive/Genesis to the Xbox and PlayStation 3, and others simply in a generic console shape. Usually it is easy to tell a Famiclone from the real hardware it imitates by the presence of either alternate coloring, brand names which do not match the real console's, or weak construction. Console type clones almost always utilize cartridges, and they are usually compatible with real Famicom (60 pin) or NES (72 pin) games, as well as custom-made carts (especially multi-carts, unauthorized game cartridges which hold a multitude of games as opposed to just one, which are often included with console-type clones). Console Famiclones are most popular in Asia, parts of Europe and Latin America, with few actively sold in North America due to stronger enforcement of the copyrights in the games typically packaged with a Famiclone and of the design patents in the imitated consoles.

Multi-Console type

An example of a multi-console clone system: The FC Twin, designed to resemble a SNES-101. This clone system can play both NES and SNES cartridges.

Consoles such as the Retron 3 include multiple consoles in one clone.

Handheld type

Power Joy Voyager Handheld Famiclone

These types of systems contain a built-in LCD screen and are usually powered by batteries, therefore acting as a completely portable handheld system.

One of the first handheld clones is the Top Guy, although only a small number are known to exist. More widely distributed was Redant's Game Axe, which was manufactured in several revisions through the 1990s. Game Theory Admiral featured an improved TFT screen and closely resembled the Game Boy Advance or Wintech GOOD BOY - not to be confused with a Famicom clone also called Good Boy - design look like Game Boy Color. However, this smaller design included a smaller cartridge port; it was supplied with an adapter to allow the use of standard Famicom cartridges with the system. One of the more recent handheld clones is Gametech's PocketFami, the first to be actively marketed as a portable Famicom by its manufacturers, and one of the most widely distributed thanks to the new legitimate status of Famicom clone products.

There are also a number of famiclones in the shape of a Game Boy or similar, but which can only display NES/Famicom games on a TV, and have a simple LCD game in the screen area. such example is the NES Clone "GameKids Advance", which resembles an older Game Boy Advance, and has a built-in LCD game, powered by 2 AA batteries, or the included AC adapter. However, the NES games can only be played on TV using the AC adapter. It uses a game cartridge, similar to those from a Game Boy/Game Boy Color, and also includes an adapter to play NES games.

PocketFami

The Pocket Fami, also known as Pocket Famicom (although this name was never used by the manufacturers as Famicom is a trademark of Nintendo) and Pokefami (ポケファミ) is an unlicensed handheld hardware clone of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES, known in Japan as the Family Computer, or Famicom) produced by GameTech and released in 2004.

The PocketFami features a standard D-pad and six buttons: the four standard NES buttons (A, B, select, and start), plus two additional "turbo" buttons. It features a 2.5 inch backlit LCD screen capable of displaying both NTSC and PAL video. It has one headphone jack, an RCA composite output jack, and can be powered either through 3 AA batteries or AC adapter. Because of the different cartridge pin design of the Japan ese Famicom (60 pins) and the international NES (72 pins), international (North American, Australia n, European) cartridges cannot be played without an additional converter.

Nintendo sued GameTech over production of the PocketFami, claiming that the device violated their patents on the Famicom's hardware. The courts found in favor of GameTech and allowed the device to be sold in Japan, as the original Famicom was first sold in 1983 and most of Nintendo's essential patents on the system had expired.

Controller type

Two-player Gunboy set

This type of hardware clone, popular in North America and western Europe, is designed to hold all the console's hardware in the shape of a regular game console controller, usually the Nintendo 64's. Also known as "NES-on-a-chip" due to their extremely miniaturized hardware (relative to the original NES), these controllers usually shun or at least downplay a game cartridge interface in favor of storing games directly in internal memory chips. These Famiclones can often run on battery as well as AC power, making them popular for portable usage. These clones have become especially popular in the USA thanks to the new "TV-Games" fad of selling legitimately emulated classic arcade games in a traditional-looking controller. (Atari games are especially common.) Controller clones can usually be found in places like flea markets, mall kiosks, or independent toy stores, and most people who sell and buy them are unaware or don't care that they are in fact illegally made. In Brazil this type of console is commercialized with the name GunBoy.

The Power Player Super Joy III consoles (also known as Power Games and XA-76-1E) are a line of unauthorized handheld Nintendo Entertainment System/Famicom clones manufactured by NRTRADE that are sold in North America, Brazil , Europe, Asia, and Australia . The system resembles a Nintendo 64 controller and attaches to a TV set. The second controller resembles a Sega Genesis controller, and a light gun is also included. NTSC, PAL and SECAM versions are available. They all use a custom "NES-on-a-chip" (NOAC) that is an implementation of the NES's hardware (Custom 6502, PPU, PAPU, etc.). The consoles came with 76 built-in games, although marketing frequently claims to have 1,000+ ways of playing them. Most of the included games were originally released for the NES or Famicom, but some have been created by the manufacturer to expand their list of included games. Most of the games have had their title screen graphics removed to save space on the ROM chip, not to mention a company logo removal trick for reduced liability. After this product gained some popularity, the Power Player 3.5, an improved model with more games, was released.[citation needed] A wireless version of Power Games was also released.[citation needed][14][15][16]

Playervision or Game Stick is another unauthorized Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clone built into a gamepad and sold in South America, and is just one version of Power Player Super Joy III, nevertheless, the name of the product varies on and in the box, user manual and the gamepad video game console itself. For example, the instruction sheet calls it "Playervision", but the system itself says "Players". This video game console has no cartridge slot, or an input for a second player controller or Zapper. This means that some of the games included can't be used because of the need of a gun (Duck Hunt, for example). The system includes the same 76 games as Power Player Super Joy III, but some of them are repeated or are graphical hacks (Teletubbies, for example, is just Mario Bros. with graphic changes).

Computer type

A Mega Kid MK-1000 Computer type Famiclone

These Famiclones are designed to resemble either 1980s home computers, modern keyboards, or the real Famicom's BASIC kit. Usually, these clones consist of the same hardware as the console type, but put inside a keyboard instead of a console lookalike. They are usually supplied with a cartridge containing some computer-style software, such as a simple word processor and a version of BASIC (most common are G-BASIC, a counterfeit version of Family BASIC, and F-BASIC, an original but more limited version), and some "educational" typing and mathematics games. Some even include a computer mouse and a GUI-style interface. Note that, while the interface is similar to Nintendo's Family BASIC keyboard, clone keyboards are generally not fully compatible with official software (and vice versa) due to differing key layouts.

Software game titles

Since none of these unlicensed clones contain the 10NES authentication chip, most are capable of running games which an official NES model would not run. In addition, many modern NES clones come with a built-in selection of games, typically stored on an internal ROM which can range from 128 KB up to several megabytes in size.

These built-in games are usually designed to complement, rather than replace, the traditional cartridge slot, although some devices omit such a slot entirely, allowing only the built-in games to be played. Typical numbers for the built-in "distinct" games range from as low as three to as high as fifty or one hundred games for more expensive products. The number of "distinct games" is important, because while many NES clones claim to have thousands of built-in games, most of these games are usually nothing more than hacks that allow the player to start the same game at different levels or with different numbers of lives.

The games are usually direct unlicensed copies of official NES and Famicom game titles, usually with copyright information removed and sometimes featuring other minor changes. The most commonly found games in NES clones are generally games below 64 K of ROM size and which can be easily split into distinct subgames or levels. As such, Track & Field and Circus Charlie are present in a large percentage of NES clones, usually blown up to count as 6 or 7 "distinct" games each. Duck Hunt (often with its clay shooting mode shown as a separate game) is also a common NES clone feature as they justify the existence of the light gun accessory. Other popular, although less common choices, are Super Mario Bros. hacks, Excitebike, Tetris, Magic Jewelry (an unlicensed clone of Columns), older sports titles and miscellaneous platform games. Additionally, some clones incorporate games which, although they may initially appear to be original, are in fact counterfeit copies featuring extensive graphical (and sometimes audio) modifications. Examples of this include UFO Race, based on Nintendo's F-1 Race, Pandamar (also known as simply Panda), based on Super Mario Bros., Ladangel, based on Hudson Soft's Challenger and UFO Shoot, based on Duck Hunt.

However, some systems include legally licensed games; for example, the Rumble Station's 15 built-in games are licensed from Color Dreams, and Sachen's Q-Boy includes only its own original titles. A growing number of recent clones, such as those marketed by Technologies in the United States, contain large numbers of original games made by developers in China.

Hardware and software compatibility

Discrete chipset manufactured by UMC used in a 1992 Famiclone

While most Famiclones will run most original licensed Nintendo software and work with most original carts (being even more versatile than an original NES because of the lack of regional lockout chips and sometimes having a dual 60-pin and 72-pin cartridge compatibility), the degree of hardware compatibility with original NES accessories and miscellaneous hardware equipment may vary, and even software level compatibility isn't always perfect.

The most common software-level incompatibility in the built-in games that some sport, is the lack of save RAM, causing the few games that use it to fail when trying to save or load data.

The NES is replicated in a small chip underneath the black epoxy blob (silicon)

Since most modern Famiclones are based on the NES-on-a-chip ASIC, they automatically inherit all of its limitations, which includes graphical glitches and compatibility issues.

At a hardware level, the most common incompatibility is the lack, in some Famiclones, of the original Famicom's expansion port (although it is always present, at least at a logical level, and in some clones it is internally hardwired; e.g. in computer-type Famiclones it is hardwired to the built-in keyboard, even if not externally accessible).

The RetroUSB AVS uses FPGA-based hardware emulation, achieving a high degree of compatibility.

Some Famiclones also use standard Atari 9-pin shaped or even 15-pin joypad connectors instead of the proprietary NES connectors, and their controllers usually offer all of the functionality of a standard NES controller and sometimes features such as "slow motion" or several autofire keys with different speeds, which are not present on the standard out-of-the-box NES joypads. Despite being physically identical to Atari 9-pin, the protocol is different: Atari uses a parallel protocol where each wire carries the status of a single button,[17] and Famiclones uses the same 4021-based serial protocol the original NES used.[18] Connecting standard controllers to them may result in malfunction or damage of the controller or the Famiclone itself.

Lastly, like many modern consoles and other devices meant to be connected to a TV, many modern famiclones lack an RF modulator and instead only have separate audio and composite video outputs (sometimes S-Video), also to cut on the (already low) production costs.

Some manufacturers have added new backward-compatible features to their NOAC ASICs, which allow developers to add new features like an improved processor (a 65C816 compatible), better graphics, stereo sound (by adding another audio unit), PCM audio, and a unificated bus (OneBus) which lets manufacturers use a single ROM to store games instead of the two (one for program and other for graphics) the original NES and Famicom used.[19]

Post-patent Famiclones

The Retro Duo Portable, one of the more recent famiclones made for American markets.

Some of Nintendo's patents on the Famicom expired in 2003, followed in 2005 by NES-specific patents such as those covering the 10NES lockout chip. While Nintendo still holds various related trademarks, NES hardware clones are no longer necessarily illegal on the basis of patent infringement. This matter is complicated by the effect of different patents awarded in different countries, with different expiration dates. Nintendo sued Gametech in 2005 for selling the PocketFami, despite the patent expiration. Nintendo lost this suit. However, Famiclone manufacturers who incorporate copyrighted games into the unit may still be subject to legal liability on that basis, due to copyrights having much longer terms than patents (in most countries creative works such as games are automatically in copyright for many decades, sometimes up to 95 years after their creation).

While the old-style Famiclones continue to be found, the newly legitimized market has seen several clones that openly advertise support for original Famicom or NES games (or sometimes both), a feature not usually publicized by previous clones, which were often marketed as cheap gifts rather than Famicom-compatible systems. Examples of these newer efforts include the Generation NEX, which resembles a flattened version of the original NES and supports both NES and Famicom games, Gametech's Neo-Fami (also released in both Famicom and NES compatible versions as the "FC Game Console" by Yobo Gameware), and the handheld PocketFami, a more ambitious, albeit still slightly flawed, successor to the older TopGuy, GameAxe, and Game Theory Admiral. However, these more legitimate clones are still based on the same NES-on-a-chip architecture as the older systems, and as such still suffer from many of the same compatibility problems.

Generation NEX

Generation NEX, with an NES game loaded in front and a Famicom game loaded topside

Generation NEX is a Nintendo hardware clone released in 2005.[20][21] It is compatible with Japanese Famicom and North American/European NES cartridges. A front-loading slot is used for NES games, like the original console, while a top-loading slot handles Famicom games.[22] Messiah Entertainment Inc., a company based in Los Angeles,[23] announced the Generation NEX in May 2005.[24] The console was shown at the Classic Gaming Expo that August, and was scheduled for release in September 2005.[25][26][27] The NEX is a slimmer version of the original NES, measuring an inch and a half in height.[22] The console uses a custom-designed integrated circuit based on NES-on-a-chip, which is used by most Nintendo clone consoles.[28] The NEX is compatible with approximately 95 percent of NES games,[29] excluding games such as Castlevania III.[20][22] The console includes stereo sound capabilities for homebrew games.[20]

The NEX retailed for $59.99,[21] and included one wired controller. Wireless 2.4 GHz controllers were also produced, and were sold in sets of two at a cost of $50 per set.[22][30] The wired and wireless controllers were redesigned from the original NES controller, having an appearance more similar to the SNES controller.[22] The console includes controller ports that allow the user to plug in and use original NES controllers instead, and the wireless NEX controllers are also compatible with the original NES. The NEX is also compatible with all other NES accessories, such as the Zapper gun.[22][26] Messiah also produced a wireless arcade stick controller.[23]

The Generation NEX initially received a negative reception from user reviews and some game websites.[30] Complaints were made regarding the console's compatibility with NES/Famicom games, which exhibited graphical and audio issues in some cases when played on the NEX.[21][28][31] Critics also disliked the soft, squishy buttons on the redesigned controllers.[21][22][28][30] The NEX's importer, Lik Sang, canceled its pre-orders in November 2005, following the console's poor reception.[32] Reviewers for IGN gave a positive review. They considered the console an improved version of the original NES, while writing that the new counterpart did not present any noticeable graphic issues.[22] Christopher Grant of Engadget was critical of IGN's review, noting that it did not address the compatibility issues brought up in other reviews. Grant wrote, "IGN devotes the majority of the review to the pretty packaging, nice design, and wireless controllers, glossing over the compatibility. Don't they know: it's the games, stupid."[31]

Shane Hirschman of CraveOnline reviewed the console a year after its release, and he also considered it an improvement over the original NES: "Given the Generation NEX's inexpensive price, high-quality, and efficient game play, gamers of all types will be pleased to see the NES is back and better than ever."[23] Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica also reviewed the console a year after its release, and gave a mixed review. Kuchera found few issues involving graphics and audio, but he also considered the console's $60 price too high. Kuchera preferred the feel of the original NES controllers, and considered the wireless controllers too expensive as well.[30] Kuchera subsequently wrote that the Generation NEX "muddies the image so badly" that "you're doing yourself a disservice by playing the games so compromised."[33]

Patents

These are Nintendo Entertainment System related patents:[34]

Utility patents

Clones by region or country

Argentina

The "Family Game" was manufactured by the Argentine company Electrolab.[35][36] The first versions featured an oval design and non-interchangeable gamepads similar to the original Famicom design, while later versions resembled more the North American NES version, albeit using DB-9 gamepad connectors. All versions use the 60-pin Famicom cartridge format.

Baltic States

The most known clone in this countries is Zhiliton which looks like Sega Mega Drive model I. Due to small market of this countries there is a lot of other clones like among others Dendy, UFO, Subor, Liko, Terminator 2 and Fei Hao.[37][38]

Belarus

One of the first clones that arrived to Belarus was Zhiliton. Later Dendy was released which is the most popular clone in this region.[39]

Brazil

Since 1989, NES- and Famicom-compatible consoles were manufactured and released in Brazil by local companies, who also provided tech-support and sold Nintendo games. The first system, in 1989, was Dynacom's Dynavision II, which used the 60-pin Famicom Japanese cartridge format.

In 1990, the Top Game, manufactured by CCE, was released; it sported a dual cartridge slot, allowing games in the 72-pin American cartridge format and the 60-pin Japanese cartridge format to be played. The BitSystem, also using the American cartridge format, was manufactured by the now-defunct company Dismac. The Phantom System was released in 1991 by Gradiente, and was the most popular Brazilian Famiclone; the console body resembled very closely the Atari 7800, and its controllers were clones of those of the Sega Mega Drive.

In 1993, Nintendo themselves arrived in Brazil and released the NES with the American cartridge slot. This official version was manufactured by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and Gradiente.

China

In China, the sale of official Famicom consoles was limited to imports, which created a large grey market for Famiclone consoles and games. The most popular Famiclone consoles was by Subor, which sold millions until their decline in the late 1990s.[40]

Colombia

In Colombia, console named "Creation" or "Super Creation" and "nichi-man" were popular, later on, the PolyStation. The "nichi-man" console was manufactured by Micro Genius.

Also, a recent famiclone, and of the Nintendo Switch, is the Nanica Smitch. It has 800 NES games built in, and has removable controllers, but the controllers look like Joy-Cons, but instead the thumbsticks are replaced with d-pads. However, this famiclone is available just in Colombia.

Czech Republic

Most known clones sold in this country are Teminator 2, Bel Game, Pegasus IQ-502, Video Game-GT3300 and Micro Genius.[41][42][43]

Former Yugoslavia

A number of such "consoles" were sold during the early nineties in the former Yugoslav republics and in the most of them they could be found even today in the shops owned by Chinese tradesmen. The most popular were versions which resembled Sega Mega Drive system, particularly the one which was called "Terminator".

India

In 1987, Nintendo released the NES consoles under the name Samurai marketed by Samurai Electronics.[44] The first clones called Samurai produced by Micro Genius began to appear in the early 90's.[45]

In the late 1990s, due to the withdrawal of Sega, Nintendo and Sony from the Indian market, the demand for 8 bit clones became very high in India. There were around 55 brands in the country at the time such as Media Entertainment System (selling Little Master and Wiz Kid), Mitashi (selling Cricket), Mega and others.[46]

Mongolia

Famiclones were brought to Mongolia from China and the most popular is Subor.[47]

Poland

In Poland, the most popular Famiclone is the Pegasus. Pegasus is an PAL mode despite using NTSC Famicom cartridges. Pegasus was sold in "Action Sets" and was available both on street markets and larger electronic stores, and was even advertised on TV. The light gun bundled with the "Pegasus Action Set" resembles the Zapper. The Pegasus joypads, in addition to the buttons found on the original Famicom controller, also had two Turbo buttons. There are three models of Pegasus, the MT777DX, Iq-502 and SP-60.[48] Another popular and the most common Famiclone in Poland is the BS-500AS, also known as Terminator. Like Pegasus, it uses Famicom cartridges, and is designed to resemble the Sega Mega Drive. The BS-500 AS can still be bought today in small toy stores and on street markets (which were the main source of cartridges in the first place), along with some other clones, such as Gold Leopard King or Polystation.

Romania

In Romania, several NES clones could be found in toy stores under marketing names such as Polystation, Terminator, or variations of Famicom BASIC keyboard compatible consoles and these consoles were shipped with games such as '999999 in 1' which consisted of around 6 games in one cartridge and the rest were different levels of these games. The games and series consisted mainly of Super Mario, Bomberman, Lunar Pool, Double Dragon 3, Star Soldier, and Ninja Ryukenden 3.

Russia

Dendy Junior

The Dendy (Russian: Де́нди) was a hardware clone of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) popular in Russia. Dendy is an NTSC console with forced PAL mode, like Pegasus. Released in 1992 by the Steepler company, the Dendy was easily the most popular video game console of its time there, and enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. Business was so successful that the company spawned its own TV show about Dendy on Russian TV, and created stores all across Moscow and St. Petersburg, promoting and selling the console and its cartridges. Also, a cartoon about the "Dendy Elephant", the character on the console's logo, was filmed but not finished.

Dendy had competition in form of Subor, Bitman and Kenga.[49] After Dendy there were also other clones like Simba and Magistr.[50][51]

South Africa

In South Africa , clones, known as "TV Games", are still widely available. One popular clone available in the early 1990s was the Golden China; while another was Reggie's Entertainment System, named after the toy store chain that sold it;[52] the most recent clone was the TeleGamestation. Older models looked like the Famicom but newer models resembled the PlayStation, as well as the controllers—but with the cartridges being entered from the top. A "mini tower" version was also launched with keyboard, and black/white monitor, to include educational software. These TeleGamestations have cartridges around half the size of the original Nintendo Entertainment System games, and although most games were cracked from there, some were also taken from the Master System. The box advertises "dazzling graphics" and the monitor on the box set features a modern-day soccer game. Games could be bought in all chain stores "legally", or unlicensed games (mainly from China) could be bought on the market or certain stores. Most cartridges were multi-packs, or many games within one cartridge. In some cases, games have had their official Nintendo or Sega names removed, and in some cases the original name of the game (for example, Dr. Mario was renamed "Medical Hospital"). Later, in 2002, the 16-bit TeleGamestation 2 was launched, and the games were taken from the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Legal action was taken against Golden China by Nintendo for importing copied games in 1995;[53] however, as these clones have been in South Africa for many years, and readily available at reputable stores, such action seems to have had little impact, and Nintendo and Sega seem to have otherwise shown little consideration for infringement in South Africa.

Southeast Asia

In Southeast Asia, the Micro Genius was sold as an alternative to the Famicom. It originated from Taiwan in the 1990s and uses 60-pin cartridges, most of which are multicarts. The Micro Genius had some original games, including Chinese Chess and Thunder Warrior.

Spain

In Spain, the NASA (model NS-90AP) or Creation (which are nearly the same, being the console name printed on the front the only difference) has been one of the most common NES clones. It is compatible with official NES games and Famicom games with an adapter. It can also play copied and bootleg games. This is due to the fact that it has 72-pin connector, although it does not have a zero insertion force socket as the original NES had and it lacks a 10NES lockout chip.

It originally used the same chipset as the Dendy, manufactured by United Microelectronics Corporation, but manufacturers later used the NOAC ASICs.

Turkey

The most popular brand of clones is Micro Genius.[54] There were also smaller brands like Star Trek, Home Computer, Game Star and Fun Time.[55]

Ukraine

One of the most known clone in this country is Dendy. There were also other brands like Kenga which were very widespread in Ukraine.[56] Kenga even had a TV show called Kenga Predstavlyaet![57]

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://superjumpmagazine.com/the-nintendo-famicom-clone-craze-ebbf69bdd403
  2. ↑ "Gambler Magzine (April 1995)". April 11, 1995. http://archive.org/details/gambler_magazine-1995-04. 
  3. ↑ "reklama: Nintendo :: Score 17 page 17". https://www.oldgames.sk/en/mag/score-17/page/41/. 
  4. ↑ "Photo". https://gamepod.hu/dl/upc/2015-07/538282_image_22654.jpg. 
  5. ↑ "Revija Joker - Laser plusova zgodba". https://joker.muzej.si/article.php?rubrika=37&articleid=10956. 
  6. ↑ "Video". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQis2scemxM&t=5805. 
  7. ↑ "Svet Kompjutera 1993 12". http://archive.org/details/Svet_Kompjutera_1993_12. 
  8. ↑ "Приставка Dendy: Как Виктор Савюк придумал первый в России поп-гаджет". https://secretmag.ru/business/trade-secret/nintendo-so-slonom-kak-viktor-savyuk-pridumal-pristavku-dendy.htm. 
  9. ↑ https://archive.org/details/ClubNintendo04Ao01N04Argentina/page/n1/mode/1up
  10. ↑ https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/video-games-around-world-south-africa-joshua-rogers/
  11. ↑ "Ad from 1992 by the Spanish branch of Auchan, selling a NASA NS-90AP famiclone in a hypermarket for 9900 pesetas". Hemeroteca.abc.es. http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1992/07/11/002.html. 
  12. ↑ Nielsen, Martin. "What happens when Nintendo discovers a shipment of NES clones". NES World. http://nesworld.com/crushed.php. 
  13. ↑ [1], Mondo.rs. Retrieved 2015-4-9.
  14. ↑ Gearty, Robert. (April 14, 2005) New York Daily News Video game pirates sunk. Section:News; Page 32
  15. ↑ Business Wire (April 15, 2005) Nintendo Applauds the FBI -- Four Arrested for Allegedly Distributing Pirated Nintendo Products.
  16. ↑ St. Paul Pioneer Press (November 19, 2005) Man gets five years in video game fraud. Section: LOCAL; Page 5B
  17. ↑ "Atari joystick pinout". Old.pinouts.ru. 2013-08-24. http://old.pinouts.ru/Inputs/JoystickAtari2600_pinout.shtml. 
  18. ↑ Official NES Controllers on Unofficial Consoles (2013-01-24). "NES-to-Famiclone adapter". Nintendoplayer.com. http://www.nintendoplayer.com/projects/official-nes-controllers-on-unofficial-consoles/. 
  19. ↑ "VT-02 Famiclone Datasheet" (PDF). http://playpower.pbworks.com/f/VT02+Data+Sheet+RevisionA5_ENG__1.pdf. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Generation NEX compatibility list". 2005-11-02. https://www.siliconera.com/generation-nex-compatibility-list/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Cole, Vladimir (2005-11-04). "New NES console knockoff is a lemon". https://www.engadget.com/2005-11-04-new-nes-console-knockoff-is-a-lemon.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 Block, Gerry (2005-12-20). "The NES Reincarnated". https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/12/21/the-nes-reincarnated. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Hirschman, Shane (2006-12-15). "Review: Generation NEX". http://www.craveonline.com/gaming/articles/04647228/generation_nex.html. 
  24. ↑ "Messiah Debuts Generation NEX Console". 2005-05-23. https://www.gamezone.com/news/messiah_debuts_generation_nex_console/. 
  25. ↑ Weintraub, Steve 'Frosty' (2005-08-17). "Miss Your Old Nintendo 8-Bit? Check This Out". https://collider.com/miss-your-old-nintendo-8bit-check-this-out/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Gitlin, Elle Cayabyab (2005-06-11). "The saviors of retro gaming, part two". https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2005/06/502/. 
  27. ↑ Kohler, Chris (2005-08-24). "Retro Gamers Unite!". https://www.wired.com/2005/08/retro-gamers-unite/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Edwards, Benj (2005-11-03). "A False Messiah: The Generation NEX Sucks". http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/6/this-just-in-the-generation-nex-sucks. 
  29. ↑ "Compatibility list". Messiah Entertainment. 2006-06-27. http://www.playmessiah.com/onlinestore/gnex_faq-chart.htm. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Kuchera, Ben (2006-11-14). "Peripheral Review: Generation NEX". https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2006/11/5946/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Grant, Christopher (2005-12-22). "IGN reviews Generation NEX... in alternate dimension". https://www.engadget.com/2005-12-22-ign-reviews-generation-nex-in-alternate-dimension.html. 
  32. ↑ Grant, Christopher (2005-11-30). "Generation NEX pulled from virtual shelves". https://www.engadget.com/2005-11-30-generation-nex-pulled-from-virtual-shelves.html. 
  33. ↑ Kuchera, Ben (2007-02-14). "An NES, two clones, and the Virtual Console. Where does Mario look his best?". https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/02/7044/. 
  34. ↑ "Nintendo Entertainment System – Expired Patents Do Not Mean Expired Protection". Gamasutra article. 2005-11-11. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2457/nintendo_entertainment_system__.php. 
  35. ↑ Esnaola Horacek, Graciela Alicia; Iparraguirre, Alejandro; Averbuj, Guillermo; Luján Oulton, María. "Argentina". in Wolf, Mark J. P.. Video Games Around the World. MIT Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780262527163. https://books.google.com/books?id=pZb5CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51. 
  36. ↑ "La Maldición del Elefante Gris: Clones de Famicom y miserias compartidas". NeoTeo. 2016-11-09. https://www.neoteo.com/la-maldicion-del-elefante-gris-clones-famicom-miserias-compartidas/. 
  37. ↑ "Top Nintendo Entertainment System spēles". https://spoki.lv/speles/Top-Nintendo-Entertainment-System/282647. 
  38. ↑ "Siim Avi (sünd. 1984): Telekamäng ehk meelelahutus missugune". September 11, 2006. https://www.delfi.ee/archive/siim-avi-sund-1984-telekamang-ehk-meelelahutus-missugune?id=13822910. 
  39. ↑ сегодня, СБ-Беларусь (October 12, 2013). "Игра с приставкой". https://www.sb.by/articles/igra-s-pristavkoy.html. 
  40. ↑ "从巅峰到没落 小霸王做过的电子产品". 2012-11-28. http://news.17173.com/content/2012-11-28/20121128093357374.shtml. 
  41. ↑ "Photo" (PDF). https://www.oldgames.sk/images/magazine/score/1995/22/score22-074.jpg. 
  42. ↑ "Photo". https://www.oldgames.sk/images/magazine/level/1995/05/level5-037.jpg. 
  43. ↑ "Prodejna Atelier nabizi pocitacove hry Micro Genius". ABC (Czech News Center) (5/39). 4 November 1994. 
  44. ↑ "Nintendo Wii and DS to launch in India". https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/sep/16wii.htm. 
  45. ↑ "Video". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTESo86hD98. 
  46. ↑ "Tracing the Origins of Gaming in India: 8-Bit Cricket, Sega, and Cloning". https://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/features/tracing-the-origins-of-gaming-in-india-8-bit-cricket-sega-and-cloning-640129. 
  47. ↑ "Өнгөрсөн үеийн тоглоомуудын түүх". http://tsagtur.mn/post/4350/. 
  48. ↑ Carnagge. "Pegasus SP-60 Polish review". Pegasus-gry.com. http://www.pegasus-gry.com/pegasus-sp-60.php. 
  49. ↑ "История приставок Bitman | Записки геймера". http://gamenotes.ru/history/bitman-consoles/. 
  50. ↑ "Photo". http://www.greatdragon.ru/uploads/posts/2014-03/1394691355_greatdragon39-97.jpg. 
  51. ↑ "Самые распространенные приставки на российском рынке до начала 2000х". March 24, 2019. https://segadreamcast.ru/samye-rasprostranennye-pristavki-na-rossijskom-rynke-do-nachala-2000h/. 
  52. ↑ "Reggie's Entertainment System South Africa Nintendo Famicom". YouTube. 2011-11-28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pq5rH4LESDo. 
  53. ↑ Nintendo Co Ltd v Golden China TV Game Centre & Others (1995). Text
  54. ↑ "Video". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-cQKqESZXk. 
  55. ↑ "Video". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8h_lcFCnko. 
  56. ↑ "Ultimate Console Database - Kenga Ken Boy famiclone". http://ultimateconsoledatabase.com/famiclones/Ken_Boy.htm. 
  57. ↑ "Video". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNOxauPbm7c&list=PLJLSHRGgGrNTHWhabjxa0hTePb1Z8tzcI&index=6&t=0s. 

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