Engineering:Type 214 submarine

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Short description: Submarine class
Type 214 submarine.svg
Type 214 profile
ROKS Yun Bonggil (SS 077) 190605-N-SS370-0028.jpg
ROKS Yun Bonggil arrives at Naval Base Guam, 2019.
Class overview
Builders:
Operators:
Preceded by: Type 209 submarine[1]
Succeeded by: Type 216 submarine
Subclasses:
Cost: $330 million (2008)[2]
Built: 2001–present
In commission: 2007–present
Planned: 21
Building: 5
Completed: 16
Active: 15
General characteristics
Type: Submarine
Displacement:
  • 1,690 t (1,660 long tons) (surfaced)
  • 1,860 t (1,830 long tons) (submerged)
Length: 65 m (213 ft 3 in)
Beam: 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in)
Draught: 6 m (19 ft 8 in)
Propulsion: Diesel-electric, fuel cell AIP, low noise skew back propeller
Speed:
  • 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) surfaced
  • 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) submerged
Range:
  • 12,000 nmi (22,000 km; 14,000 mi) (surfaced)
  • 420 nmi (780 km; 480 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (submerged)
  • 1,248 nmi (2,311 km; 1,436 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) (submerged)
Endurance: 84 days
Test depth: nearly 400 m (1,300 ft)
Complement: 5 officers + 22 crew
Armament:

The Type 214 is a class of diesel-electric submarines developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH (HDW).[1] It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells. The class combines the design principles of the Type 209 submarine family and the features of the Type 212A submarine.[1] However, as an export design, it lacks some of the classified technologies of the Type 212 such as the non-magnetic steel hull that makes it difficult to detect using a magnetic anomaly detector.[3]

Due to improvements in the pressure hull materials, the Type 214 can dive nearly 400 metres (1,300 ft).[4] It can also carry food, fresh water and fuel for 84 days of operation.

A contract to build four submarines for the Hellenic Navy was signed 15 February 2000 and a fourth unit was ordered in June 2002. The first submarine was built at HDW in Kiel, Germany and the rest at the Hellenic Shipyards Co. in Skaramangas, Greece. The Hellenic Navy named them the Papanikolis class.

The Republic of Korea Navy has ordered nine Type 214 submarines, designated as Son Won-Il class, to be built in Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries and Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering; three first batch models entered service since 2007, and six second batch models entered service from 2012.

General characteristics

  • Displacement: 1,690 t surfaced / 1,860 t submerged
  • Dimensions: length 65 m (213 feet 3 inches ) / beam 6,3 m (20 feet 8 inches) / draught 6 m (19 feet 8 inches)
  • Pressure hull: HY-100[5]
  • Armament: 8 x 533 mm torpedo tubes, 4 subharpoon-capable
  • Propulsion: low noise skew back propeller
  • Diesel engines: 2 x MTU 16V-396 (3.96 MW)
  • Charging generators: 2 x Piller Ntb56.40-10 0.97 MW
  • AIP system: 2 x HDW PEM fuel cell module BZM120 (120 kW x 2)[6]
  • Electric motor: 1 x Siemens Permasyn (2.85 MW)
  • Speed: 10 kn surfaced / 20 kn submerged
  • Speed on fuel cells: 2-6 kn estimated
  • Range surfaced: 19,300 km (12,000 miles)
  • Range submerged: 780 km @ 15 km/h (420 nmi @ 8 kn)
  • Range on fuel cells: 2,310 km @ 7 km/h (1,248 nmi @ 4 kn)
  • Mission endurance: 12 weeks
  • Submerged without snorkelling: 3 weeks
  • Operating depth: more than 250 m (820 feet) officially, 400 m estimated (1312 feet)
  • Complement: 5 officers + 22 crew
  • Navigation radar: SPHINX-D with 4 kW pulse and tactical LPI radar sensor [Thales Deutschland Kiel]

Operators

Greece

The Hellenic Navy ordered four Type 214 submarines to be known as the Papanikolis class. The first, Papanikolis, was built in Germany; the following three were scheduled for construction at HDW's Hellenic Shipyards in Greece. In December 2006, StrategyPage reported that Papanikolis was found to have numerous technical problems.[7] Among the reported problems with the submarine were excessive propeller cavitation, overheating of the air-independent propulsion system's fuel cells, and excessive rolling in bad weather when surfaced. Seapower magazine reported the Hellenic Navy refused to accept Papanikolis; additional problems noted were inadequate air-independent propulsion system output power, inappropriate periscope vibration, sonar flank array problems and seawater leakage into the ship's hydraulics.[8]

The Hellenic Navy officers in charge of the testing program at the Kiel shipyards in Germany made their case clear in a 2007 investigative journalism program called "Neoi Fakeloi" on Skai TV (Greece). Retired Rear Admiral M. Simionakis, who had been in charge of the Papanikolis program for the navy, told the interviewer that the manufacturer had made two attempts to fix a severe balance problem in the submarine, including shifting 21 tons of material from the top to the bottom, yet the vessel continued to heel as much as 46 degrees in sea trials. Photographic evidence of the severe heeling was presented. In the same TV program, the officer replacing Simionakis in Kiel, Capt. K. Tziotis, listed seven ongoing, serious problems with the vessel, including balance problems when traveling on the surface, problems with the AIP system, problems with the weapon system, problems with the periscope, and problems with flooding.

Greek submarine Papanikolis at the HDW's yard in Kiel, 2008

TKMS, the German shipbuilder of Type 214, had previously asserted that it solved all the boat's technical problems in 2006 and stated that the Greek Navy's continuing complaints about Papanikolis' technical condition are a ploy to justify a price reduction. Therefore, TKMS refused to deliver the boat to the Greek Navy until all debts were paid and Papanikolis remained in Kiel harbor.[9] Despite this position by TKMS, the Hellenic Navy officers in charge of the submarine delivery have repeatedly stated there are problems with Papanikolis. In October 2008, Papanikolis conducted a new round of trials, which showed that the excessive rolling problem had finally been fixed. The rest of the problems are considered solved. According to the Greek defence press, acceptance of the vessel was imminent.[citation needed] The second boat, Pipinos, was officially launched on 6 October 2014 and passed through Greek harbour acceptance trials in Elefsina.

On 21 September 2009, TKMS announced that the contract with the Greek Navy for all four submarines had been cancelled due to country's arrears of more than 520 million Euros. TKMS began seeking arbitration to resolve the matter.[10][11]

On 27 October 2009, the Greek Ministry of Defence confirmed that they intended to accept the three boats built in Greece.[12] The Greek Papanikolis U214 class is equipped with a hoistable radar mast which does not penetrate the pressure hull of the submarine. In the top of the radar mast the radar transmitter is installed. This transmitter is part of the SPHINX Radar System supplied by Thales Defence Deutschland GmbH in Kiel. The radar sensor is a FMCW transceiver which can't be detected by ESM systems in medium terms. This technology is so called LPI radar, which means "Low probability of intercept". The transmitting power is lower than the power of a mobile phone but the resolution more precise compared to high power Pulse radar. Thales SPHINX radar is a tactical radar, designed for submarines. Greece ordered four submarines and paid the list price of six. (2 bn euros)[13]

Portugal

NRP Tridente at Lisbon Naval Base, 2010

In 2005 Portugal awarded a contract to Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft for two Type 214 submarines, which were delivered in 2010. These two submarines, the NRP Tridente and the NRP Arpão, are the only submarines currently in active service with the Portuguese Navy replacing the Albacora-class submarines in 2010.[14][15] In 2014, the two submarines received new UGM-84G Sub-Harpoon Block II missiles.[16] From 2016 to 2018 the Tridente submarine carried out a major mid-term overhaul at Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems shipyards,[17] and the Arpão submarine, from 2018 to 2021 carried out a major mid-term overhaul at the Portuguese Arsenal do Alfeite shipyards[18][19] The Portuguese Military Programming Law signed in May 2019 aims for the modernization of the two submarines by 2030.[20][21]

South Korea

ROKS Son Won-il at Busan Naval Base, 2008

In 1995, the South Korean Navy announced plans to introduce submarines larger than type 209. Later in October 2000, the ministry of defence signed an agreement with Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft to introduce type 214 submarines, which also included the transfer of submarine building technology.[22] The South Korean Son Won-Il U214-class submarine (Hangul: 손원일급 잠수함, Hanja: 孫元一級潛水艦) is equipped with a SPHINX-D Radar System supplied by Thales Defence Deutschland GmbH. It uses an additional pulse transmitter in the top of the mast. The combination of high power pulse radar and a very low power LPI transmitter is very effective for submarines. During surface operations, the boat sails with an open pulse fingerprint for ESM systems, but within a secret mission the operator switches to LPI mode. The boat remains invisible to others. Total of 9 are planned and 8 are in active duty. South Korea ordered its first three KSS-II/ Type 214 boats in 2000, which were assembled by Hyundai Heavy Industries. The Batch 2 order will add six more submarines to the Navy, to be built by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering.

In March 2008, it was reported in the media that the first Type 214 submarine of the Republic of Korea Navy suffered from defects related to excessive noise from the screw, according to anonymous sources.[23] Later the ROKN denied the report.[24] There were no further reports of such noise problems in succeeding South Korean Type 214 submarines. The first three Type 214 submarines of South Korea were built by Hyundai Heavy Industries. In August 2008, South Korea signed another contract with HDW for six more Type 214 submarines. The Batch 2 order will add six more submarines to the Navy, to be built by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering. Hong Beom-do, a specialized guided missile submarine was launched on 5 April 2016.[25]

Future operators

Turkey

The first request by the Turkish Naval Forces was made in 2009 and considered to be delivered in 2014. However, due to delay, a new contract was signed in 2016 and first deliveries were planned 2020.[26] The Turkish Navy had commenced negotiations with HDW for six licence-built Type 214 class air-independent propulsion (AIP) submarines. According to the Undersecretary for Defence Industries of the Turkish Government, these submarines will be produced with maximum local content at Gölcük Naval Shipyard in Kocaeli, Turkey. The first submarine in the order initially put to sea in December 2022,[27] the program partially delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, with the second following in May 2023.[28]

On 2 July 2009, HDW and the Turkish Ministry of Defence entered into an agreement for the licensed production of six platforms. The agreement was the largest defence acquisition project in Turkey at the time after the firm order for 116 F-35 fighters at a cost of in excess of $10 billion. Ankara hoped that its advanced, locally produced and highly modified Type 214 submarines will enter into service by 2015.[29][30][31] Defence Minister Vecdi Gonul stated that "Turkish industrial participation in the project would be worth around 80 percent of the total value of the deal".[32]

As the Turkish Type 214 will have a significant amount of Turkish indigenous systems on board, this variant of the Type 214 will be known as the Type 214TN (Turkish Navy). HDW will preassemble classified elements such as the fuel cells and propulsion system and will then ship them to Turkey. All electronic and weapon systems (including the C4I system) will be of Turkish production.

On 1 July 2011, the 2 billion euros order for six U 214 submarine material packages placed with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems by Turkey entered into force with receipt of the advance payment. This enabled ThyssenKrupp to begin executing the order. The order was designated to contribute to securing employment at HDW in Kiel, as well as at many subcontractors in Germany and Turkey, for the next ten years. Yet, recently Turkey has received around 2 Million euros compensation from ThyssenKrupp due to delayed manufacturing of the Type214TN.[33] A possible reason for this delay is Turkey's demand for in-house developed software within the submarines. However, Germany refused Greek demands to block delivering six Type 214 submarines to Turkey, as the manufacturer Thyssen was bound by contracts signed since 2002.[34]

Indonesia

In the MEF III (Minimum Essential Force) it mentioned the Type 214 submarine from Germany alongside the Scorpène submarine from France . The Indonesian Navy is planning in procuring four to six superior Type 214[35] submarines and two Scorpene submarines.[36]

On 2 March 2021, representatives of the German shipbuilder TKMS began discussions with the Indonesian Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises regarding the procurement of up to four submarines of the Type 214 submarine.[37]

Failed bids

Pakistan

In 2008, the Pakistan Navy entered in negotiation of possibly purchasing three Type 214 to be built in KSEW through a technology transfer, and the HDW CEO Walter Freitag confirming and reportedly telling the news media in Pakistan during the IDEAS 2008 convention that: "The commercial contract has been finalised up to 95 per cent."[38]

It was reported that the first Type 214 diesel-electric submarine would be delivered to the Pakistan Navy in 64 months after signing of the contract while the rest would be completed successively in 12 months.[38][39] After wavering for over two years, Pakistan dropped out from this deal when successfully negotiating with China to develop and design Eight Type 039A submarine that features the AIP technology with a complete transfer of technology to be built in Pakistan.[40]

Vessels by nation

Country Pennant Name Laid down Launch Date Commission Date Builder
 Greece

2000 4 Boats
2010 2 Boats
Contract 		S-120 Papanikolis 27 February 2001 April 2004 2 November 2010 Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
S-121 Pipinos February 2003 October 2006 Summer of 2015 Hellenic Shipyards Co.
S-122 Matrozos February 2004 November 2007 23 June 2016 Hellenic Shipyards Co.
S-123 Katsonis 2005 2007 23 June 2016 Hellenic Shipyards Co.
 South Korea

2000 3 Boats
2008 6 Boats
Contract 		SS 072 ROKS Sohn Won-yil October 2002 9 June 2006 27 December 2007 Hyundai Heavy Industries
SS 073 ROKS Jeong Ji 2004 13 June 2007 2 December 2008 Hyundai Heavy Industries
SS 075 ROKS An Jung-geun 4 June 2008 1 December 2009 Hyundai Heavy Industries
SS 076 ROKS Kim Jwa-jin 2008 13 August 2013[41][42] 30 December 2014 Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering
SS 077 ROKS Yun Bong-gil 2009 3 July 2014[43] 21 June 2016 Hyundai Heavy Industries
SS 078 ROKS Yu Gwan-sun 2010 7 May 2015 10 July 2017[44] Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering[45]
SS 079 ROKS Hong Beom-do 2011 5 April 2016 23 January 2018 Hyundai Heavy Industries
SS 081 ROKS Lee Beom-seok 2012 8 November 2016 13 May 2019 Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering
SS 082 ROKS Shin Dol-seok 2013 7 September 2017 31 January 2020 Hyundai Heavy Industries
 Portugal
2010 2 Boats
 S 160 NRP Tridente 2005 2010 May 2010 Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
S 161 NRP Arpão 2005 2010 preliminary delivery in December 2010, final delivery on 28 April 2011[46] Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
 Turkey
2009 6 Boats
 S-330 TCG Piri Reis October 2015 22 December 2019 Gölcük Naval Shipyard
S-331 TCG Hızır Reis 2016 Gölcük Naval Shipyard
S-332 TCG Murat Reis 25 February 2018 Gölcük Naval Shipyard
S-333 TCG Aydın Reis 4 November 2018 Gölcük Naval Shipyard
S-334 TCG Seydi Ali Reis 22 December 2019 Gölcük Naval Shipyard
S-335 TCG Selman Reis 2022 Gölcük Naval Shipyard

See also

Submarines of similar comparison

  • Type 212 submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and exclusively built for the German Navy, the Italian Navy and the Royal Norwegian Navy.
  • Type 218SG submarine - A class of extensively-customised diesel-electric attack-submarines developed ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently operated by the Republic of Singapore Navy.
  • Dolphin-class submarine - A class of extensively-customised diesel-electric attack-submarines developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently operated by Israel.
  • Dakar-class submarine - A unique class of diesel-electric attack-submarines developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently being built for Israel.
  • Scorpène-class submarine - A class of export-oriented diesel-electric attack-submarines, jointly developed by Naval Group and Navantia and currently operated by the Chilean Navy, the Royal Malaysian Navy, the Indian Navy and the Brazilian Navy.
  • S-80 Plus submarine - A class of conventionally-powered attack-submarines, currently being built by Navantia for the Spanish Navy.
  • Blekinge-class submarine is a class of submarine developed by Kockums for the Swedish Navy
  • KSS-III submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack submarines, built by Hanwha Ocean and HD Hyundai Heavy Industries and operated by the Republic of Korea Navy.
  • Sōryū-class submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines, built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
  • Taigei-class submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack submarines currently being built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
  • Type 039A submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines operated by the People's Liberation Army Navy (China) and being built for the navies of the Royal Thai Navy and the Pakistan Navy.
  • Lada-class submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines being built for Russia.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "HDW Class 214 Submarine". thyssenkrupp. https://www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com/en/products-services/submarines/class-214. 
  2. ↑ "Pakistan's 214 Submarines made in Karachi with German help, World politics". Zimbio. http://www.zimbio.com/World+Politics/articles/2206/Pakistan+214+Submarines+made+Karachi+German. 
  3. ↑ "Why Germany's Type 214 Submarine Isn't Exactly a 'Stealth Submarine'". The National Interest. 11 May 2020. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-germanys-type-214-submarine-isnt-exactly-stealth-submarine-153016?amp. 
  4. ↑ "Type 212". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/type-212.htm. 
  5. ↑ Urlich Gabler: Submarine Design, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, ISBN:3-7637-6202-7, s. 151-153
  6. ↑ Dr. Albert E. Hammerschmidt(Siemens AG, Erlangen), Fuel Cell Propulsion of Submarines, http://www.sea.siemens.com/us/internet-dms/Internet/MarineComm/General/Docs/Siemens%20Presents%20Fuel%20Cell%20at%20the%20Advance%20Naval%20Propulsion%20Symposium.pdf 
  7. ↑ "Type 214 stumbles into Greece". StrategyPage.com. 11 December 2006. http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htsub/articles/20061211.aspx. 
  8. ↑ "Greece refuses delivery of first Type-214 submarine". Seapower (Navy League of the United States). December 2006. http://www.navyleague.org/sea_power/dec06-52.php. 
  9. ↑ "TKMS will not deliver the boats until all debts are paid". Segeberger Zeitung. March 2008. http://www.segeberger-zeitung.de/artikel/2330919/%84Papanikolis%93_k%E4mpft_mit_Pocken-Besatz_am_Propeller.htm.  [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  10. ↑ "ThyssenKrupp cancels Greek submarine order". Reuters. 21 September 2009. https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLL3420920090921. 
  11. ↑ "Germany Cancels Submarine Contract with Greece". Defense-update.com. http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0909/news/hdw_greece_240909.html. 
  12. ↑ "Google Übersetzer" (in de). https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicdefense.gr%2Feidiseis%2Fe2009%2Fe091027a.html. 
  13. ↑ "Πληρώσαμε τα νέα υποβρύχια 50% παραπάνω από τους Τούρκους". 13 February 2011. http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/105828/plhrosame-ta-nea-ypobryxia-50-parapano-apo-toys-toyrkoys/. 
  14. ↑ "Submarinos" (in pt-PT). http://www.marinha.pt/pt/os_meios/submarinos/Paginas/default.aspx. 
  15. ↑ Defensa.com (2014-07-29). "Submarinos Portugueses com mísseis ainda este ano - Noticias Defensa EDIÇÃO BRASIL" (in es). https://www.defensa.com/edio-brasil/submarinos-portugueses-com-misseis-ainda-este-ano. 
  16. ↑ Defensa.com (2014-07-29). "Submarinos Portugueses com mísseis ainda este ano - Noticias Defensa EDIÇÃO BRASIL" (in es). https://www.defensa.com/edio-brasil/submarinos-portugueses-com-misseis-ainda-este-ano. 
  17. ↑ "Submarino 'Tridente' da Marinha de Portugal será modernizado na Alemanha" (in pt-BR). 2017-01-24. https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/geopolitica/submarino-tridente-da-marinha-de-portugal-sera-modernizado-na-alemanha. 
  18. ↑ "Revisão intermédia de um dos submarinos de Portas vai custar 24 milhões" (in pt-PT). https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/detalhe/revisao-intermedia-de-um-dos-submarinos-de-portas-vai-custar-24-milhoes-de-euros. 
  19. ↑ Rodrigues, Pedro. "Manutenção de submarinos em Portugal: Operação de flutuação e saída da doca do Arpão" (in pt-PT). https://www.iddportugal.pt/operacao-de-flutuacao-e-saida-da-doca-do-arpao/. 
  20. ↑ "A Lei de Programação Militar: Programas,Valores e Oportunidades". 2021. https://www.iddportugal.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/A-Lei-de-Programacao-Militar-Programas-Valores-e-Oportunidades.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2019". https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/dd/Lists/PDEFINTER_DocumentoLookupList/20190617_LPM-2-2019.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "잠수함산업 발전방향에 관한 연구(2)". Korea Defense Industry Association. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230613092957/https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200441548047668.pdf. Retrieved 13 June 2023. 
  23. ↑ "Newest submarine for Navy is defective". chosun.com. 14 March 2008. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/03/15/2008031500137.html. 
  24. ↑ "알림메세지". http://navy.mil.kr/bbs/articleView.action?boardId=1010&articleId=3798&page=1&index=9. 
  25. ↑ "South Korea launches guided-missile submarine". http://www.spacewar.com/reports/South_Korea_launches_guided-missile_submarine_999.html. 
  26. ↑ Güngör Uras (29 April 2014). "Torpidoları aldık ama denizaltı yok". Milliyet. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/gungor-uras/torpidolari-aldik-ama-denizalti-yok-1889362/. 
  27. ↑ "Turkey's first Reis-class submarine starts sea trials" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/turkeys-first-reis-class-submarine-starts-sea-trials. 
  28. ↑ Ozberk, Tayfun (2023-05-25). "Turkish Navy launches the 2nd Reis-class (Type 214TN) AIP submarine" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/05/turkish-navy-launched-the-second-reis-class-type-214tn-aip-submarine/. 
  29. ↑ Turkey Inks Sub Deal With German Consortium[|permanent dead link|dead link}}], Defence News, 2 July 2009
  30. ↑ Germany, Turkey sign deal to build submarines, Today's Zaman, 3 July 2009
  31. ↑ New Type Submarine (AIP) Project , Undersecretariat for Defence Industries of the Republic of Turkey
  32. ↑ Turkey, Germany ink sub deal, Hurriyet Daily News, 3 July 2009
  33. ↑ ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (1 July 2011). "ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems – Restructuring largely complete / Strategy confirmed by Turkish submarine contract" (Press release). defense-aerospace.com. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  34. ↑ "Germany rejects Greek request to freeze submarine sale to Turkey". 29 January 2021. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/eu-affairs/germany-rejects-greek-request-to-freeze-submarine-sale-to-turkey. 
  35. ↑ "Indonesia, TKMS discuss HDW Class 209, 214 submarines for navy's requirements" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indonesia-tkms-discuss-hdw-class-209-214-submarines-for-navys-requirements. 
  36. ↑ "Indonesia plans to buy 4 Scorpene submarines and 2 Gowind corvettes". https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/january/7951-indonesia-plans-to-buy-4-scorpene-submarines-and-2-gowind-corvettes.html. 
  37. ↑ Rahmat, Ridzwan (4 March 2021). "TKMS representatives arrive in Jakarta to discuss Type 214 submarines" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/tkms-representatives-arrive-in-jakarta-to-discuss-type-214-submarines. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Global Naval Forces - News and Defence Headlines - IHS Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/news/defence/naval/jdw/jdw081202_1_n.shtml. 
  39. ↑ "Satisfied with COAS Gen. Kayani performance: PM Gilani". PakTribune. http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?208366. 
  40. ↑ Defense News, 14 March 2011, p. 1
  41. ↑ "SBS 뉴스 :: 리다이렉트 페이지". 13 August 2013. http://news.sbs.co.kr/section_news/news_read.jsp?news_id=N1001931689. 
  42. ↑ "DSME Launches 4th Type 214 1,800-ton SSK Submarine for ROK Navy". 14 August 2013. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/august-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1190-dsme-launches-4th-type-214-1800-ton-ssk-submarine-for-rok-navy.html. 
  43. ↑ "김정은 '고물' 잠수함 허세에…1800톤급 최신예 '윤봉길함' 내달 초 진수 :: 뉴스zum". http://set1.news.zumst.com/articles/14207022?cm=popular&pr=023. 
  44. ↑ "Navy Takes Delivery of 1,800-Ton Submarine". Chosun Ilbo. 11 July 2017. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/07/11/2017071101005.html. 
  45. ↑ "Kbs News". News.kbs.co.kr. 24 May 2011. http://news.kbs.co.kr/politics/2010/09/10/2158547.html. 
  46. ↑ "Defesa: Submarino "Arpão" chega sábado à Base Naval de Lisboa". Sapo notícias. 28 April 2011. https://noticias.sapo.pt/info/artigo/1148045.html#page=3. 

External links



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