Engineering:Panagyurishte Treasure
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Template:Infobox Artifact The Panagyurishte Treasure (Bulgarian: Панагюрско златно съкровище) is a Thracian treasure.[1]
Description
The treasure consists of a phiale, an amphora, three oinochoai and four rhytons with total weight of 6.164 kg of 24-karat gold.[2][3][4] All nine vessels are richly and skilfully decorated.[5] It is dated from the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries BC.[6] It is thought to have been used as a royal ceremonial set by the Thracian king Seuthes III.[7][8][9]
The items may have been buried to hide them during 4th century BC invasions of the area by the Celts or Macedonians.[10] The phiale carries inscriptions giving its weight in Greek drachmae and Persian darics.[11]
Discovery
It was accidentally discovered on 8 December 1949 by three brothers, Pavel, Petko, and Michail Deikov, who worked together at the region of “Merul” tile factory near the railway station of the town of Panagyurishte, Bulgaria.[12] At the time of its discovery it was considered "the richest treasure to have been unearthed in Europe since World War II.".[13]
Exhibitions around the world and replicas
As one of the best known surviving artefacts of Thracian culture, the treasure has been displayed at various museums around the world.[14][5][15][16][17] The treasure is the centerpiece of the Thracian art collection of the Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum, the National Museum of History in Sofia, and the History Museum in Panagyurishte.[18] There are three replica sets, which are displayed in the museums in Panagyurishte, Sofia and Plovdiv, when the authentic treasure is lent for exhibitions abroad.[19]
See also
- Rogozen Treasure
- Valchitran Treasure
- Lukovit Treasure
- Borovo Treasure
Notes
- ↑ Crampton, R. J. (2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria (2nd ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paolo: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. https://archive.org/details/concisehistorybu00cram.
- ↑ Tsontchev, Dimiter (1955), "The Gold Treasure of Panagurishte", Archaeology, 8, pp. 218–227
- ↑ Venedikov, Ivan (1968). Thracian Art in Bulgaria; Translated by Marguerite Alexieva. Sofia: Sofia Press. pp. 52–60.
- ↑ "Панагюрско съкровище". Кратка българска енциклопедия (ОПЕРЕ-СТРОЙ). IV. София: Издателство на Българска академия на науките. 1967. p. 61.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria; Introduction by Lionel Casson; Essay by Ivan Venedikov; Photographs by Lee Boltin; Design by Irwin Glusker with Christian von Rosenvinge and Eloise Vega. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1977. pp. 41–53, 61. https://archive.org/details/thraciantreasure00metr. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ↑ Simon, Erika (1960), "DER GOLDSCHATZ VON PANAGJURISTE - EINE SCHÖPFUNG DER ALEXANDERZEIT", Antike Kunst, 3, pp. 3–29
- ↑ The nine sensational gold vessels were initially announced as "vessels from which Alexander the Great may have drunk". See Illustrated London News of December 11th, 1954, pp. 1056-1057. Kontoleon, N.M. (1962), "The Gold Treasure of Panagurischte", Balkan Studies, 3, p. 186
- ↑ Ovcharov, Dimiter (2003). "The Panagyurishte Treasure: The Shine of Thracian Royal Gold". Fifteen Treasures from Bulgarian Lands. Sofia: Bulgarian Bestseller, National Museum of Bulgarian Books and Polygraphy. p. 47.
- ↑ Graham, J.W. (1957), "Auri Sacra Fames", Phoenix, 11, p. 116
- ↑ Fanthrope, Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (2009). Secrets of the World’s Undiscovered Treasures. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn. p. 72.
- ↑ Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria: Checklist of The Special Exhibition, June 11- September 4, 1977, coordinated by Dietrich von Bothmer, item 362. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1977. http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/199379. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ↑ Kitov, Georgi (2003). The Panagyurishte Treasure. Varna: Slavena Publishing House. pp. 6–9.
- ↑ Hoffmann, Herbert (1957), "Book Review: Neue Denkmäler antiker Toreutik by Bedřich Svoboda, Dimiter Cončev, Monumenta Archaeologica. Acta Praehistorica et Historica Instituti Archaeologici Academiae Scientiarum Bohemoslovenicae Curante Jaroslovo Böhm Edita, Tomus IV, Pp. 172, figs. 46, pls. 32. Prague, 1956", American Journal of Archaeology, 61, Archaeological Institute of America, p. 391, doi:10.2307/500610
- ↑ Daumas, Michèle (1978). "L'amphore de Panaguriŝté et les sept contre Thèbes". Antike Kunst 21 (1): 23.
- ↑ See Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria; 12 May - 1 July, 1979, Nagoya City Museum. Tokyo: The Chunichi Shimbun, The Tokyo Shimbun. 1979. pp. 53–57.
- ↑ Eisenberg, Jerome M. (January 1998). "The Wealth of the Thracians: A Spectacular Exhibitions of Thracian Treasures Travelling America". The International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology - MINERVA 9 (1): 17. http://minervamagazine.co.uk/archive_pdfs/1998_Vol_9_01.pdf. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
- ↑ Kitov, Georgi (2003). The Panagyurishte Treasure. Varna: Slavena Publishing House. pp. 46–47.
- ↑ McGloin, Cashel (March 2017), "The Panagyurishte Treasure", Colorado Archaeological Society - Denver Chapter 55 (3), http://cas-denver.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/March-2017-APBVerA.pdf, retrieved 27 June 2018
- ↑ Ince, Kit. "Top 10 Things To Do In Sofia + Tourist's Survival Guide". 10Brutes. http://www.10brutes.com/en/10-things-to-do-in-sofia/#NIM.
Selected bibliography
- Tsontchev, Dimiter (1955), "The Gold Treasure of Panagurishte", Archaeology, 8, Archaeological Institute of America, pp. 218–227
- Venedikov, Ivan (1961). Panagyurskoto sukroviste. Sofia: Bulgarski Hudozhnik.
- von Bothmer, Dietrich (December 1962). "A Gold Libation Bowl". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21 (4): 154–166. doi:10.2307/3257939.
- Kontoleon, N.M. (1962), "The Gold Treasure of Panagurischte", Balkan Studies, 3, pp. 185–200, https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/82/91, retrieved 24 June 2018
- Corbett, P.E. (1964). "Reviewed Work: Venedikov, (I.) "The Panagyurishte Gold Treasure" Sofia: "Bulgarski Houdozhnik" Publishing House, 1961, Pp. 29, 39 plates. 14 figures". The Journal of Hellenic Studies 84: 229–231. doi:10.2307/627788.
- Strong, Donald Emrys (1966). Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.. pp. 97, 102.
- Griffith, John G. (1974). "The Siege Scene on the Gold Amphora of the Panagjurischte Treasure". Journal of Hellenic Studies 94: 38–49. doi:10.2307/630418.
- Hoddinott, Ralph F. (1975). Bulgaria in Antiquity: An Archaeological Introduction. London, Tonbridge: Ernest Benn Limited. pp. 85, 89.
- Moorey, P. R. S (March 1976). "Thracian Treasures". The Burlington Magazine 118 (876): 179–174.
- Marazov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander (1977). Thrace and the Thracians. New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 22, 60, 66, 69, 75, 79, 81–85, 100, 111, 153. https://archive.org/stream/thracethracians00folarich#page/n5/mode/2up. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- Venedikov, Ivan (1977). "The Archaeological Wealth of Ancient Thrace". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 35 (1): 39 (color plates 9–14). doi:10.2307/3258668. via- Met Publications
- Kramer, Hilton (June 10, 1977). "Glory of Thrace Shines at MET". The New York Times: 54. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/10/archives/new-jersey-weekly-glory-of-thrace-shines-at-met-glory-of-thrace.html. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- "The Panagyurishte treasure, Turn of the Fourth and Third Century B.C., Archaeological Museum, Plovdiv, items 361-369". Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria: Checklist of The Special Exhibition, June 11- September 4, 1977, coordinated by Dietrich von Bothmer. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1977. http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/199379. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- Vickers, Michael (1989). "Panagyurishte, Dalboki, Lukovit and Rogozen: Questions of Metrology and Status". in Cook, B. F.. The Rogozen Treasure: Papers of the Anglo-Bulgarian Conference 12 March 1987. London: British Museum Publications. pp. 33–37.
- Moonan, Wendy (May 22, 1998). "ANTIQUES; Rediscovering 'Lost' Culture Of Thrace". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/22/arts/antiques-rediscovering-lost-culture-of-thrace.html. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- Rotroff, Susan I. (July–August 1998). "Thracian Glitter: A dazzling display of ancient art". Archaeology 51 (4): 64–67. https://archive.archaeology.org/9807/abstracts/museum.html. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- Marazov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander (1998). Ancient gold: The Wealth of the Thracians: Treasures from the Republic of Bulgaria. New York: Harry N. Abrams, in Association with the Trust for Museum Exhibitions, in Cooperation with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Bulgaria. pp. 145–148.
- Archibald, Zosia H. (1998). The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus unmasked. Oxford, New York: Clarendon and Oxford University Press. pp. 271–272, 328.
- Kitov, Georgi (2003). The Panagyurishte Treasure. Varna: Slavena Publishing House.
- Fanthrope, Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (2009). Secrets of the World's Undiscovered Treasures. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn. p. 72.
- Guzzo, Pier Giovanni; Spatafora, Francesca; Vassalo, Stefano (2010). "Una phiale d'oro iscritta dall'entroterra di Himera /An inscribed golden phial from the hinterland of Himera: from Sicily to New York and back". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité (122–2): 451–477. doi:10.4000/mefra.303.
- Chary, Frederick B. (2011). The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations: THE HISTORY OF BULGARIA. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: Greenwood, An Imprint of ABC-Clio, LLC. pp. 1, 145.
- Ovadiah, Asher (2014). "A New Look at the Mythological Representation of the Panagyurishte Gold Treasure, Bulgaria". Gerión 32: 137–155. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4960610. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- Valeva, Julia (2015). "Chapter 14: Gold, Silver and Bronze Vessels". A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 202–203.
- Holt, Frank Lee (2016). The Treasures of Alexander the Great: How One Man's Wealth Shaped the World. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
Gallery
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External links
- Panagyurishte Treasure
- The Panagyurishte Golden TreasureEnglish
- The Panagyurishte Treasure at the Plovdiv Archaeological MuseumEnglish
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