Engineering:Online editing (video production)
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Online editing is a post-production linear video editing process that is performed in the final stage of a video production. It occurs after offline editing. For the most part, online editing has been replaced by video editing software that operate on non-linear editing systems (NLE). High-end post-production companies still use the Offline-Online Editing workflow with NLEs.
The term online originated in the telecommunication industry, meaning "Under the direct control of another device" (automation). Online editors such as the Sony BVE-9000 edit control unit used the RS-422 remote control 9-Pin Protocol to allow the computer-interface of edit controllers to control video tape recorders (VTR) via a series of commands. The protocol supports a variety of devices including one-inch reel-to-reel type C videotape as well as videocassette recorders (VCR) to Fast-Forward, Rewind and Play and Record based on SMPTE time-code. The controllers have the ability to interface with professional audio equipment like audio mixers with console automation.
The video quality first introduced with Avid's Media Composer in 1989 was incapable of producing broadcast quality images due to computer processing limitations. The term 'Online' changed from its original meaning to where the pictures are re-assembled at full or 'online++' resolution. An edit decision list (EDL) or equivalent is used to carry over the cuts and dissolves created during the offline edit. This conform is checked against a video copy of the offline edit to verify that the edits are correct and frame-accurate. This work-print (cutting copy in the UK) also provides a reference for any digital video effects that need to be added.
After conforming the project, the online editor will add visual effects, lower third titles, and apply color correction. This process is typically supervised by the client(s). The editor will also ensure that the program meets the technical delivery broadcast safe specs of the broadcaster, ensuring proper video levels, aspect ratio, and blanking width.
Sometimes the online editor will package the show, putting together each version. Each version may have different requirements for the formatting (i.e. closed blacks), bumper music, use of a commercial bumper, different closing credits, etc.
Projects may be re-captured at the lowest level of video compression possible – ideally with no compression at all.
Evolution and Modern Practices in Online Video Editing
Online editing, a crucial phase in post-production, has witnessed significant transformations over the years. Originally a linear video editing process, online editing has undergone a paradigm shift with the advent of non-linear editing systems (NLE) and sophisticated video editing software.[1] While high-end post-production companies still adhere to the Offline-Online Editing workflow, the mainstream industry has transitioned to NLEs, rendering online editing a more streamlined and efficient process.
Origins and Technological Foundations:
The term "online" in video editing has roots in the telecommunication industry, signifying being "under the direct control of another device" or automation. Early online editors, such as the Sony BVE-9000 edit control unit, utilized the RS-422 remote control 9-Pin Protocol.[2] This protocol facilitated computer-interface control of video tape recorders (VTRs) through a series of commands. These commands included Fast-Forward, Rewind, Play, and Record, all synchronized based on SMPTE time-code3. Moreover, online editing systems integrated with professional audio equipment, allowing interaction with audio mixers featuring console automation.
Evolution of Online Editing Quality:
The quality of online editing took a significant leap with the introduction of Avid's Media Composer in 19894. However, early systems faced limitations in producing broadcast-quality images due to computational constraints. Over time, the term "online" underwent a transformation, evolving from the assembly of pictures at lower resolutions to the re-assembly of images at full or "online++" resolution.[3] An essential aspect of this transition involves the use of an edit decision list (EDL) or its equivalent to transfer cuts and dissolves from the offline edit4.
Conforming and Enhancement:
After conforming the project using the EDL, the online editor verifies the accuracy of edits and frame synchronization by checking against a video copy of the offline edit, often referred to as a work-print or cutting copy. This work-print serves as a reference for adding digital video effects. Once the conformity is established, the online editor proceeds to enhance the video by incorporating visual effects, lower third titles, and applying color correction. This phase is typically supervised by the client(s), ensuring the fulfillment of creative and technical expectations.
Technical Compliance and Packaging:
Online editors play a crucial role in ensuring that the final program meets the technical delivery broadcast specifications of the broadcaster. This involves meticulous attention to video levels, aspect ratio, and blanking width. Additionally, the online editor may be responsible for packaging the show, creating different versions to meet specific requirements such as closed blacks, bumper music, commercial bumpers, and closing credits6. This step is vital for catering to diverse distribution channels and platforms.
Modern Practices and External Links:
In the contemporary landscape of video editing, online editing has become more accessible and dynamic thanks to advanced NLEs. Software like Adobe Premiere Pro,[4] DaVinci Resolve, Final Cut Pro, and CapCut[5] has empowered editors with a wide array of tools for efficient online editing7. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning has further streamlined processes, allowing for quicker turnarounds and enhanced creativity.
As the industry continues to evolve, professionals and enthusiasts alike can benefit from online resources that provide insights into the latest trends, tips, and techniques in online video editing.[6] Websites like Creative Bloq[7] and PremiumBeat offer valuable articles and tutorials on mastering online editing skills.
Moreover, for those interested in the historical development of online editing and its technological underpinnings, the American Cinema Editors[8] (ACE).[9] website provides a wealth of information[10] ACE's resources include articles, interviews, and archival content that shed light on the evolution of editing technologies and practices.
Conclusion:
The journey of online editing from its origins in linear video editing to the present era of non-linear systems exemplifies the dynamic nature of the post-production landscape.[1] While the Offline-Online Editing workflow persists in high-end post-production, the widespread adoption of NLEs has democratized the video editing process. Today, online editors play a pivotal role in not only ensuring technical compliance but also elevating the visual and creative aspects of a project. As technology continues to advance, the future of online editing holds promises of even greater efficiency, flexibility, and artistic expression.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Compesi, Ronald J. (2019-02-21), "Video Editing Techniques", Video Field Production and Editing (New York: Routledge): pp. 205–230, ISBN 978-0-429-50593-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429505935-12, retrieved 2023-12-26
- ↑ York, M (2008), "Post-Production Techniques", The Videomaker Guide to Video Production (Elsevier): pp. 215–215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-240-80968-7.50052-2, retrieved 2023-12-26
- ↑ Musunuru, Kiran (2021), "A brief history and primer on genome editing", Genome Editing (Elsevier): pp. 1–19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823484-6.00007-4, retrieved 2023-12-26
- ↑ "Professional video editing software | Adobe Premiere Pro" (in en-US). https://www.adobe.com/products/premiere.html.
- ↑ "Download Capcut Mod Apk (Premium Unlocked, No Watermark)" (in en-US). https://capcutapkapp.com/.
- ↑ "Nonlinear Video Editing", Video Field Production and Editing (Routledge): pp. 395–408, 2015-11-19, ISBN 978-1-315-66510-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315665108-18, retrieved 2023-12-26
- ↑ "Creative Bloq | Art and Design Inspiration" (in en). 2023-12-24. https://www.creativebloq.com/.
- ↑ Morante, Luís Fernando Morales (2017-07-06), "Technological Beginnings and Evolution of Editing", Editing and Montage in International Film and Video (New York: Routledge): pp. 97–116, ISBN 978-1-315-27714-1, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315277141-6, retrieved 2023-12-26
- ↑ "American Cinema Editors | ACE | Editing is the Essence of Cinema" (in en-US). https://americancinemaeditors.org/.
- ↑ Bryer, Jackson R.; Kopley, Richard (2000). "Editors' Note". Resources for American Literary Study 26 (1): iv–iv. doi:10.1353/rals.2000.0003. ISSN 1529-1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rals.2000.0003.
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