Engineering:Saturday-morning cartoon

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Short description: Genre of television programming

"Saturday-morning cartoon" is a colloquial term for original animated series and live-action programming typically scheduled on Saturday and Sunday mornings in the United States on the "Big Three" television networks. The genre was a tradition broadly ranging from the mid-1960s to mid-2010s,[1] with its popularity declining over time due to changing cultural norms, increased competition from formats available at all times, and heavier media regulations.[2][3][4] In the last years of the genre's existence, Saturday-morning and Sunday-morning cartoons were primarily created and aired on major networks to meet "educational and informational" (E/I) requirements. Minor television networks, in addition to the non-commercial PBS in some markets, continued to air animated programming on Saturday and Sunday while partially meeting those mandates.[5][6]

In the United States, the generally accepted times for these and other children's programs to air on Saturday mornings were from 8:00 a.m. to approximately 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone. Until the late 1970s, American networks also had a schedule of children's programming on Sunday mornings, though most programs at this time were rebroadcasts of Saturday-morning shows that were already out of production.[7][8] In some markets, some shows were pre-empted in favour of syndicated or other types of local programming.[9]

History

1950s–60s: Early years

After the Paramount Decree broke up block booking practices, in the 1950s, animation production began shifting from theatrical shorts to television animation. Jason Mittel argues that by the end of the 1960s, this shift to television also unintentionally shifted popular understandings of animation. With the rise of the Saturday morning cartoon block, Mittel observes that animation transformed from "a mass-market genre with so-called 'kidult' appeal and became marginalized into the kid-only Saturday morning periphery."[10] Until 1963, the Saturday morning programming block across all three major networks consisted primarily of telecasts of older cartoons made for movie theaters, reruns of animated series originally broadcast in prime time or reruns of younger skewing live-action television series such as My Friend Flicka or Sky King.[11][12]

1960s: Rise of original programming

Beginning with the 1963–64 television season, CBS took the first steps in setting up Saturday morning programming block made up of two hours of back-to-back animated series. The block consisted of acquired programs Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales and The Quick Draw McGraw Show after the two had been seen in first-run syndication and pairing them with returning series The Alvin Show and Mighty Mouse Playhouse.[12] The block attracted major sponsorship from Kellogg's and General Mills which in turn led to CBS expanding the Saturday morning schedule to three hours with the addition of Linus the Lionhearted and a repackage of Tom and Jerry shorts presented as The Tom and Jerry Show.[12]

During the 1966–67 television season, then head of CBS' daytime programming Fred Silverman recognized the viewership attraction of cartoons and restructured the programming block around 4 and a half hours of back-to-back animated series which saw CBS take first place in the ratings.[13][12] As a result of the season's success, the slot across all three networks for the remainder of the 1960s would be dominated by superhero and action cartoon series, influenced by the success of Space Ghost and The New Adventures of Superman.[14][15][13]

At the time, the practice with networks ordering animated series was to order a batch of episodes and air them over the course of a predetermined cycle.[16] CBS and ABC would typically order an average of 16 episodes to run six times over the course of two years, while NBC's orders were characterized by 13 episode batches to run 4 times over the year in order to cover the 52 week television schedule.[16] The price per episode for these half-hour series ranged anywhere from $48,000 to $62,000 with networks engaging in competitive bidding for the series which would remain the standard practice for these shows into the seventies.[16] Despite the success experienced by these cartoons, they were heavily criticized by parents for their violence.[17][18][13]

1970s: Regulatory changes

By 1968, concerns about television violence came more to the forefront of social and political discourse in the wake of the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy.[12] The increased scrutiny of television violence in the wake of increased political scrutiny and social aversion to violence on television led to the networks adopting internal censors, who would sit in on writing sessions and veto any violent or suggestive content.[12] This approach by the networks was criticized by animation industry veterans such as Walter Lantz and Friz Freleng, who felt the connection between cartoon violence and real life violence was dubious. Others such as Norman Maurer detailed frustrations with outlandish concerns of the censors, such as having to change a scene from Josie and the Pussycats due to concerns from CBS that having the characters hide in a plate of spaghetti to hide from a monster would lead to kids putting their pet cats in spaghetti.[12]

By 1972, most action programming had been removed from the Saturday-morning slot, following pressure from parents' lobbying groups such as the Action for Children's Television (ACT).[19] These groups voiced concerns about the presentation of commercialism, violence, anti-social attitudes and stereotypes in Saturday-morning cartoons.[19] By the 1970s, these groups exercised enough influence, especially with the U.S. Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), that the television networks felt compelled to impose more stringent content rules for the animation houses.[20][21][22] Fred Silverman, who at the time was head of CBS' daytime programming and brought about many of these action-oriented cartoons with his "superhero morning" initiative, refuted the claims that ACT and parental concerns were the deciding factor in the decline of these shows and instead said that ratings for superhero cartoons in general had begun to slip by the end of the 1960s and that declining ratings were a greater deciding factor than parental advocacy groups for causing these series to be phased out.[23][13][24] In 1978, the Federal Trade Commission was openly considering a ban on all advertising during television programming targeting preschoolers, and severe restrictions on other children's program advertising, both of which would have effectively killed off the format; the commission ultimately dropped the proposal.[25]

The networks were encouraged to create educational spots that endeavored to use animation or live-action for enriching content,[26] including the Schoolhouse Rock!, Time for Timer and The Bod Squad series on ABC which became fondly-remembered television classics, while CBS had the Bicentennial Minutes and their long-running children's oriented news series, In the News. In Canada concurrently, the National Film Board of Canada produced a roughly equivalent domestic series called Canada Vignettes and their successors the Heritage Minutes, although they were intended to be aired throughout the usual broadcast day. With the 1970s came a wave of animated versions of popular live-action prime time series as well, mainly with the voices of the original casts, such as Star Trek: The Animated Series, as well as imitations of the highly successful Scooby-Doo[27] combining teen characters and talking animals with supernatural mystery stories.

1980s: Deregulation and toyetic programs

By 1982, under President Ronald Reagan, the FCC had loosened programming and advertising regulations.[28] One of the earliest first cartoons to take advantage of this deregulation push was Hanna-Barbera's Pac-Man which was the first cartoon to be based on a video game and its success leading to the era of "half-hour toy commercials", starting with He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and continuing with such series as The Transformers and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. These were heavily criticized by ACT, but were nevertheless successful.[29][30][31] As well, several more lighthearted series appeared, popularized by Hanna-Barbera's The Smurfs and Jim Henson's Muppet Babies.[32] These included series based on popular video games, such as Saturday Supercade.[33]

Beginning in the late 1980s, networks commissioned new series based on legacy properties that would appeal to nostalgia and to a whole family audience, including ABC's reviving the Scooby-Doo franchise with A Pup Named Scooby-Doo[34][35] and commissioning The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh from The Walt Disney Company, both series being major successes.[35][36] The move was largely driven by the adoption of the people meter, which ABC believed that younger children could not operate and which ABC blamed for the network's poor viewership with its younger-skewing lineup featuring the likes of The Little Clowns of Happytown.[37] CBS likewise focused its content on established properties, bringing the comic strip Garfield (which had produced a number of successful specials already) to Saturday morning with what would become the long-running Garfield and Friends and pairing the show with live-action children's series hosted by fictional characters originally created for adult audiences, Pee-wee Herman (Pee-Wee's Playhouse) and Ernest P. Worrell (Hey Vern, It's Ernest!).[35]

1990s–2000s: Continued popularity, outsourcing, and signs of decline

Despite increased competition from cable television networks (such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel),[38][39][40] Saturday-morning and weekday cartoon blocks continued to remain popular in the 1990s and 2000s. Examples included Disney's Disney Afternoon in syndication, Fox's Fox Kids, ABC's One Saturday Morning[41] (later ABC Kids),[42] UPN's UPN Kids (later Disney's One Too),[43] CBS's CBS Saturday, The WB's Kids' WB, and Amazin' Adventures (later Bohbot Kids Network) in syndication.

From 1992 however, the "Big Three" traditional major networks and their affiliates began replacing their Saturday-morning animated programming with weekend editions of their morning news programs,[44][45][46] and live-action teen-oriented series.[47] Multiple factors contributed to the change, among them an increasingly competitive market fueled by the multi-channel transition,[48][39] a boom in first-run syndicated content[49] and the introduction of home video and video games; increasing restrictions on advertising, educational content mandates[1] and a boom in fully-animated educational content on public television such as The Magic School Bus and Arthur;[50] and broader cultural changes stemming from an increase in no-fault divorces and the end of the post-World War II baby boom.[40][1][51] Attempting to pair the newscasts with the remaining cartoons was largely unsuccessful because the two program formats drew widely different audiences that did not lend themselves to leading in and out of each other, leading to viewership oddities (such as NBC's children's block having an average viewership age of over 40 years old).[52][53]

In North America, the debuting Pokémon franchise quickly rose to success. By December 1998, the Pokémon anime had become the highest-rated syndicated children's show during the weekdays.[54] This attracted the attention of two media companies: Warner Bros., co-owner of The WB channel; and Saban Entertainment/Fox Family Worldwide, owners of the Fox Kids channel. A bidding war ensued between the parties, which was won by Warner Bros.[55] On 13 February 1999, Pokémon launched on the Kids' WB national television block. The debut episode became the most watched premiere in Kids' WB's history.[56] The success of Pokemon and the wider phenomenon of “Pokemania” in general led other children's blocks adopting similar series to ride the coattails such as Digimon on Fox Kids or Monster Rancher on the Bohbot Kids Network.[57] The success of these acquired anime series was such that they were favored over legacy series such The Avengers: United They Stand which despite possessing the Marvel Comics branding was delayed in release so Digimon could be given a spot on the Saturday morning schedule.[57] By January 2002, Fox had retired their in house Fox Kids Saturday morning block (citing loss in ratings to Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and Kids WB) and leased the time slots to Pokemon licensee 4Kids Entertainment to air acquired licensed content similar to the Pokemon and Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters they had provided to Kids WB.[58]

2010s: Last years and discontinuation

By the mid-2010s, all of the major American networks had shifted to live-action documentary programs. These were ostensibly targeted at teenagers to meet the educational mandates but less likely to cause a clash with the newscasts, as the programming was genericized as much as possible to resemble reality television programming for general audiences found on most cable networks (or in the case of Dr. Chris: Pet Vet, general reality programming from overseas re-edited to comply with American mandates). This documentary programming also benefited from having less restrictive rules for advertising compared to programming targeted to children. In the United States, The CW continued to air non-E/I cartoons until September 27, 2014, with the closure of the Vortexx block.[1]

As of 2026, Univision and MeTV are the only two commercial broadcast networks to still broadcast animated programming within a Saturday morning timeslot through their respective Planeta U and Saturday Morning Cartoons blocks. On May 1, 2024, Weigel Broadcasting announced a partnership with Warner Bros. Discovery to launch a new 24/7 spin-off animation network called MeTV Toons. The network launched on June 25, 2024 and is dedicated to broadcasting classic animation programming from the 1930s to the 2010s, following a similar format to the formative years of WBD's Cartoon Network and Boomerang.

Legacy

This era continues to be satirized and paid homage to in popular culture. Bobby Russell's "Saturday Morning Confusion," which encapsulated the cartoons of the early 1970s ("Popeye and Bluto, Batman and Bozo"), would be a top-40 hit and Russell's biggest hit as a performer.[59] In the 1990s, many Generation Xers were nostalgic for the Saturday-morning cartoons of the 1970s and 1980s.[60] One such example was the tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits (1995), where Saturday-morning cartoon themes such as Scooby-Doo and Fat Albert were covered by alternative rock artists.[61][62] The Netflix animated series Saturday Morning All Star Hits! parodies the mid-1980s to early 1990s era of Saturday-morning animation, such as Thundercats, Care Bears, ProStars, and Denver, the Last Dinosaur.[63] The science fiction animated series Futurama also spoofed 1970s and 1980s Saturday-morning cartoons in the episode "Saturday Morning Fun Pit".[64]

See also

  • Weekday cartoon
  • Animation in the United States in the television era
  • Modern animation in the United States
  • Lists of United States network television schedules – includes articles on Saturday morning children's programming schedules among the major networks
  • List of weekday cartoons
  • Saturday morning pictures
  • Saturday morning preview specials
  • History of animation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sullivan, Gail (September 30, 2014). "Saturday morning cartoons are no more". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/30/saturday-morning-cartoons-are-no-more/. 
  2. ↑ Holz, Jo (2017). Kids' TV Grows Up: The Path from Howdy Doody to SpongeBob. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 73–171. ISBN 978-1-4766-6874-1. 
  3. ↑ Raiti, Gerard (April 30, 2003). "The Disappearance of Saturday Morning". https://www.awn.com/animationworld/disappearance-saturday-morning. 
  4. ↑ Moss, Charles (May 20, 2021). "The Rise and Fall of Saturday Morning Cartoons". https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2021/05/the-rise-and-fall-of-saturday-morning-cartoons/. 
  5. ↑ Mifflin, Lawrie (October 29, 1996). "Pied Piper Of Cable Beguiles Rivals' Children". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/29/arts/pied-piper-of-cable-beguiles-rivals-children.html?scp=49&sq=Felix%20the%20Cat&st=cse. 
  6. ↑ Carlsson-Paige, Nancy; Levin, Diane E. (30 April 1990). "Mutant Ninja Turtles, Profits, and Children". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0430/elevin.html. 
  7. ↑ McFarland, Melanie (September 14, 2002). "Saturday-morning TV gets ready to rumble". The Seattle Times. https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20020914/kidshows14/saturday-morning-tv-gets-ready-to-rumble. 
  8. ↑ Strauss, Neil (January 5, 1997). "It's Saturday Morning, Dude, Time for TV". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/tv/it-s-saturday-morning-dude-time-for-tv.html?scp=6&sq=Beetlejuice%20cartoon&st=cse. 
  9. ↑ "Television: trouble in toontown". Time. November 25, 1996. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985595,00.html. Retrieved August 12, 2010. 
  10. ↑ Mittel, Jason (2003). "The Great Saturday Morning Exile: Scheduling cartoons on television's periphery in the 1960s". in Carol A. Stabile, Carol A. (in en). Prime Time Animation. London: Routledge. pp. 35. doi:10.4324/9781315015545. ISBN 9781136481642. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136481642. 
  11. ↑ "Saturday Morning Television Programs". The Clarion-Ledger: p. 13. December 5, 1964. https://www.newspapers.com/article/clarion-ledger/32306881/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 1–17. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/18/mode/2up. Retrieved March 26, 2026. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Sennett, Ted (October 30, 1989). The Art of Hanna-Barbera: Fifty Years of Creativity. Studio. ISBN 978-0670829781. 
  14. ↑ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. p. 811. ISBN 978-1476665993. 
  15. ↑ "Saturday morning television programs, including Space Ghost and similar cartoons.". The Wichita Eagle: p. 20. 1968-04-06. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wichita-eagle-sat-am-1968/147673261/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Woolery, George W. (1983). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part 1: Animated Cartoon Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-8108-1557-5. https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool/page/230/mode/2up. Retrieved 14 March 2020. 
  17. ↑ "Protests Rise over TV Cartoons". Democrat and Chronicle: p. 184. December 3, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle/125892430/. 
  18. ↑ "The New Adventures of Superman: Episode List". http://www.supermanhomepage.com/tv/tv.php?topic=episode-guides/t-tnaos. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Gent, George (1972-01-13). "Networks Say They Eliminated Most Violent Children's Shows" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/13/archives/networks-say-they-eliminated-most-violent-childrens-shows.html. 
  20. ↑ Pogue, Paul (2002). "Saturday-Morning Cartoons". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101063/pg_3/?tag=content;col1. Retrieved July 30, 2022. 
  21. ↑ Boyer, Peter (February 3, 1986). "Toy-based TV: effects on children debated". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/03/arts/toy-based-tv-effects-on-children-debated.html. 
  22. ↑ Collins, Glenn (December 12, 1985). "Controversy About Toys, TV Violence". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/12/garden/controversy-about-toys-tv-violence.html. 
  23. ↑ "The New Adventures of Superman: Episode List". http://www.supermanhomepage.com/tv/tv.php?topic=episode-guides/t-tnaos. 
  24. ↑ Perlmutter, David (2014). America Toons In: A History of Television Animation. McFarland. ISBN 9781476614885. https://books.google.com/books?id=aa0zAwAAQBAJ. 
  25. ↑ Brown, Les (March 19, 1978). "TV cartoons face dim future". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/09/archives/tv-cartoons-face-dim-future-girding-for-change-contracts-can-be.html. 
  26. ↑ "Children's TV: Little by Little it's Getting Better". The Los Angeles Times: p. 448. September 29, 1974. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-act-impact-on-satu/134525541/. 
  27. ↑ "TV Kiddie Shows Abound". The Tribune: p. 22. April 14, 1974. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune-upi-article-fall-1974-saturd/136599802/. 
  28. ↑ Mauro, Tony (1982-01-12). "Rules Died after Reagan elected". Statesman Journal: p. 15. https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal/109373830/. 
  29. ↑ "100 Defining Moments in Video Games". Game Informer (100): 51. August 2001. 
  30. ↑ Browsh, Jared Bahir (2022). Hanna-Barbera: A History. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476675794. 
  31. ↑ "30-minute Commercials". Fort Worth Star-Telegram: p. 98. June 7, 1987. https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram/80956797/. 
  32. ↑ "You can find good shows for kids Saturday morning". The Baltimore Sun: p. 45. September 28, 1985. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-youcanfindgoodshow/26397067/. 
  33. ↑ Hastings, Julianna (1983-09-06). "What's new for kids on TV Saturday morning". Democrat and Chronicle: p. 14. https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-saturday-morning/77952056/. 
  34. ↑ Roush, Matt (September 8, 1988). "On ABC: Portrait of Scooby as a young dog". USA Today: p. 3D. ProQuest 306108370. https://www.proquest.com/docview/306108370. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Here's what's coming for the kids this fall". The Register-Guard (Oregon): p. 7A. June 21, 1988. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zuhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6954%2C4914499. 
  36. ↑ Winfrey, Lee (September 16, 1988). "ABC hoping Pooh can pull more than honey out a jar". Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Knight Ridder): p. A9. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19880916&id=CqgeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6729,251354. 
  37. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (June 7, 1988). "Kids Like Tube, But Tune Out Networks". Chicago Tribune. New York Times News Service. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/06/07/kids-like-tube-but-tune-out-networks/. "Do you think I'll keep putting those programs on the air? Little Clowns of Happytown, which is specifically for children under 6, has been canceled because it can't generate the people-meter numbers." 
  38. ↑ "Nick Retains Saturday Crown". Broadcasting & Cable. June 18, 2001. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75761403.html. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Bernstein, Paula (September 29, 2002). "Kid skeds tread on joint strategy" (in en-US). Variety. https://variety.com/2002/tv/news/kid-skeds-tread-on-joint-strategy-1117873477/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Reito, Gerald. "The Disappearance of Saturday Morning". Animation World Network. http://www.awn.com/articles/disappearance-saturday-morning. 
  41. ↑ Katz, Richard (May 8, 1998). "ABC kids block tops Fox on Saturday" (in en-US). Variety. https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/abc-kids-block-tops-fox-on-saturday-1117470615/. 
  42. ↑ "The Walt Disney Company 2003 Annual Report". The Walt Disney Company. https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/app/uploads/2015/10/2003-Annual-Report.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Chris Pursell (July 19, 1999). "Mouse brands UPN kidvid". Variety. https://variety.com/1999/tv/news/mouse-brands-upn-kidvid-1117743063/. 
  44. ↑ "Channel 7 to offer weekend morning newscasts". Idaho Statesman: p. 27. March 17, 1992. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-idaho-statesman-channel-7-to-offer-w/146427313/. 
  45. ↑ "KELO expands morning show, KDLT adds "In Focus"". Argus Leader: p. 9. August 30, 1997. https://www.newspapers.com/article/argus-leader-kelo-expands-morning-show/122112469/. 
  46. ↑ "Saturday Morning television guide". The Morning Call: p. 160. October 17, 2004. http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-call/141519961/. 
  47. ↑ McFarlin, Jim (1992-09-19). "Merrie Melodies and More! NBC replaces cartoons with fare for teens". The Journal News: p. 15. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-news-merriemelodiesandmor/7285447/. 
  48. ↑ "Fox Ends Saturday-Morning Cartoons". The New York Times. November 25, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/business/media/25kidstv.html?_r=1. 
  49. ↑ Boyer, Peter (September 19, 1988). "The Media Business; NBC Considers Scrapping Saturday Cartoons". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/19/business/the-media-business-nbc-considers-scrapping-saturday-cartoons.html. 
  50. ↑ "PBS to Widen Children's Programming". The New York Times. December 8, 1993. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/08/arts/pbs-to-widen-children-s-programming.html. 
  51. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (June 7, 1988). "Kids Like Tube, But Tune Out Networks". Chicago Tribune. New York Times News Service. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/06/07/kids-like-tube-but-tune-out-networks/. 
  52. ↑ "Adults 'Discover' kiddie programs". 23 February 2003. https://variety.com/2003/tv/news/adults-discover-kiddie-programs-1117880923/. 
  53. ↑ Robb, David (June 20, 2016). "Preteen Saturday Morning Kids Shows Abandoned By Broadcast Networks". https://deadline.com/2016/06/kids-tv-shows-saturday-mornings-fcc-loophole-advertising-1201774658/. 
  54. ↑ Dinoff, Dustin (1 January 1999). "North American Pokemon penetration imminent". https://kidscreen.com/1999/01/01/24089-19990101/. 
  55. ↑ Dockery (2022), p. 55–56.
  56. ↑ Adalian, Josef (21 February 1999). "'Pokemon' powers Kids' WB". https://variety.com/1999/tv/news/pokemon-powers-kids-wb-1117491518/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Haman, Andrea (November 1, 1999). "Anime newcomers vie to replicate Pokémania". https://kidscreen.com/1999/11/01/27115-19991101/. 
  58. ↑ Bernstein, Paula (Jan 18, 2002). "4Kids buys 4 hours from Fox Kids" (in en-US). Variety. https://variety.com/2002/tv/news/4kids-buys-4-hours-from-fox-kids-1117858752/. 
  59. ↑ "“Saturday Morning Confusion” (Bobby Russell) – Classic Song of the Day". https://classicsongoftheday.com/saturday-morning-confusion-bobby-russell/. 
  60. ↑ Burke, Timothy; Burke, Kevin (1998). Saturday Morning Fever: Growing up with Cartoon Culture. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-16996-5. https://archive.org/details/saturdaymorningf00burk. 
  61. ↑ Saturday-morning cartoon at AllMusic
  62. ↑ Stegall, Tim (May 1996). "Music Reviews". Alternative Press 10 (94): 88–89. 
  63. ↑ Radulovic, Petrana (2021-12-10). "Kyle Mooney's Netflix show Saturday Morning All Star Hits! is a specific nostalgia rush" (in en-US). https://www.polygon.com/22826878/saturday-morning-all-star-hits-netflix-impression. 
  64. ↑ Nicholson, Max (July 18, 2013). "Futurama: "Saturday Morning Fun Pit" Review" (in en-US). San Francisco, California: j2 Global. http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/18/futurama-saturday-morning-fun-pit-review. 

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