Engineering:Regional variation

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Short description: Television programming that varies by region

A regional variation generally refers to times when a radio station or television station simultaneously broadcasts different programs, continuity or advertisements to different parts of its coverage area. This may be so as to provide programming specific to a particular region, such as local news, or to allow advertisements to be targeted to a particular area.

Some regional variations are the consequence of a federal style television network or radio network, in which a local station is a part of a larger broadcast network and broadcasts the network's programs some of the time and its own programming the rest of the time. The latter is therefore sometimes considered a regional variation. Examples of this include the UK's ITV network throughout much of its history, and US network affiliate stations.

Regional variation is also a common term used in British television listings publications, such as magazines and newspapers, to show the different programs broadcast in different areas of the country.

By country

Canada

Commercial television in Canada generally used a model similar to the that of the US, with networks composed of first-party owned and operated (O&O) stations and third-party affiliates. However, from the 1990s through the 2000s, Canada's major commercial networks were largely consolidated under conglomerates: CTV, Global, Citytv, and TVA. Nearly all its respective stations are owned by Bell Media, Corus Entertainment, Rogers Media, and Quebecor, respectively.

The major English-language networks—including advertising-funded public network CBC Television—have largely used similar schedules and consistent branding and on-air continuity, with little variation besides local newscasts and public affairs programs (for example, some CTV stations, especially in Western Canada, substitute the network's national morning show Your Morning for the local format CTV Morning Live), and time zone variations to allow for simultaneous substitution of programming carried by US broadcast stations available on subscription television in the market. There are relatively few third-party affiliate stations of Canada's commercial networks; they typically follow the schedule of an O&O in a nearby major market but with opt-outs for local newscasts and other local programming, and may also simulcast that station's newscasts in time slots where they do not air their own, essentially acting as a third-party semi-satellite.

Corus Entertainment's private CTV affiliates substituted CTV News programs with Global News programs, and CHEX-TV-2 additionally branded as "Global Durham" despite otherwise being a CTV affiliate. CHEX-DT/Peterborough is within the range of CTV's Toronto station CFTO-DT, and both are carried on cable locally; the stations ultimately became Global stations after the affiliation expired.[1] These stations were previously private CBC affiliates. When Hockey Night in Canada aired games regionally, CHEX aired an alternate game over CBC's Toronto station CBLT to provide an additional option for viewers where both stations were readily available.

CJON-DT has more significant variations due to having sublicensed different types of programming from Global, CTV, and Yes TV.

Philippines

Regional variation in the Philippines is more an exception than a rule, as most of a network's stations across the country simulcast the entire programming lineup seen on that network's flagship station (usually based in Metro Manila). This practice effective renders most regional stations as relay stations of their parent network's flagship station.

However, some national networks, like GMA, have regional variations in selected parts of the country. They feature regional news programmes (each network decides how many different regional variations it wishes to have and which provinces constitute which viewing region). Sometimes, whilst network programming is ongoing, stations may insert a ticker tape of advertisements from local/regional companies.

Prior to ABS-CBN's free-to-air stations' shutdown due to the non-renewal of that network's broadcasting franchise, its regional stations used to feature regional programmes beyond news. However, most had been scaled back dramatically or cancelled altogether due to cost-cutting measures and preparations for the network's impending digital switchover.[2] When ABS-CBN offered regional free-to-air TV, it featured regional variations of TV Patrol, which were standalone news programmes that aired late in the afternoon immediately before the main national edition.

From 2011 to 2016, TV5 featured regional variations in its Cebu station DYET-TV with a local news programme entitled Aksyon Bisaya. Since then, DYET-TV has reverted to a relay station of DWET-TV.

United Kingdom

In British television, regional variations commonly involve the provisioning of local news and current affairs programming; for example, the licenses for the ITV network require that its stations carry a minimum quota of regional news.[3] As the United Kingdom consists of four different countries, television stations serving Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have a tradition of providing additional programming of interest to their respective nation, which may preempt programs seen in other regions.[4][5][6][7]

The BBC's local outlets are divided into departments for each country, including BBC English Regions (which itself is subdivided into divisions encompassing the various regions of England),[8] BBC Northern Ireland, BBC Scotland, and BBC Cymru Wales.[9][10] The English Regions division was first established in the 1970s in response to ITV and the growth of BBC Local Radio, replacing broader transmission regions that previously operated in England (North, Midlands and East Anglia, and South and West. BBC London primarily served as the production centre for national programmes and network feeds, and was not considered a transmission region), with a system of regional production centres for national programming in Birmingham, Bristol, and Manchester so that national programming would not be produced exclusively from London, and smaller regions with the capability of producing local programming such as news.[11][12]

BBC One currently operates 15 regional services, 12 of which (plus three sub-regions) are for England, and one each for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. They are differentiated primarily by local news and current affairs programming.[13] The Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales channels have more noticeable on-air differences, including more prominent regional branding (with use of local continuity announcers), and additional opt-out programs specific to the region. For example, BBC One Scotland has aired original series such as the Glasgow-set soap opera River City, airs local sports coverage under the Sportscene banner,[14][15][16][17] and preempts BBC One's London-centric New Year's Eve specials in favour of a lineup of Hogmanay-themed programming.[18][19]

BBC Two currently has two regional services, BBC Two Northern Ireland and BBC Two Wales. From 2001 to 2009, BBC Two Wales carried a part-time opt-out in prime time on digital television known as BBC 2W, which carried a separate lineup of Wales-produced programming. The service was discontinued in 2009, after which BBC Two Wales began to be broadcast in both analogue and digital, with a mix of national programmes and opt-outs for regional programmes.[20][21] BBC Two Scotland was discontinued in 2019 in favour of a part-time BBC Scotland channel, with the national BBC Two feed from England replacing BBC Two Scotland on television platforms.[22][23][24]

ITV was originally conceived as a collective of broadcasters serving different regions of the United Kingdom with regional and national programming. The franchises were originally awarded by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) through a review process.[25][26][27] The implementation of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and replacement of the ITA with the ITC resulted in major changes to the structure of ITV: the previous review process was replaced by an auction,[28][29][30] and most of the previously separate companies began to consolidate over the decade in order to be more competitive against larger conglomerates.[31] This resulted in two main owners across England and Wales: Carlton and Granada. These two companies then merged to form ITV plc in 2004.[32][33]

As of 2013, ITV operated 14 news regions, expanding from a previous realignment that had cut ITV to eight news regions, and also led to cuts of non-peak bulletins and other regional programmes.[3][28] Following ITV's acquisition of Channel Television in 2011,[34] two franchises—UTV in Northern Ireland and STV in Scotland—remained the only ITV franchises not owned by ITV plc.[35][36] In 2009, STV became caught in a legal dispute with ITV over its decisions to opt-out of networked programmes that it deemed "underperforming", in favour of more Scottish productions.[4] STV and UTV's presence in the network were transitioned to an affiliate model in 2012, in which they would now pay an upfront license fee to ITV plc for the rights to carry ITV programming.[37] UTV would later be sold to ITV plc in 2015.[7]

In Wales, S4C launched in 1982 as a fourth television channel dedicated to Welsh-language programmes; prior to then, Welsh programmes had commonly been scheduled as regional opt-outs on BBC One Wales and ITV station HTV—a practice that proved controversial due to their inconvenient scheduling, as well as the resulting pre-emptions of English-language programmes screened elsewhere. Upon S4C's launch, BBC Cymru Wales and HTV agreed to move their Welsh-language output to the new channel. Channel 4—a fourth national channel that concurrently launched outside Wales—sub-licensed its programmes to S4C at no charge, as they would not otherwise have been available in Wales. Channel 4 programmes aired on S4C in off-peak time slots.[5][6][38] The arrangement was phased out with the transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television, as Channel 4 would become available over-the-air in Wales on Freeview. S4C's digital services would broadcast solely in Welsh.[39][5]

United States

US broadcast television is heavily regionalised due to the business model of its major networks, which enter into agreements with stations in each media market to carry their national programming, similarly to a franchise. As the FCC enforces a limit on the market share of broadcasters, commercial networks have only owned and operated stations (O&Os) in major or otherwise strategic markets, and rely on third-party affiliates to reach the remainder of the country. PBS—the United States' public television network—refers to affiliates as member stations instead, and does not limit them to one per market. PBS does not have O&O stations due to its structure, but some of its largest members have been de facto flagships due to their prominent contributions to the PBS national schedule; for example, WGBH-TV in Boston, WNET in New York City, and WETA-TV in Washington, DC.

Outside network programming (which usually consists of two or three hours of prime time programmes per night at a minimum, and may also include national news, sports, and daytime programmes), the scheduling of each station's programming varies. It usually consists of local newscasts, programmes acquired from the syndication market, and brokered programming (including infomercials, more often in off-peak hours). Similarities may still exist in the scheduling of syndicated programmes between markets, based on factors such as "recommended" timeslots suggested by a programme's distributor and broadcasters' acquisition of a particular programme for all their stations in a group deal. Due to differing market dynamics, Spanish-language networks such as Telemundo and Univision, as well as specialty networks designed to be carried on digital subchannels, have a centralised network schedule, from which stations may opt out for local news or regulatory obligations not fulfilled by national programming, such as children's educational programming.

Affiliates may, from time to time, opt out of network programs to air special programming of local interest, such as coverage of sports or local celebrations. Affiliation contracts typically contain restrictions on how often this can be done, and may require the displaced programming to be pre-empted to either a sister station, digital subchannel, or different time slot, such as during the late-night hours or on a different night as compensation. In the past, Westinghouse Broadcasting was known for pre-empting network programming on its stations for its own in-house programming; when reaching a major affiliation deal with CBS in 1994 as part of a larger re-alignment of broadcast television triggered by Fox's acquisition of New World Communications. The company agreed to cease this practice and carry all CBS network programming in-pattern with no preemptions. Westinghouse later acquired CBS outright.[40][41]

In certain highly publicised cases, affiliates have opted out of network programmes—either individual episodes or entire series—based on objections to their content by station management and/or ownership for ethics, sensitivity, political, or other reasons:[42][43]

  • During the 1950s and 1960s, NBC affiliate WLBT in Jackson, Mississippi frequently preempted NBC programming that contained references to racial justice or featured African Americans as cast members, due to then-owner Lamar Life Insurance Company's staunch support of racial segregation. Segments of NBC News programs covering the civil rights movement were censored under the guise of technical difficulties, and Lamar also coordinated with white supremacy groups such as Citizens' Councils to give them a platform in the station's programming. In 1969, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stripped Lamar of its broadcast license for violations of the fairness doctrine.[44][45][46]
  • Salt Lake City's NBC station KSL-TV—owned by Bonneville International, a for-profit arm of the LDS Church—has a long history of declining and preempting shows it deems contrary to the Church's religious values. Shows preempted by KSL-TV have typically been sublicensed by NBC to other stations in the market.[47][48][49][50][51]
    • After its switch from CBS to NBC in 1995, KSL opted out of Saturday Night Live in order to maintain its then-popular Saturday-night sportscast; NBC declined requests by the station to allow it to be tape delayed to an 11:35 p.m. MT time slot instead. KSL discontinued the sportscast in 2013 due to declining viewership, and began to carry SNL.[52]
  • NBC's short-lived drama The Book of Daniel was similarly declined by a number of affiliates—particularly in the "Bible Belt" of the Southern United States—due to pressure from the American Family Association over its content.[53][51]
  • ABC affiliate WBMA in Birmingham, Alabama declined to carry the 1997 Ellen episode "The Puppy Episode" (where title character Ellen Morgan, played by Ellen DeGeneres, came out as a lesbian) because station management did not consider it to be appropriate for family viewing,[54][55]
  • NBC-owned WVIT in Connecticut opted out of a 2017 episode of Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly that controversially featured an interview with conspiracy theorist Alex Jones—who denied the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings.[56]
  • In April 2004, Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned ABC affiliates preempted an episode of Nightline where host Ted Koppel read the names of United States Armed Forces members that had been killed in the Iraq War, arguing that the stunt "[appeared] to be motivated by a political agenda designed to undermine the efforts of the United States in Iraq."[57][58][59]
  • In 2009, Boston's then-NBC station WHDH threatened to decline the network's upcoming prime time talk show The Jay Leno Show over concerns that it would be detrimental to the viewership of its late-night local news, but relented after NBC threatened to pull its affiliation from the station if it went through with its threat. As feared by WHDH, the show's underperformance brought about a 25–30% decline in viewership of late local newscasts across some NBC stations.[60][61]
  • In September 2025, both Sinclair and Nexstar Media Group announced that they would preempt ABC's late-night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live!, following pressure from U.S. government officials over remarks by host Jimmy Kimmel regarding the reaction of president Donald Trump and his government to the assassination of Charlie Kirk. ABC subsequently suspended the program indefinitely until September 23, 2025, when the show returned to air;[62][63][64] Sinclair and Nexstar stations continued to preempt the program until September 26.[65][66]

A more straightforward equivalent to a regional variation in North American broadcasting is a semi-satellite—a co-owned rebroadcaster of a television station used to extend its range into a different portion of a market (if the main signal is not strong enough to reach it), or a different one entirely with more variation in programming than a straight rebroadcaster. Semi-satellites typically share the majority of their programming with a parent station (which may vary to account for syndication rights), but carry a different on-air brand, and local advertising specific to the region. Some semi-satellites have dedicated news bureaus, and may opt out from the parent's station's newscasts to carry either local news segments or dedicated local newscasts in selected time slots.

  • WJMN-TV in Escanaba, Michigan—which formerly served as a sister to Green Bay, Wisconsin's WFRV-TV for the Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It largely served as a passthrough for WFRV's programming and CBS affiliation until 2014, when then-owner Nexstar Media Group opened a new studio in Marquette, Michigan to originate Marquette-specific evening newscasts.[67] In 2022, WJMN lost its CBS affiliation to WZMQ, resulting in changes to its schedule to supplant network programming (including an affiliation with MyNetworkTV).[68][69] In 2024, the station was separated from WFRV with its sale to Sullivan's Landing, LLC, which entered into shared services agreements with Morgan Murphy Media to consolidate WJMN with its newly-acquired ABC and CW stations WBUP and WBKP. The station would ultimately become a rebroadcaster of WBUP and WBKP, therefore gaining ABC as a primary affiliation, and moving MyNetworkTV to a digital subchannel.[70][71][72]
  • WDAZ-TV in Grand Forks, North Dakota—a sister to WDAY-TV in Fargo. WDAZ previously aired Grand Forks-specific evening and late-night newscasts, while otherwise simulcasting regional newscasts produced from Fargo by WDAY. In December 2018, WDAZ discontinued its local newscasts due to economic factors, while still continuing to maintain its bureau for Grand Forks-specific coverage in WDAY's news programming.[73][74][75]
  • WSAZ-TV in Huntington, West Virginia—which previously operated a retransmitter, W16CE, to improve its broadcast coverage in the state capital of Charleston, West Virginia. During this time, the stations' newscasts were divided into regional and local segments. The regional segment was simulcast across both stations and jointly presented by anchors in Huntington and Charleston via split screen. The stations then broke away for segments focusing on their respective cities.[76]
  • In some regions, a larger-scale group of co-owned stations may be linked together to form a state network, such as the Montana Television Network (a group of CBS affiliates and one NBC affiliate across Montana);[77] NBC North Dakota; Forum Communications' ABC affiliates KBMY in Bismarck and KMCY in Minot, which are largely fed from WDAY; as well as chains of non-commercial stations, typically PBS stations.
  • In some markets, there may be multiple PBS member stations, operating either as a duopoly partner of another station (such as WGBH's WGBX), or being operated by another entity. In these cases, the members cooperate with PBS on alternate schedules so that the secondary stations carry different amounts of national programming.

Regional sports networks that cover large regions may similarly be carved into regional variants to account for differing broadcast rights to teams between markets. Examples include Fox Sports San Diego—spun from Fox Sports West in 2012 after it acquired rights to the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball—[78] and MSG Western New York, a Buffalo, New York-centric feed of the state-wide MSG Network co-owned by local team owner Pegula Sports and Entertainment.[79]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Kovach, Joelle (August 14, 2018). "CHEX-TV newscasts rebranding as CHEX News on Global Peterborough" (in en-CA). The Peterborough Examiner. https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/news-story/8818775-chex-tv-newscasts-rebranding-as-chex-news-on-global-peterborough/. 
  2. ↑ ralphierce (25 June 2018). "ABS-CBN Regional Cancels Agri Tayo Dito, MagTV Na" (in en). https://fromthetube.wordpress.com/2018/06/25/abs-cbn-regional-cancels-agri-tayo-dito-magtv-na/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ponsford, Dominic (23 July 2013). "Ofcom slashes number of regional news minutes". http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/ofcom-slashes-number-regional-news-minutes-itv-required-broadcast. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tryhorn, Chris (11 September 2009). "STV defends dropping ITV dramas". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/sep/11/stv-defends-dropping-itv-dramas. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "S4C: Birthplace of SuperTed and Fireman Sam turns 40". BBC News. 1 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-63414736. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Welshing on TV". The Economist: p. 75. 28 June 1980. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw1XAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Welshing+on+TV%22. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "End of era at UTV as Julian Simmons and Gillian Porter exit" (in en-GB). BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 2020-11-26. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/end-of-era-at-utv-as-julian-simmons-and-gillian-porter-exit/39795035.html. 
  8. ↑ "The future of Pebble Mill". BECTU. 7 May 1999. http://www.bectubbc.org.uk/news/1999/19990507.html. 
  9. ↑ "Charlotte Moore appointed to BBC Board". BBC Media Centre. 3 September 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2020/charlotte-moore. 
  10. ↑ "BBC Radio and Education moves to new division". Radio Today. https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/bbc-radio-and-education-moves-to-new-division/. 
  11. ↑ Broadcasting in the Seventies. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1969. ISBN 0-563-08562-2. 
  12. ↑ "House of Lords – BBC Charter Review – Minutes of Evidence". UK Parliament. 22 November 2005. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldbbc/128/5112219.htm. 
  13. ↑ "BBC English regions to launch HD versions" (in en-GB). 2021-09-24. https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2021/09/24/bbc-english-regions-to-launch-hd-versions/. 
  14. ↑ About the BBC – Statements of Programme Policy 2007/2008 BBC One Scotland BBC
  15. ↑ About the BBC – Statements of Programme Policy 2007/2008 BBC One NI BBC
  16. ↑ About the BBC – Statements of Programme Policy 2007/2008 BBC One Wales BBC
  17. ↑ Holmes, Jeff (2012). 10 Years of River City: Behind the Scenes of Scotland's Favourite TV Drama. World of Books Ltd. pp. 2. ISBN 9781845024529. 
  18. ↑ Guide, British Comedy (2023-12-31). "Hogmanay Hell: The BBC's New Year Live 98 - Comedy Chronicles" (in en). https://www.comedy.co.uk/features/comedy_chronicles/hogmanay-hell-new-year-live-98/. 
  19. ↑ McCann, Graham (2021-12-30). "Gang Aft Agley: The Day TV Broke Hogmanay - Comedy Chronicles" (in en). https://www.comedy.co.uk/features/comedy_chronicles/hogmanay-tv-broadcasts/. 
  20. ↑ English is a Welsh language - Television's Crisis in Wales. Institute of Welsh Affairs. 2009. pp. 119–120. 
  21. ↑ "BBC 2W to close". Digital Spy. 18 October 2007. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a78015/bbc-2w-to-close.html. 
  22. ↑ "New BBC Scotland TV channel launches" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2019-02-24. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-47345058. 
  23. ↑ "Where to find the new BBC Scotland TV channel" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2019-01-31. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-47069479. 
  24. ↑ "BBC faces strict quotas to ensure it delivers on promises on Scottish content on new channel" (in en). 3 September 2018. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16683725.bbc-faces-strict-quotas-to-ensure-it-delivers-on-promises-on-scottish-content-on-new-channel/. 
  25. ↑ "No New Independent Tv Companies Appointed". The Times. 9 January 1964. http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=hamlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS168388137&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0. 
  26. ↑ "BIG five' pattern for Independent TV". The Times. 22 December 1966. http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=hamlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS18705302&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0. 
  27. ↑ "Discussions start on TV contract extensions". The Times. 11 October 1974. http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=hamlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS335903563&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Douglas, Torin (25 September 2008). "Analysis: Ofcom's regional news proposals". BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7635822.stm. 
  29. ↑ Douglas, Torin (4 March 2009). "What is the outlook for ITV?". BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7921427.stm. "The days when an ITV franchise was deemed 'a licence to print money' and a single regional company – Granada – could splash out millions on high-quality dramas such as Brideshead Revisited and The Jewel in the Crown are long gone." 
  30. ↑ Barrie, Chris (27 November 1999). "Now the talk is of one ITV". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/1999/nov/27/15. "Mr Green said consolidation of ITV into one company was needed because the companies had to be in a position to compete with large overseas groups." 
  31. ↑ Madslein, Jorn (2 February 2004). "ITV: A third force in broadcasting". BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3445627.stm. 
  32. ↑ Tryhorn, Chris (2 February 2004). "Finally, ITV plc is born". Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/feb/02/citynews.ITV?INTCMP=SRCH. 
  33. ↑ Kanter, Jake (24 November 2011). "ITV completes Channel Television takeover". broadcastnow.co.uk. Broadcast. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/broadcasters/itv-completes-channel-television-takeover/5035027.article. 
  34. ↑ Kanter, Jake (5 March 2012). "ITV strikes 'landmark' agreements with STV and UTV". Broadcast. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/broadcasters/itv-strikes-landmark-agreements-with-stv-and-utv/5038833.article. 
  35. ↑ Farey-Jones, Daniel (5 March 2012). "ITV, STV and UTV agree new network arrangements". Media Week. http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/1120504/ITV-STV-UTV-agree-new-network-arrangements/. 
  36. ↑ "STV confirms network deal is up and running". BBC News. 23 August 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-19355190. 
  37. ↑ Catterall, Peter (1999). The Making of Channel 4. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7146-4926-9. 
  38. ↑ Michael Lench (31 March 2010). "S4C Holds a Special Position in the TV Advertising Market". Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales). https://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27S4C+holds+a+special+position+in+the+TV+advertising+market%27+Michael...-a0222523953. 
  39. ↑ Zier, Julie A. (July 18, 1994). "CBS, Group W form historic alliance.". Broadcasting and Cable. http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/95-OCR/BC-1995-07-18-Page-0014.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Kandell, Johnathan (16 November 2012). "Obituary: Laurence A. Tisch, Investor Known for Saving CBS Inc. From Takeover, Dies at 80". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/16/business/laurence-a-tisch-investor-known-for-saving-cbs-inc-from-takeover-dies-at-80.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 
  41. ↑ de Moraes, Lisa (2009-04-01). "Some Fox Stations Won't Air 'Osbournes: Reloaded'" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/31/AR2009033104198.html. 
  42. ↑ "Channel 6 bumps Osbournes to 1 a.m., schedules drug special instead". https://archive.jsonline.com/entertainment/tvradio/42161692.html/. 
  43. ↑ Colker, David (September 23, 2015). "Everett Parker Fought TV Station's racism in the 60's". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles). https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-everett-parker-20150923-story.html. 
  44. ↑ Mills, Kay. "The Civil Right Case that Transformed Television". Prologue Magazine. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/fall/channels-1.html. 
  45. ↑ Roberts, Gene and Hank Klibanoff (2006). The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40381-7. 
  46. ↑ "KSL PULLS 'PICKET FENCES,' CALLS THE SHOW 'OFFENSIVE'". Deseret News. January 25, 1993. https://www.deseret.com/1993/1/25/19028676/ksl-pulls-picket-fences-calls-the-show-offensive. 
  47. ↑ Scott D. Pierce (January 26, 1993). "AS CBS PROGRAMS BECOME MORE RISQUE, WILL KSL-CH. 5 REMAIN A NETWORK AFFILIATE?". Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/1993/1/26/19028883/as-cbs-programs-become-more-risque-will-ksl-ch-5-remain-a-network-affiliate. 
  48. ↑ Scott D. Pierce (March 6, 1993). "NBC HAS BIG PLANS FOR THE 'CHEERS' FINALE". Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/1993/3/6/19035748/nbc-has-big-plans-for-the-cheers-finale. 
  49. ↑ "TV shocker — KSL will start airing "Saturday Night Live" in the fall". The Salt Lake Tribune. http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogstv/56518025-63/ksl-nbc-saturday-channel.html.csp. 
  50. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "KSL-TV airs 'The Book of Daniel'". Deseret News (Salt Lake City: Deseret Digital Media). January 7, 2006. https://www.deseret.com/2006/1/7/19931643/ksl-tv-airs-the-book-of-daniel/. 
  51. ↑ "TV shocker — KSL will start airing "Saturday Night Live" in the fall". The Salt Lake Tribune. http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogstv/56518025-63/ksl-nbc-saturday-channel.html.csp. 
  52. ↑ Shapiro, Beth (January 10, 2006). "TV Station Threatened Over Series With Gay Character". 365Gay.com (365GayMedia Inc.). Archived from the original on April 11, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070411003435/http://www.365gay.com/Newscon06/01/010906daniel.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2008. 
  53. ↑ Joynt, Steve (April 17, 1997). "For ratings or program quality? Censorship of 'Ellen' examined". Birmingham Post-Herald (Birmingham, Alabama): pp. B1, B2. https://www.newspapers.com/article/birmingham-post-herald-for-ratings-or-pr/171325595/. 
  54. ↑ Vickery, Scottie (April 11, 1997). "33/40 apparently first to refuse to air 'Ellen'". The Birmingham News (Birmingham, Alabama): pp. 1A, 2A. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-birmingham-news-3340-apparently-fir/171325572/. 
  55. ↑ Otterson, Joe (June 16, 2017). "Connecticut NBC Station Will Not Air Megyn Kelly's Alex Jones Interview". Variety. https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/connecticut-nbcmegyn-kelly-alex-jones-interview-1202469317/. 
  56. ↑ "War Dead Names Read On 'Nightline'" (in en-US). CBS News. 2004-04-30. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/war-dead-names-read-on-nightline/. 
  57. ↑ "Sinclair known for conservative political tilt". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2020756844_fishersinclairxml.html. 
  58. ↑ "Names of U.S. war dead read on 'Nightline'". Today. 29 April 2004. http://www.today.com/id/4864247/ns/today-entertainment/. 
  59. ↑ Carter, Bill (January 7, 2009). "NBC May Be Considering Reinstating Leno on 'Tonight Show'". Media Decoder (The New York Times). http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/nbc-may-be-considering-reinstating-leno-on-tonight-show/. 
  60. ↑ Carter, Bill (January 7, 2009). "Update: NBC Plan Would Move Leno to Late Nights". Media Decoder (The New York Times). http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/update-nbc-plans-leno-at-1130-conan-at-12. 
  61. ↑ Hibberd, James; Weperin, Alex (September 23, 2025). "Jimmy Kimmel to Return to ABC on Tuesday After Show's Controversial Suspension". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jimmy-kimmel-live-return-abc-1236374942/. Retrieved September 23, 2025. 
  62. ↑ Koblin, John; Grynbaum, Michael M.; Barnes, Brooks (September 17, 2025). "ABC Pulls Jimmy Kimmel Off Air for Charlie Kirk Comments After F.C.C. Pressure". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/17/business/media/abc-jimmy-kimmel.html. 
  63. ↑ Stelter, Brian; Wagmeister, Elizabeth; Reilly, Liam (September 17, 2025). "ABC yanks Jimmy Kimmel's show 'indefinitely' after remarks about Charlie Kirk". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/17/media/jimmy-kimmel-charlie-kirk-trump-fcc-brendan-carr. 
  64. ↑ Grantham-Philips, Wyatte; Dalton, Andrew (September 26, 2025). "Nexstar and Sinclair bring Jimmy Kimmel's show back to local TV stations". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/jimmy-kimmel-sinclair-affiliates-40489e9058a609029ebcb2ef894221e9. 
  65. ↑ Rizzo, Lillian (September 26, 2025). "Sinclair, Nexstar will bring 'Jimmy Kimmel Live' back to owned ABC stations on Friday". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/26/sinclair-abc-jimmy-kimmel.html. 
  66. ↑ "WJMN To Introduce Local News, Go HD". TVNewsCheck. March 13, 2014. http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/74794/wjmn-to-introduce-local-news-go-hd. 
  67. ↑ "WZMQ Becomes Marquette, Michigan's New CBS Affiliate" (in en-US). WZMQ. January 20, 2022. https://wzmq19.com/wzmq-becomes-marquette-michigans-new-cbs-affiliate/. 
  68. ↑ "WJMN Local 3 becomes independent news station" (in en-US). UPMatters.com. January 20, 2022. https://www.upmatters.com/news/wjmn-local-3-becomes-independent-news-station/. 
  69. ↑ Perkins, Schyler (2024-09-16). "Rescan your TV to take advantage of My UP's over-the-air signal improvements" (in en). https://www.myupnow.com/news/rescan-your-tv-to-take-advantage-of-my-ups-over-the-air-signal-improvements/article_caaf9620-745a-11ef-9151-af9e83786f0b.html. 
  70. ↑ "Nexstar Sells WJMN-TV to Illinois Broadcaster" (in en-US). April 12, 2024. https://www.michiganmedia.com/2024/04/12/nexstar-sells-wjmn-tv-to-illinois-broadcaster/. 
  71. ↑ Venta, Lance (September 14, 2023). "Morgan Murphy Media Acquires Northern Michigan TV/Radio Combo" (in en-US). RadioInsight. https://radioinsight.com/headlines/258856/morgan-murphy-media-acquires-northern-michigan-tv-radio-combo/. 
  72. ↑ "WDAY takes over 5 p.m. news in Grand Forks". Grand Forks Herald. July 15, 2014. http://www.grandforksherald.com/content/wday-takes-over-5-pm-news-grand-forks. 
  73. ↑ "WDAY Launching Statewide Morning Newscast". TVSpy.com. https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/wday-launching-statewide-morning-newscast/. 
  74. ↑ "WDAZ to merge broadcasts with WDAY" (in en). 2018-11-30. https://www.grandforksherald.com/business/small-business/4536601-wdaz-merge-broadcasts-wday. 
  75. ↑ "The Charleston Split". WSAZ-TV. http://www.wsaz.com/home/misc/Charleston_Split_18322959.html. 
  76. ↑ Press, Associate. "Cordillera Communications purchases KTVH in Helena" (in en). The Billings Gazette. http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/cordillera-communications-purchases-ktvh-in-helena/article_0fe3747f-7ac5-5b8d-a823-1a7f68afcd3d.html. 
  77. ↑ Jay Posner (February 16, 2012). "Fox Sports San Diego to launch in March". U-T San Diego (MLIM Holdings). http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/feb/16/new-fox-sports-san-diego-launch-around-march-5/. 
  78. ↑ Pergament, Alan (June 21, 2016). "Wide-ranging deal will keep Sabres – and other Pegula Sports & Entertainment content – on MSG". The Buffalo News. http://sabres.buffalonews.com/2016/06/20/wide-ranging-deal-will-keep-sabres-and-other-pegula-sports-entertainment-content-on-msg/. 



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