Engineering:Otto Celera 500L
| Celera 500L | |
|---|---|
| |
| Aircraft illustration for Otto's US9669939 patent; the prototype has a similar configuration, with air intake scoops on the upper rear fuselage and canted winglets, but without cabin windows. | |
| Role | Utility aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Otto Aviation Group |
| First flight | aerodynamic prototype: January 2018[1] |
| Introduction | planned 2023-2025[2] |
The Otto Celera 500L is a business and utility light aircraft developed by American startup, Otto Aviation. By November 2021, 55 successful[3] test flights had been completed, as introduction is targeted for 2023–2025. It has a single RED A03 diesel piston engine in a pusher configuration and can seat six passengers. It is named after the latin word for 'fast,' celer.
History
Otto Aviation Group, LLC was established in 2008 by Bill Otto to develop the Celera 500L.[4] William Otto has been a research scientist at Los Alamos Scientific Labs, systems engineer then chief scientist at North American Aviation.[2] Otto Aviation is privately funded since 2008 and is seeking a Series B fundraising round: 200 million dollars are needed for FAR Part 23 certification in three years.[1][when?] Construction of the airplane commenced in 2015.[5]
The aerodynamic prototype made its maiden flight in January 2018, and began performance testing in September 2019.[1] Otto publicly announced the aircraft and its development program in August 2020, and noted that 31 test flights had been flown to date.[6] By then, a weight-optimized conforming prototype with cabin windows and longer landing gear was expected to fly within 18 months.[1] FAA certification and deliveries are targeted for 2023–2025.[2] By March 2021, the prototype had achieved over 35 hours of flight tests, interrupted by the pandemic until Q3 2021, before two additional flying prototypes join the program.[7]
By October 2021, the company had raised more than $50 million. The prototype should reach a fuel economy of 30 mpg‑US (7.8 L/100 km) in cruise, to be improved with integrated heat exchangers replacing radiators nacelles.[5] A second turbo-compressor should allow reaching a 38,000 ft (12,000 m) altitude, and a third for 50,000 ft (15,000 m).[5]
In 2022, Otto announced a partnership with ZeroAvia to build a hydrogen-powered version of its aircraft.[8]
Design
The 500L is a mid wing monoplane with a single five blade propeller in a pusher configuration. This results in no aerodynamic interference from the propeller, which is as far back as it can be.[citation needed] Laminar flow is used for its wings, fuselage, and empennage.[citation needed]
Otto wants to compete with light business aircraft like the Cessna Citation CJ3+ jet or the Beechcraft King Air 350.[2] The better fuel economy should lead to a low operating cost of $328 hourly.[2] The cabin accommodates six club seats, is about 72 in (180 cm) tall,[2] and will be equipped with a lavatory.[6] It is expected to sell for $4.5-5 million, comparable with the HondaJet but with one third its operating cost.[5]
Twin-stage turbocharging should enable a 40,000–50,000 ft (12,000–15,000 m) cruise altitude, where full laminar flow can be achieved for an estimated 59% lower drag than competitors.[1] It should reach a cruise speed over 400 kn (740 km/h) and as contamination can disrupt laminar flow, performance should be certified with turbulent flow, with a less than 4,500 nmi (8,300 km) guaranteed range.[1] The single RED A03 turbocharged V12 four-stroke aircraft diesel engine of 500 hp (370 kW) can operate as two six-cylinder engines to provide redundancy.[1] Otto targets a 3,500–4,000 ft (1,100–1,200 m) balanced field length and a fuel economy of 16–22 nmi/USgal of Jet fuel.[1] The flight controls are mechanically linked and it will be equipped with instrument flight rules avionics for single-pilot operations.[1]
External analysis
With a 35 ft (11 m) long fuselage and a 55 ft (17 m) wingspan, the claimed 22-to-1 glide ratio should yield a 3.5 sq ft (0.33 m2) equivalent flat-plate area drag.[9] With 500 hp (370 kW), this would allow a top speed of 300 kn (560 km/h) at 30,000 ft (9,100 m), and 430 kn (800 km/h) true airspeed at 65,000 ft (20,000 m), but the RED A03 critical altitude is 25,000 ft (7,600 m).[9] The propeller tips would have transonic wave drag and would operate in a disturbed wake, limiting propeller efficiency, and laminar flow would be difficult to maintain for a large part of the fuselage with windows and panel seams.[9]
The configuration is similar to the 1948 Planet Satellite, or the 2011 EADS Voltaire electric aircraft concept.[7] The claimed 59% drag reduction "would be quite a hard task to achieve", according to the Royal Aeronautical Society, while lift-induced drag would not be reduced by laminar flow.[7] A 1:22 glide ratio like current airliners can be reached with its high wing aspect ratio, without a sensational drag reduction: better than other general aviation designs, but lower than most gliders.[7] The 460 mph (400 kn; 740 km/h) max speed is achievable, but the cruise speed has to be lower to reach the 4,500 nmi (8,300 km) range.[7] The fuel efficiency is difficult to compare with no specified payload, cruise speed and altitude.[7] Pushing the laminar flow to the limit could hinder handling qualities or structural efficiency, and laminar flow tends to be unreliable in service, as it is highly susceptible to degradation from surface irregularities.[7]
Specifications
The following data is estimated by the manufacturer in a pre production stage.
Data from manufacturer's site[10]
General characteristics
- Capacity: 6 passengers
- Cabin height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
- Cabin volume: 448 cu ft (12.7 m3)
- Powerplant: 1 × RED A03 diesel piston engine, 550 hp (410 kW) approximate at takeoff
Performance
- Cruise speed: 400 kn (460 mph, 740 km/h) estimated minimum
- Range: 4,500 nmi (5,200 mi, 8,300 km)
- Service ceiling: 30,000 ft (9,100 m)
- Maximum glide ratio: 22:1
- Fuel economy: 18–25 mpg‑US (13.1–9.4 L/100 km)
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- AASI Jetcruzer
- Beechcraft Starship
- Grob GF 200
- LearAvia Lear Fan
- OMAC Laser 300
- Piaggio P.180 Avanti
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Graham Warwick (August 28, 2020). "Otto Takes Wraps Off Slippery, Fuel-Sipping Celera 500L". Aviation Week. https://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/aircraft-propulsion/otto-takes-wraps-slippery-fuel-sipping-celera-500l.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Hemmerdinger, Jon (28 August 2020). "Otto Aviation reveals Celera business aircraft with super-efficient 'laminar flow'". FlightGlobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/airframers/otto-aviation-reveals-celera-business-aircraft-with-super-efficient-laminar-flow/139929.article. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ↑ "PRESS" (in en-US). https://ottoaviation.com/press.
- ↑ "About Us". Otto Aviation. https://www.ottoaviation.com/about-us. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Preston Lerner (October 2021). "The Celera 500L Just May Revolutionize Business Aviation". Air & Space Magazine. https://www.airspacemag.com/airspacemag/good-egg-180978683/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Otto Aviation Completes 31 Successful Test Flights with Its Groundbreaking Celera 500L" (PDF) (Press release). Otto Aviation. 29 September 2020.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Bill Read (19 March 2021). "Going with the flow". Royal Aeronautical Society. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/going-with-the-flow/. "Can Otto Aviation’s unconventionally-shaped Celera 500L deliver radical gains in efficiency and operational costs due to its innovative laminar flow drag-reducing shape?"
- ↑ Blain, Loz (2022-06-16). "World's most efficient passenger plane gets hydrogen powertrain" (in en-US). https://newatlas.com/aircraft/otto-zeroavia-celera-hydrogen/.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Peter Garrison (February 16, 2021). "The Design of the Celera 500L". Flying Magazine. https://www.flyingmag.com/story/aircraft/technicalities-celera-500l-design/. "Fact or fiction? What do we make of these claims?"
- ↑ "Celera 500L Performance". Otto Aviation. https://www.ottoaviation.com/performance.
Further reading
- "Celera 500L". Otto Aviation. https://www.ottoaviation.com/celera-500l.
- William M. Otto, "Aircraft supplemental thrust device and method of operating the same", US patent 9669939, published Jun 6, 2017, assigned to Otto aviation group
- O'Hare, Maureen (28 August 2020). "Long-awaited Celera 500L 'bullet' plane is finally revealed". https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/celera-500l-plane/index.html.
- O'Connor, Kate (27 August 2020). "Otto Aviation Officially Introduces Celera 500L (Corrected)". AVweb. https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/business-aviation-news/otto-aviation-officially-introduces-the-celera-500l/.
- "Interview: Reinventing Private Aviation with Otto Aviation’s Celera 500L". Airways Magazine. October 8, 2020. https://airwaysmag.com/industry/innovation/reinventing-private-aviation-otto-aviations-celera-500l/.
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