Engineering:Volvo Engine Architecture

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Volvo Engine Architecture
Four-cylinder diesel VEA display engine painted white
Overview
Manufacturer

Aurobay

Proton[2]
Also called
Production2013[11]–present
Layout
ConfigurationI3,[12] I4[13]
Displacement1.5 L (1,498 cc)[12][14]
1.5 L (1,477 cc)[15]
2.0 L (1,969 cc)[16]
Cylinder bore82 mm (3.23 in)
Piston stroke70.9 mm (2.79 in)
93.2 mm (3.67 in)
Block materialAluminum[17]
Head materialAluminum[17]
ValvetrainDOHC[18]
RPM range
Idle speed825 rpm – 850 rpm
Redline
  • Petrol: 6000 rpm
  • Diesel: 5000 rpm
Combustion
SuperchargerEaton Roots-type (T6 & T8 engine architecture)
Turbocharger
  • Petrol: BorgWarner with intercooler
  • Diesel: BorgWarner Supplies R2S® Single or Twin turbo-charged (VN Turbo) with PowerPulse
Fuel system
Management
Fuel type
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled
Emissions
Emissions target standard
Emissions control technology
Chronology
Predecessor

The Volvo Engine Architecture[13] (VEA) is a family of straight-three and straight-four automobile petrol and diesel engines produced by Volvo Cars in Skövde,[30] Sweden, since 2013,[31] Zhangjiakou,[32] China since 2016[33] and Tanjung Malim, Malaysia since 2022 by Proton.[34] Volvo markets all engines under the Drive–E[35][19][36] designation,[37] while Geely groups the three-cylinder variants with its other engines under the G-power[38] name. These engines are some of the few ever put into production as twincharged engines, in the company of the Lancia Delta S4 and concept Jaguar CX-75.

History

Development of the new engine family began in 2006,[39] with the decision to only produce four-cylinder engines being finalised in 2007.[39] The intention was to produce smaller,[40] more economical and environmentally friendly[41] engines that would be fitted to every Volvo model. In 2008[17] Volvo began to upgrade its Skövde engine plant and invested roughly 2 billion SEK[42] into development and tooling for the VEA.[11]

In the autumn of 2013,[22] the first cars with the new engines were delivered to customers, starting with the S60 II and V60 models.[43] At the same time, Volvo began to phase out the five-cylinder petrol and diesel engines,[44] the six-cylinder petrol engines as well as any four-cylinder engines from other manufacturers.[42] Until the end of 2015,[45] nearly all other engines had been phased out, with only a few non VEA engines remaining in production for select models.[46] Volvo nearly completed the phaseout in 2016[47] with only two variants of the five-cylinder diesel remaining in production for the 60-series models.

In December 2014, Volvo introduced the first hybrid variant of a VEA engine with the launch of the XC90 T8. It uses an electric rear axle drive (ERAD) for both electric propulsion and AWD capabilities. Hybrid engines are equipped with a crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG) that is used to start the engine, capture otherwise lost energy when slowing down and reduce lag at low rpm by acting as an additional supercharger. Volvo refers to this type of hybrid implementation as Twin Engine.[48]

With the introduction of Volvo's new flagship sedan in 2016, the S90, the PowerPulse anti-lag system for the top of the range diesel engines was unveiled. It uses a small tank of compressed air that can instantaneously be released into the turbocharger to help with spool up, thereby reducing turbo lag.[49][50]

Volvo began testing of three-cylinder variants in mid 2014,[51] it had been planned to introduce these engines[12] in 2015. With their smaller capacity and less power they were meant to be used as base engines.[14] In 2015 no three-cylinder engines were released, instead four-cylinder variants with 1.5 L capacity were introduced as base engines on some models.[52] In the second half of 2017, the first production VEA three-cylinder engine was released with the debut of the LEVC TX, where it is used as a range extender. The first Volvo three-cylinder VEA was slated for introduction in 2018 for the XC40 under the T3 engine designation,[53] however it saw only limited release.

Due to stricter emissions laws, additional and improved emissions control equipment was introduced, beginning in the second half of 2017 for the 2018 model year. Diesel engines gained a SCR-catalyst to decrease NOx emissions, petrol engines received a particle filter. These changes are referred to as VEA GEN2. This improved the emissions rating to Euro 6c and for some engines to Euro 6d-TEMP.[54][55] The improvements were rolled out in stages and some engines, particularly the hybrid variants, remained in Euro 6 configuration until the second quarter of 2018. By model year 2019[56] all engines had been updated to achieve Euro 6d-TEMP certification, with some engines getting discontinued. All diesel engines are now equipped with Ad-Blue[nb 3] and all petrol engines with a particle filter.

Volvo has been developing a major update for all its engines since 2017. It is code-named VEA GEN3 (with VEP GEN3 and VED GEN3[57] respectively) and part of Volvo's effort to hybridize all of its engines. The MHEV variants will have a 48V network separate from the high-voltage battery system.

New B badging for hybrid vehicles.[58] Deviating from the previously introduced T<some number> (1994 with the T-5, without the dash in 1996 for X70) and D<some number> (2002 with the D5 engine, expanded in ~2009 with D4 and D3 subdivision) naming/badging scheme. The system uses kinetic energy recovery via a belt driven integrated starter generator (BISG) which is stored in a 48V 0.25 kWh lion battery. Under heavy load or rapid acceleration the BISG is used as a power adder. P0 hybridization.[59][60][61][62][63]

Nomenclature

The engine codes consist of a series of letters and digits. The actual, broadly used engine code is 7 or 8 characters long. Hybrid models can have a second engine code that is 7 characters long, mild hybrids engine codes are 6 characters long. Different, more general engine codes are used for some certification and approval documents and are 6 to 8 characters long. An additional 2 characters are used to identify each specific engine variant with an MP or HP suffix to differentiate performance.[18]

Standard engine codes:

  • 1st: Fuel type (B/D) B = Bensin (Petrol),[64] D = Diesel
  • 2nd: Number of cylinders (3/4)
  • 3rd & 4th: Approximate displacement in deciliters, may be rounded up or down (19 ~= 2.0 L)
  • 5th: Valves per cylinder (4)[64]
  • 6th: Induction method (T) T = turbocharged[65]
  • 7th & 8th: Engine variant (4/5/6/9/11/14/20/23/27/35/44)[64]

Petrol (GEP3/VEP4)

1.5

All three-cylinder 1.5 L (1,477 cc) petrol engines have a bore of 82 mm (3.2 in) and a stroke of 93.2 mm (3.7 in) with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. All engines are turbocharged and intercooled with direct injection. All engines are equipped with an electric water pump, but no balancer shafts.

B3154T

The B3154T is usually only referred to as range extender. It delivers 82 PS (60 kW; 81 hp) at 4000 rpm and 255 N⋅m (188 lb⋅ft).[66] When running it only recharges the high voltage battery, thus functioning as a range extender giving approx. 300 miles of additional range.[67] Single turbocharger.

CISG.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

  • 2017–present LEVC TX badged as LEVC TX, LEVC TX e-City[68] or with no additional badging

B3154T

The B3154T[69] (11 or 14 for standard transmission and 15 for automatic) delivers 156 PS (115 kW; 154 hp) at 5000 rpm and 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1850–3850 rpm with standard transmission or 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1850–3850 rpm with automatic. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual or automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with a six-gear gearbox made by Volvo Cars or the Toyota AW8G30 gearbox.

It was replaced by the newer engine B3154T7 which retains the same ID code of 11 but not 14; automatic was changed to B3154T2 which retains the same ID code of 15.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B3154T2

The B3154T2 (15) delivers 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp) at 5500 rpm and 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–3000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW8G30 gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B3154T3

The B3154T3 delivers 129 PS (95 kW; 127 hp) at 5000 rpm and 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1550–3000 rpm.

Emissions level euro 6dtemp.

Applications:

B3154T5

The B3154T5 (BB) delivers 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) at 5800 rpm and 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–3000 rpm. The front electric motor (EFAD) delivers 82 PS (60 kW; 81 hp) and 160 N⋅m (120 lb⋅ft) of torque. Single turbocharger.

Battery capacity is 9.7 kWh.

This engine is only available with the 7DCTH[71] gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d.

Applications:

  • 2020–present Volvo XC40 badged as XC40 T5 Twin Engine

B3154T7

The B3154T7 (11) delivers 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp) at 5500 rpm and 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1850–3000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the M76 R6.2 gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B3154T9

The B3154T9 delivers 129 PS (95 kW; 127 hp) at 5000 rpm and 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1600–3000 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

JLH-3G15TD / JLH-3G15T

The JLH-3G15TD delivers 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) at 5500 rpm and 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4000 rpm. Single turbocharger.

The JLH-3G15T delivers 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 5500 rpm and 226 N⋅m (167 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500-4000 rpm. Single turbocharger.[73][74][75]

This engine is only available with a 7-speed DCT.

No emissions standard information.

Applications: JLH-3G15TD

  • 2016–present Geely Boyue
  • 2018–present Geely Binyue
  • 2018–present Geely Borui GE
  • 2018–present Lynk & Co 01 / 领克01 badged as 01 PHEV[76]
  • 2018–present Lynk & Co 02 / 领克02 badged as 02 or 02 1.5TD
  • 2018–present Lynk & Co 03 / 领克03 badged as 03 or 03 1.5TD
  • 2020–present Geely Icon
  • 2020–present Proton X50
  • 2020–present Proton X70
  • 2023–present Proton X90

Applications: JLH-3G15T

JLH-3G15TDC

The JLH-3G15TDC delivers 156 PS (115 kW; 154 hp) at 5000 rpm and 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1450–4000 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level China V.

Applications:

  • 2018–present Lynk & Co 02 / 领克02 badged as 02 or 02 1.5TD

B4154T2

The B4154T2[77] (32) delivers 152 PS (112 kW; 150 hp) at 5000 rpm and 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1800–4000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with an automatic gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4154T3

The B4154T3 (33) delivers 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) at 5000 rpm and 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1800–3500 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4154T4

The B4154T4 (29) delivers 152 PS (112 kW; 150 hp)[78] at 5000 rpm and 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1700–4000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

B4154T5

The B4154T5 (28) delivers 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) at 5000 rpm and 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1600–3500 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6b, upgraded to Euro 6d-TEMP with model year 2018.

Applications:

B4154T6

The B4154T6 delivers 152 PS (112 kW; 150 hp) at 5000 rpm and 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1600–3500 rpm. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

2.0

All 2.0 L (1,969 cc) petrol engines have a bore of 82 mm (3.2 in) and a stroke of 93.2 mm (3.7 in) with a compression ratio of 10.3:1.[84] All engines are turbocharged and intercooled with direct injection. More powerful versions are equipped with a roots type supercharger in addition to being turbocharged and intercooled. All engines come with an electric water pump and balancer shafts.

B4204T5

The B4204T5 delivers 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) at 5800 rpm and 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–3000 rpm. The front electric motor (EFAD) delivers 82 PS (60 kW; 81 hp) at 4000 rpm and 160 N⋅m (120 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3500 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Battery capacity is 10.7 kWh.

This engine is only available with the 7DCT gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2020–present Volvo XC40 badged as XC40 Twin Engine or XC40 T5 Twin Engine

JLH-4G20TD

The JLH-4G20TD delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 4700 rpm and 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1400–4000 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level China VI.

Applications:

  • 2018–present Lynk & Co 02 / 领克02 badged as 02 or 02 2.0T or 02 AWD

JLH-4G20TDB

The JLH-4G20TDB delivers 238 PS (175 kW; 235 hp) and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque.[85]

Emissions level China VIB.

Applications:

JLH-4G20TDC

The JLH-4G20TDC delivers 254 PS (187 kW; 251 hp) and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1800–4800 rpm.

JLH-4G20TDH

The JLH-4G20TDH delivers 265 PS (195 kW; 261 hp) and 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2000–4000 rpm.[87]

B4204T9

The B4204T9[88] (49) delivers 302 PS (222 kW; 298 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2100–4500 rpm.[89] For 2016 minor changes increased power output to 306 PS (225 kW; 302 hp) at 5700 rpm.[90] Turbocharger and supercharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, beginning with model year 2018 emissions level Euro 6b.[91]

Applications:

B4204T10

The B4204T10[64] (27) delivers 302 PS (222 kW; 298 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2100–4500 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

B4204T11

The B4204T11[96] (40) delivers 245 PS (180 kW; 242 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4800 rpm.[97] The compression ratio was changed to 10.8:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

A specially designed ULEV2 emissions variant of this engine exists.[98]

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T12

The B4204T12[96] (26) delivers 240 PS (177 kW; 237 hp) at 5600 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4500 rpm. Single turbocharger.

This engine is a PZEV[18] emissions variant and features additional emissions reducing equipment.[112][113][114]

Applications:

B4204T14

The B4204T14 (13) delivers 247 PS (182 kW; 244 hp) at 5500 rpm[117] and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1800–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 10.8:1. Single turbocharger.

The engine is equipped with a particle filter. Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T15

The B4204T15[118] delivers 220 PS (162 kW; 217 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4000 rpm. The compression ration was changed to 10.8:1.[119] Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T17

The B4204T17 (36) delivers 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) at 5000 rpm and 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1200–3500 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the M76 R6.2 gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T18

The B4204T18 (16) delivers 252 PS (185 kW; 249 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4800 rpm.[124] Single turbocharger.
Nominal rated power is 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) at 5500 rpm.

Gearbox only TG-80SC AWD

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2018–present Volvo XC40 badged as XC40 T5 AWD[124]
  • 2021–present Lynk & Co 09 Mild hybrid 2.0T+8AT 48V mechanical four-wheel drive
  • 2021–present Lynk & Co 09 Hybrid 2.0T HEV light hybrid electric four-wheel drive

B4204T19

The B4204T19 (41) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp)[125] at 4700 rpm and 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1350–4000 rpm.[97] The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine is available with the M66H, M76, AW TF81-SC and AW TF-71SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, beginning with model year 2018 emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

B4204T20

The B4204T20 (8) delivers 249 PS (183 kW; 246 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4500 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6, for the XC60 II emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

B4204T21

The B4204T21 (57) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 5000 rpm and 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4000 rpm.[131] Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T23

The B4204T23 (10) delivers 254 PS (187 kW; 251 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4800 rpm. Single turbocharger.

In Europe emissions level Euro 6, for the XC60 II emissions level Euro 6b.
In China emissions level China VI.

Applications:

  • 2019–present Lynk & Co 03 / 领克03 badged as 03+[138][139]

B4204T26

The B4204T26 (25) delivers 250 PS (184 kW; 247 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1800–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.8:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, during model year 2018 upgraded to emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T27

The B4204T27[141] (A2) delivers 320 PS (235 kW; 316 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.

Emissions level Euro 6, upgraded to Euro 6b for model year 2017, beginning with model year 2018 emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T28

The B4204T28[142][143][144] (BC), later B4204T28 (B1FPHEV) (BR), delivers 318 PS (234 kW; 314 hp)[145] at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

Battery capacity was 9.2 kWh for model years 2016 and 2017. It was increased to 10.4 kWh[146] beginning with model year 2018.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6b, from model year 2018 emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2018–present Volvo XC60 II badged as XC60 T8, XC60 T8 AWD, XC60 Twin Engine[147] or XC60 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD
  • 2018–present Volvo S90 II badged as S90 T8, S90 T8 AWD, S90 Twin Engine[146] or S90 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD
  • 2019–present Volvo V90 II badged as V90 T8, V90 T8 AWD, V90 Twin Engine or V90 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD
  • 2016–present Volvo XC90 II badged as XC90 T8, XC90 T8 AWD, XC90 Twin Engine or XC90 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD

B4204T29

The B4204T29[148][149][150] (A3) delivers 310 PS (228 kW; 306 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.

In the S60 III and V60 II, and for all other models from and including model year 2020, it delivers 310 PS (228 kW; 306 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–5100 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, from model year 2019 on emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T30

The B4204T30[151] delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 4700 rpm and 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1400–4000 rpm.[152] Single turbocharger.

This engine is available with a 7-speed DCT.

Emissions level China VI.

Applications:

  • 2017–present Lynk & Co 01 / 领克01[153] badged as 01 AWD[154]
  • 2018–present Lynk & Co 02 / 领克02 badged as 02, 02 2.0T[155] or 02 AWD.[156]

B4204T31

The B4204T31 (AK) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 5000 rpm and 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1600–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.8:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, beginning with model year 2018 emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T32

The B4204T32[158] delivers 238 PS (175 kW; 235 hp) at 5700 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4500 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 68 PS (50 kW; 67 hp) and 200 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) of torque.[159] Turbocharger and supercharger.

Battery capacity is 11.2 kWh.[160]

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level China V.[161]

Applications:

B4204T33

The B4204T33 (35) delivers 152 PS (112 kW; 150 hp) at 5000 rpm and 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1300–4000 rpm.[164] Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the M76 manual transmission.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T34

The B4204T34[166] (BM)[167] delivers 320 PS (235 kW; 316 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

In the newly released S60 III and V60 II,[168] and for all other models from and including model year 2020, it delivers 303 PS (223 kW; 299 hp) at 6000 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–4800 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

Battery capacity was 10.4 kWh for model years 2018 and 2019. It was increased to 11.6 kWh[169] for model year 2020.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SD gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2019–present Volvo S60 III badged as S60 T8 Twin Engine
  • 2019–present Volvo V60 II badged as V60 T8 Twin Engine, V60 T8 Twin Engine AWD or V60 T8 Twin Engine eAWD[168]
  • 2018–present Volvo XC60 II badged as XC60 T8, XC60 T8 TWIN ENGINE eAWD or XC60 T8 AWD RECHARGE
  • 2018–present Volvo S90 II badged as S90L T8, S90 Excellence or S90L Excellence[170]
  • 2018–present Volvo XC90 II badged as XC90 T8 or XC90 T8 TWIN ENGINE[169]

B4204T35

The B4204T35[141][142] (B1APHEV)[171] (BA) delivers 320 PS (235 kW; 316 hp) at 5700 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

In Europe emissions level Euro 6, upgraded to emissions level Euro 6b, from model year 2018 on Euro 6d-TEMP.
In China emissions level China V,[172] upgraded to China VI.[173]

Applications:

  • 2020–present Volvo V60 II badged as V60 T8, T8 AWD, T8 Twin Engine AWD, T8 Polestar Engineered
  • 2018–present Volvo XC60 II badged as XC60 T8, XC60 T8 AWD,[132] XC60 Twin Engine[147] or XC60 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD
  • 2018–present Volvo S90 II badged as S90 T8, S90 T8 AWD, S90 Twin Engine or S90 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD or S90 RECHARGE T8
  • 2018–present Volvo V90 II badged as V90 T8, V90 T8 AWD, V90 Twin Engine or V90 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD
  • 2016–present Volvo XC90 II badged as XC90 T8, XC90 T8 AWD, XC90 Twin Engine[174] or XC90 T8 TWIN ENGINE AWD
  • 2021–present Lynk & Co 09 PHEV 2.0T+8AT PHEV electric four-wheel drive

B4204T36

The B4204T36 (3) delivers 249 PS (183 kW; 246 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1800–4500 rpm.[124] Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

B4204T37

The B4204T37[175] (37) delivers 152 PS (112 kW; 150 hp) at 5000 rpm and 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1300–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the M66H gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T38

The B4204T38[175] (21) delivers 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) at 5000 rpm and 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual gearbox. Single turbocharger.

This engine was only available with the M66H gearbox until model year 2017, afterwards it was only available with the M76 gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T41

The B4204T41[175] delivers 245 PS (180 kW; 242 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 8.6:1. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T43

The B4204T43[127] (A0) delivers 367 PS (270 kW; 362 hp) at 6000 rpm and 470 N⋅m (350 lb⋅ft) of torque between 3100–5100 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 8.6:1.[179] Turbocharger and supercharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T44

The B4204T44 (AL) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 5000 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1400–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 10.8:1.[182] Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

B4204T45

The B4204T45 (??) delivers 253 PS (186 kW; 250 hp) at 5500 rpm and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1700–5000 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

This engine is only available with an automatic gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2020–present Volvo S60 III badged as S60 T6, S60 T6 AWD or S60 T6 Twin Engine
  • 2019–present Volvo V60 II badged as V60 T8, V60 T8 AWD or V60 T8 Twin Engine

B4204T46

The B4204T46[168] (BF) delivers 253 PS (186 kW; 250 hp) at 5500 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1700–5000 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

Battery capacity was 10.4 kWh for model year 2019. It was increased to 11.6 kWh for model year 2020.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SD gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2020–present Volvo S60 II badged as S60 T6 AWD
  • 2019–present Volvo V60 II badged as V60 T6 Twin Engine, V60 T6 Twin Engine AWD or V60 T6 Twin Engine eAWD
  • 2021–present Volvo XC60 II badged as XC60 Recharge T6 or V60 T6 AWD Recharge

B4204T47

The B4204T47[69] (AC) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 4700 rpm and 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1400–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2019–present Volvo XC40 badged as XC40 T4 or XC40 T4 AWD

B4204T48

The B4204T48 in a Polestar 1

The B4204T48 (BT) delivers 318 PS (234 kW; 314 hp) at 5800–6100 rpm and 430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4500 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.

Battery capacity is 11.6 kWh.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SD gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

  • 2020–present Volvo S60 III badged as S60 Polestar Engineered or S60 T8 Twin Engine Polestar Engineered
  • 2020–present Volvo V60 II badged as V60 Polestar Engineered or V60 T8 Twin Engine Polestar Engineered
  • 2020–present Volvo XC60 II badged as XC60 Polestar Engineered or XC60 T8 Twin Engine Polestar Engineered
  • 2019–present Polestar 1 badged as Polestar 1

Diesel (VED4)

2.0

All 2.0 L (1,969 cc) diesel engines have a bore of 82 mm (3.2 in) and a stroke of 93.2 mm (3.7 in) with a compression ratio of 15.8:1.[84] All engines are turbocharged and intercooled, certain variants are twin turbocharged. Some variants additionally are equipped with Variable Nozzle Turbine (VNT)[184] turbochargers.[40] In order to achieve injection pressures of up to 2500 bar all engines are equipped with a belt driven fuel pump.[185] High power variants are equipped with balancer shafts and all variants have a mechanical water pump.[186]

D420T2 / D4204T2

The D420T2 / D4204T2[169] (K2) delivers 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp) at 4000 rpm and 480 N⋅m (350 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2250 rpm. The BISG delivers 14 PS (10 kW; 14 hp) at 3000 rpm and 50 N⋅m (37 lb⋅ft) of torque between 0–2300 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

This engine is only available with the AWF8G55 gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D420T8 / D4204T8

The D420T8 / D4204T8 (K5) delivers 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp) at 4000 rpm and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2750 rpm. The BISG delivers 14 PS (10 kW; 14 hp) at 3000 rpm and 50 N⋅m (37 lb⋅ft) of torque between 0–2300 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

This engine is only available with the AWF8G55 gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6d-Temp.

Applications:

D4204T4

The D4204T4[190] (AR) originally delivered 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 4250 rpm, and 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–2500 rpm. Upgraded to 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp) at 4250 rpm, and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–2500 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

Emissions level Euro 6, later upgraded to emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T5

The D4204T5[192] (73) delivers 181 PS (133 kW; 179 hp) at 4250 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2500 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

This engine is available with the M66, AW TF-71SC and AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

D4204T6

The D4204T6 (A7) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 4250 rpm and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–2500 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6.

Applications:

D4204T8

The D4204T8 (74) delivers 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 3750 rpm and 280 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–2250 rpm.[194] The compression ratio was changed to 16.0:1. Single turbocharger.

This engine was available with the M66 gearbox until model year 2017, afterwards it was available with the M76 gearbox. All model years are available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, upgraded to Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T9

The D4204T9[197] (79) delivers 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 3750 rpm and 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–3000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 16.0:1. Single turbocharger with VNT.[109][nb 7]

This engine was available with the M66F gearbox until model year 2017, afterwards it was available with the M76 gearbox. All model years are available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6, upgraded to Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T11

The D4204T11[84] (A4) delivers 225 PS (165 kW; 222 hp) at 4250 rpm and 470 N⋅m (350 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2500 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.[200]

Emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

D4204T12

The D4204T12 (A6) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 4000 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2500 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

The engine is equipped with a SCR system that has a 14.5 L AdBlue tank.[202]

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T13

The D4204T13 (70) delivers 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 3750 rpm and 280 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–2250 rpm. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T14

The D4204T14[141] (A8) delivers 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp) at 4250 rpm and 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2500 rpm. Twin turbochargers.

This engine is available with the M66F and AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Emissions level Euro 6 for CC models,[204] non CC models Euro 6b[200] for model years 2016 to 2018 and for the XC60 II, V60 II emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T16

The D4204T16 (72) delivers 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 3750 rpm and 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–3000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 16.0:1. Single turbocharger.[202]

This engine is available with the M76 R7.0, M66F and AW TG-81SC gearbox.

The engine is equipped with a SCR system that has a 11.5 L AdBlue tank for SPA models or 14.5 L AdBlue tank for CMA models.[202]

Emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

D4204T20

The D4204T20[208] (78) delivers 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 3750 rpm and 280 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1500–2250 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.

Emissions level Euro 6b.

Applications:

D4204T23

The D4204T23[141][211] (65) delivers 235 PS (173 kW; 232 hp) at 4000 rpm and 480 N⋅m (350 lb⋅ft) of torque between 1750–2250 rpm. Twin turbochargers, one with VNT. Equipped with PowerPulse.

This engine is only available with the AW TG-81SC gearbox.

Starting with model year 2018 the engine is equipped with a SCR system that has a 11.5 L AdBlue tank.[211]

Emissions level Euro 6, for model year 2018 upgraded to emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.

Applications:

Notes

  1. ↑
    • Volvo Personvagnar AB Komponentvägen 2
    • [Volvo Cars AB component factory 2]
    • and
    • Zhangjiakou Volvo Engine Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
  2. ↑ Zhejiang Geely Luoyou Engine Co., Ltd.
  3. ↑ DEF
  4. ↑ Chinese for 'Long Wheelbase'
  5. ↑ Referred to as S90 China Version T5 by Volvo or informally as S90L T5
  6. ↑ Referred to as S90 China Version T4 by Volvo or informally as S90L T4
  7. ↑ listed as VTG in the brochure

References

  1. ↑ "Geely annual report 2017" (in en, zh). Geely Automobile Holdings Ltd.. 2017. p. 13. http://www.geelyauto.com.hk/core/files/financial/en/2017-02.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Proton launches 1.5L TGDi engine plant in Tg Malim – 180k capacity; first outside of China; 47% automation" (in en). Paul Tan’s Automotive News. 5 July 2022. https://paultan.org/2022/07/05/proton-unveils-1-5l-tgdi-engine-assembly-line-in-tanjung-malim/. 
  3. ↑ Peter Granqvist (5 October 2017). "High efficient SI-engine with ultra high injection pressure [Research @ Chalmers University"] (in en). DENSO EUROPE. p. 14. https://www.energimyndigheten.se/contentassets/8e9d250e9d534d848e37d637a99d2073/session-8/5-hogeffektiv-otto-motor-med-hogtrycksinsprutning.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Dürr Ecoclean received Award of Excellence from Volvo Car China" (in en). January 2016. http://www.olpidurr.it/fileadmin/user_upload/cfs/CSP_LIBRARY/05-News_Events/Documents/1601_CSP_PR_Volvo_Award_EN.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Tommie Heikkinen; John Tagesson Ritz (2015). Utredning och automatisering av verifieringsprocesser [Investigation and automation of verification processes] (PDF). publications.lib.chalmers.se (Examensarbete (Elektroingenjör)) (in svenska and English). Handledare: Manne Stenberg; Examinator: Bertil Thomas. Gothenburg, Sweden: CHALMERS TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLA. pp. 22–23. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  6. ↑ Tankai Zhang (10 October 2017). "Butanol as an alternative fuel for Diesel engines" (in en). Chalmers University. p. 6. http://www.energimyndigheten.se/contentassets/8e9d250e9d534d848e37d637a99d2073/session-8/4-butanol-som-bransle-for-dieselmotorer.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Matt Burt (5 January 2015). "Volvo V40 Cross Country Drive-E three-cylinder prototype review" (in en). AutoCar. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/volvo/v40/first-drives/volvo-v40-cross-country-drive-e-three-cylinder-prototype-review. 
  8. ↑ Template:Cite tech report
  9. ↑ Eddie Pröckl (1 February 2017). "Sveriges nya biljätte pluggar in" (in sv). https://www.nyteknik.se/fordon/sveriges-nya-biljatte-pluggar-in-6821723. 
  10. ↑ "Building a new production line - Problems, pitfalls and how to gain social sustainability" (in en). University of Skövde. Spring 2015. pp. 38, 39, 55, 64. http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:846778/FULLTEXT01.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Volvo Car Group starts production of a new engine family". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gary Witzenburg (26 October 2015). "Efficient Drive-E engines transforming Volvo" (in en). Informa USA Inc.. https://www.wardsauto.com/miscellaneous/efficient-drive-e-engines-transforming-volvo. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Volvo Car Group invests in Sweden for next-generation vehicle architecture and engines". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 3 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Av Erik Söderholm (28 April 2015). "Volvonyheterna inför 2016: Nya VEA-motorer och snålare dieselfemmor" (in sv). http://www.automotorsport.se/artiklar/nyheter/20150428/volvonyheterna-infor-2016-nya-vea-motorer-och-snalare-dieselfemmor. 
  15. ↑ "Geely New 1.4T Engine Awarded "China Heart"". global.geely.com (Press release). Zhejiang Geely Holding Group. 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-06-07.
  16. ↑ Tom Murphy (7 January 2015). "2015 Winner: Volvo 2.0L turbocharged DOHC 4-Cyl." (in en). Informa USA Inc.. https://www.wardsauto.com/2015/2015-winner-volvo-20l-turbocharged-dohc-4-cyl. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Volvo Car Corporation (23 January 2014). "Volvo Cars' new Drive-E powertrains - efficient driving pleasure with world-first technologies". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car UK ltd. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Fredrik Holst; Manne Solbreck (2014). Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Atkinson Cycle on a 2.0 liter 4-cylinder Turbocharged SI-engine (PDF). publications.lib.chalmers.se (Master (Automotive Engineering)). Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology. pp. 13, 66. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-02. open access
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Volvo Denso technical collaboration" (in en). Denso Europe. 2015. http://denso-europe.com/volvo-denso-technical-collaboration/. 
  20. ↑ Stuart Birch (26 August 2013). "Volvo debuts new i-ART diesel technology at 2013 IAA" (in en). http://articles.sae.org/12418/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Volvo Car Corporation's technological future: New vehicle architecture and focus on four-cylinder engines". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Diesel and gasoline catalyst architecture" (in en). November 2013. http://www.mk-metallfolien.de/fileadmin/user_upload/diesel_and_gasoline_cakalyst_achitecture.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Template:Cite tech report
  24. ↑ Mats Laurell; Johan Sjörs (2013). "The innovative exhaust gas aftertreatment system for the new Volvo 4 Cylinder Engines; a unit catalyst system for gasoline and diesel cars" (in en). http://www.emitec.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Bibliothek/Vortraege/2013/131010_Compact_cat_Aachen.pdf. 
  25. ↑ California Air Resources Board (5 September 2017). "CARB Executive Order: A-018-0211" (in en). ARB. pp. 1–4. https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroad/cert/pcldtmdv/2018/volvo_pc_a0180211_2d0_s3-30_tz_phev.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "Early adoption of China VI vehicle fuel standards in Jing-Jin-Ji and surrounding areas" (in en). ICCT. April 2018. https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China_6_fuel_Policy_Update_20180410.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Pavan Potluri (17 June 2015). "European Engine Outlook – Potential of the Gasoline Engine" (in en). IHS AUTOMOTIVE. pp. 19–20. https://www.ihs.com/pdf/IHS-European-Engine-Outlook-Potential-of-the-Gasoline-Engine_227832110913052332.pdf. 
  28. ↑ Marc Noordeloos (16 September 2016). "Volvo and its Performance Future" (in en). http://www.automobilemag.com/news/volvo-performance-future/. 
  29. ↑ Frank Volk (20 June 2016). "Volvo: Keine neue Diesel-Baureihe" (in de). https://www.automobil-produktion.de/hersteller/wirtschaft/volvo-keine-neue-diesel-baureihe-120.html. 
  30. ↑ Volvo Car Group starts production of a new engine family. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10 – via YouTube.
  31. ↑ "Volvo's all-new VEA four-cylinder turbo engines enter production" (in en). Carscoop. 13 May 2013. http://www.carscoops.com/2013/05/volvo-all-new-vea-four-cylinder-turbo.html. 
  32. ↑ "Zertifikat ISO 9001:2015" (in de). TÜV Rheinland. 15 August 2017. p. 4. https://www.formeld.com/media/de/redaktion/pdf/zertifikat/iso_9001_2015.pdf. 
  33. ↑ "全球芯中国造" 沃尔沃汽车张家口发动机工厂全线投产" (in zh). Volvo Cars China. 26 April 2016. https://www.volvocars.com/zh-cn/about/our-company/brand-news/global-core. 
  34. ↑ "Proton Unveils New Hi-Tech Engine Assembly Line in Tanjung Malim" (in en). 5 July 2022. https://www.proton.com/en/press-release/2022/july/new-hi-tech-engine-assembly-line-in-tanjung-malim. 
  35. ↑ U.S. Trademark 86,113,644
  36. ↑ "Drive-E engines" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/download/173904. 
  37. ↑ Erik Wedberg (16 August 2013). "Volvo presenterar nya motorer – Drive-E" (in sv). http://teknikensvarld.se/volvo-presenterar-nya-motorer-drive-e-118055/. 
  38. ↑ "g-power" (in en, zh). Geely. http://global.geely.com/intec/g-power/. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Eddie Pröckl (11 September 2013). "Volvos ödesmotor" (in sv). http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/bilar/article3759843.ece. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 medels (28 April 2014). "VEA - Drive-E engine architecture" (in en). http://forums.swedespeed.com/showthread.php?210144-VEA-Drive-E-engine-architecture. 
  41. ↑ Mihnea Radu (13 May 2013). "Volvo starts production of new VEA engine family" (in en). http://autoevolution.com/volvo-starts-production-of-new-vea-engine-family-59314.html. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Volvo Presse (2013-05-04). "Volvo startet die Produktion der neuen, selbst entwickelten VEA-Motoren" (in de). http://www.autoeder.de/traunstein/Volvo/aktuelles.php?navigation_id=212&rubrik=aktuelles&aktuelles_detail_id=519. 
  43. ↑ Pär Brandt (16 August 2013). "Volvos nya Drive-E motorer – starka och snåla" (in sv). Auto Motor Sport. http://www.mestmotor.se/automotorsport/artiklar/nyheter/20130816/volvos-nya-drive-e-motorer-starka-och-snala. 
  44. ↑ Glenn Brooks (9 May 2014). "Vehicle Analysis: MY2015 Volvo S60 D4 diesel" (in en). http://www.just-auto.com/analysis/my2015-volvo-s60-d4-diesel_id145886.aspx. 
  45. ↑ "Liste aller Vorträge" (in en). October 2015. https://www.aachener-kolloquium.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Liste-aller-Vortr%C3%A4ge.pdf. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Leicht nervöser Lifestyle-Laster: Test: Volvo V60 D4" (in de). Die Welt. 4 May 2014. https://www.welt.de/motor/news/article127598688/Test-Volvo-V60-D4.html. 
  47. ↑ "Drive-E Petrol Combustion System Design" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2 July 2015. pp. 76–87. https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/bitstream/11303/4754/1/sens_baar_conference_on_engine_processes.pdf. 
  48. ↑ "Volvo Cars introduces Twin Engine technology in world's most powerful and cleanest SUV". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07.
  49. ↑ "Technologia Power Pulse w nowym Volvo S90" (in en, pl). Volvo Car Poland. 2 December 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpQu3uRy1jg. 
  50. ↑ "Borgwarner's turbocharging technology boosts all of Volvo's new four-cylinder gesoline engines" (in en). 24 March 2015. https://www.borgwarner.com/en/news-media/press-releases/2016/08/19/borgwarner-s-turbocharging-technology-boosts-all-of-volvo-s-new-four-cylinder-gasoline-engines. 
  51. ↑ "Volvo Car Group already testing its new three-cylinder engine". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-07-19.
  52. ↑ Joel Miller (3 January 2017). "Drive-E: The Future Of Volvo" (in en). http://newfieldpress.org/5941/feature/drive-e-the-future-of-volvo/. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Volvo Car Corporation (October 2017). "Volvo XC40 - Prisjlijst Modeljaar 2019" (in nl). Volvo Cars NL. pp. 14–15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/8fa2126a-20180423-De_nieuwe_Volvo_XC40.pdf. "File Date: 23 April 2018" 
  54. ↑ Stefan Grundhoff (20 March 2017). "Neue Abgasnorm Euro 6c ab Herbst 2017: Größere Luftverpester als gedacht: Jetzt bekommen auch Benziner einen Partikelfilter" (in de). Focus. http://www.focus.de/auto/ratgeber/unterwegs/partikelfilter-fuer-benzinmotoren-neue-abgasnorm-euro-6c-ab-herbst-2017_id_6807404.html. 
  55. ↑ Herr Huth (31 August 2017). "Ausrüstung mit Partikelfilter für alle Volvo Benziner ab Ende 2017; hier: offizielle Antwort Volvo" (in de). https://www.motor-talk.de/forum/ausruestung-mit-partikelfilter-fuer-alle-volvo-benziner-ab-ende-2017-hier-offizielle-antwort-volvo-t6129880.html. 
  56. ↑ "Die schwedische Business-Class. Leistungen für Ihren Fuhrpark" (in de). Volvo Car Germany Gmbh. April 2018. p. 3. https://www.auto-nova.de/download/?fleetfolder_201805.pdf. "Mit dem Modelljahr 2019 (Produktion ab Mai 2018) werden bei Volvo sämtliche Motoren modellübergreifend auf die neue Abgasnorm Euro 6d-TEMP umgestellt. [With model year 2019 (production starts from May 2018) Volvo has switched all engines across the entire model range to the new emissions standard Euro 6d-TEMP]" 
  57. ↑ Eric Lansing (2017). "Verification of Polymeric Material Change in the Air Intake System" (in en). Stockholm, Sweden. p. 82. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1136403/FULLTEXT01.pdf. 
  58. ↑ "Volvo Cars takes major step towards its electrified future with a range of new hybrid powertrains". www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-03-16.
  59. ↑ "Engine Integration with 48V P2 Hybrid Vehicle for Fuel Economy" (in en). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: GTISOFT. 8 October 2018. pp. 2, 5, 15–16. https://www.gtisoft.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Engine-Integration-with-48V-P2-Hybrid-Vehicle-for-Fuel-Economy-Volvo-Car-Group.pdf. 
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  67. ↑ "The new metrocab Levc Electric black cab Tx taxi review road test" (in en). Crimitri Productions. 8 September 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsEHdTgXIzU. 
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  75. ↑ Wong, Alexander (30 September 2020). "Proton X50: 3-cylinder 1.5L T and TGDi engine specs revealed, 0-100km/h under 8 seconds". https://soyacincau.com/2020/09/30/proton-x50-3-cylinder-1-5-litre-engine-details-specs/. 
  76. ↑ "领克01 PHEV door jamb sticker" (in zh, en) (JPG). 19 September 2018. http://product.auto.163.com/picture/photoview/L5DS0008/200317/DS2J7KMTL5DS0008NOS.html. 
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  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "Volvo V40 model year 2017 technical specifications" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. September 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/download/179637. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Volvo S60 model year 2017 technical specifications" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. September 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/download/180507. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 "发动机规格" (in zh). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://support.volvocars.com/cn/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=l421&my=2018&sw=17w17&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc&article=c48f21dbf78fa679c0a801e800b1d372. 
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  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "2016 Volvo V60 owner's Manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. pp. 425–428. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/5d4e33a67871d7ef1cb73026a740d38dd8c28648/V60_OwnersManual_MY16_en-GB_TP20218.pdf. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 "XC90 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/all-new-xc90/2016/specifications. 
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  87. ↑ "Lynk & Co 05+ Packs A 265 HP 2.0 Turbo And Lots Of Extra Bodywork" (in en). https://carnewschina.com/2021/08/05/lynk-co-05-packs-a-265-hp-2-0-turbo-and-lots-of-extra-bodywork/. 
  88. ↑ "XC60 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. http://www.volvocars.com/military/cars/new-models/xc60/specifications?variantId=634ff0ed-ae1d-4527-ba2f-2cc67d06381a. 
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  90. ↑ "Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://support.volvocars.com/de/cars/pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y352&my=2018&sw=17w17&article=c48f21dbf78fa679c0a801e800b1d372&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc. 
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  94. ↑ Antuan Goodwin (16 May 2014). "2015 Volvo S60 T6 Drive-E review: Supercharge? Turbocharge? Volvo does both" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/auto/2015-volvo-s60/review/. 
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  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "Models - 2016 V70 - Technical Data" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/v70/2016/specifications. 
  98. ↑ "Updated: Volvo MY 2016 VIN decoder - USA/Canada" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Cars of North America. 28 April 2016. https://vpic.nhtsa.dot.gov/mid/home/displayfile/32205. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 "Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. http://support.volvocars.com/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y555&my=2015&sw=14w20&article=eac0ec7dc54cae0ac0a801e8009f70e4&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc. 
  100. ↑ "2015 Volvo V40 Cross Country Betriebsanleitung" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2014. p. 422. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/25184c551567275469c494ed26a2a31a9ed328fb/V40XC_owners_manual_MY15_de-DE_tp18382.pdf. 
  101. ↑ "S60 Inscription - Owners manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://volvornt.harte-hanks.com/manuals/2018/S60L_OwnersManual_MY18_en-US_TP23394.pdf. 
  102. ↑ "New Volvo V60 and V70 Bi-Fuel" (in en). 2015. http://www.westport.com/products/automotive/westport-sweden/volvo-v60+v70-bi-fuel-en/westport-volvo-v60+v70-bi-fuel-cars-en.pdf. 
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  105. ↑ "Volvo XC60 model year 2017 technical specifications" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. September 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/download/179386. 
  106. ↑ "Volvo S80 - model year 2016" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/s80/2016/specifications. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Volvo S80 Preisliste" (in de-at). Volvo Car Austria Gmbh. 1 April 2015. p. 22. http://downloads.volvocars-aktionen.at/pricelist/Volvo_S80.pdf. 
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  112. ↑ Lars Greger; Martin Bergqvist; Ingemar Gottberg; Göran Wirmark; Ronald Heck; Jeff Hoke; Dennis Anderson; Wayne Rudy et al. (19 October 1998) (in en). PremAir Catalyst System. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10.4271/982728. http://papers.sae.org/982728/. 
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  114. ↑ "Chemical/Plastics Companies" (in en). http://www.miller-cole.com/Chemical-Companies.html. 
  115. ↑ "2016 Volvo S60 owner's manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. p. 370. http://volvornt.harte-hanks.com/manuals/2016/2016-Volvo-S60-Owners-Manual-v1.pdf. 
  116. ↑ "Engine specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. http://support.volvocars.com:80/en-CA/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y413&my=2015&sw=14w46&article=c9985b0db98fd440c0a801e801f83b64&category=e0858f0daab0193ac0a801e801aa008d. 
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  118. ↑ "Vida Release News 2013D" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2013. http://workshopsupportguide.volvocars.biz/media/16627/vida-release-news-2013d_41en35_ir.pdf. 
  119. ↑ "S60 owners manual MY17" (in zh). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/8f0c2d18aecec6064e3fd8b3fb3773e175329b6d/S60_OwnersManual_MY17_zh-CN_TP20942.pdf. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 "Volvo V40 Cross Crountry Betriebsanleitung MY18" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. pp. 407–409. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/f345eb21b08fae1c76a59fc717d91d3dfc96d26a/V40XC_OwnersManual_MY18_de-DE_TP23319.pdf. 
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  128. ↑ "XC60 Betriebsanleitung (Modelljahr 2018)" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. p. 626. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/3568849982a997a5d0e89f7381d391a2b2d7f0e5/XC60_OwnersManual_MY18_de-DE_TP23039.pdf. 
  129. ↑ "Volvo S90 Betriebsanleitung MY17 - Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. p. 589. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/fb869c78e10057997ea8e4af4352d7b4f3eca46a/S90_OwnersManual_MY17_de-DE_TP21111.pdf. 
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  131. ↑ "VCC-426002-9" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. http://accessories.volvocars.com/en-gb/V40%20Cross%20Country/InstallationInstruction/Document/VCC-426002-9/2016. 
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  149. ↑ "Electric engine heater (Vehicles without fuel operated auxiliary heater)" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://accessories.volvocars.com/en-se/S90(17-)/InstallationInstruction/Document/VCC-500587-4/2018/all/all/default/S90%20(17-)%202018%20B4204T29. "Instruction No. 31664722" 
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  154. ↑ "Picture of badging on the hatch of an 01 AWD" (in zh) (JPG). 12 January 2018. http://product.auto.163.com/picture/photoview/72060008/196220/D7UOJUPO72060008NOS.html#tpkcx04. "VIN L6T7752Z1JZ000851" 
  155. ↑ "领克02 door jamb sticker" (in zh, en) (JPG). 14 May 2018. http://product.auto.163.com/picture/photoview/K68S0008/198059/DHOUINQSK68S0008NOS.html. "VIN L6T7752Z1JZ000851" 
  156. ↑ "Picture of badging on the hatch of an 02 AWD" (in zh) (JPG). 14 May 2018. http://product.auto.163.com/picture/photoview/K68S0008/198059/DHOUINR4K68S0008NOS.html?t=all&p=7. "VIN L6T7752Z1JZ000851" 
  157. ↑ "Volvo V90 & V90 Cross Country MY19" (in nl) (PDF). Volvo Car Gent NV. 26 September 2018. pp. 28–31. https://assets.volvocars.com/nl-be/~/media/belgium/documents/pricelists/20180926/Prijslijst_V90-V90CC_MY19_v3_BE-NL_260918. 
  158. ↑ "2017 Volvo S60L Twin Engine - 车ѫ手册" (in zh). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. pp. 351–358. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/eb20b4b547b11121a5738b4c6ce624dcf19b3ef4/S60LHybrid_OwnersManual_MY17_zh-CN_TP22116.pdf. 
  159. ↑ "沃尔沃S60L E驱混动价格和配置" (in zh). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://www.volvocars.com/zh-cn/cars/new-models/s60l-twin-engine/specifications. 
  160. ↑ Pär Brandt (15 April 2015). "Volvo S60L T6 får dubbla motorer – Twin Engine" (in sv). Auto Motor Sport. http://www.mestmotor.se/automotorsport/artiklar/nyheter/20150415/volvo-s60l-t6-far-dubbla-motorer-twin-engine. 
  161. ↑ "VCC7204C13PHEV混合动力轿车" (in zh). Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. http://www.chinacar.com.cn/jiaoche/woerwo_1639/VCC7204C13PHEV_503672.html. "B4204T32 张家口沃尔沃汽车发动机制造有限公司 ... 依据标准： GB18352.5-2013国V" 
  162. ↑ "Volvo Cars continues global roll-out of premium plug-in hybrids with S60L T6 Twin Engine at the Shanghai Auto Show" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 15 April 2015. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/161109/volvo-cars-continues-global-roll-out-of-premium-plug-in-hybrids-with-s60l-t6-twin-engine-at-the-shan. 
  163. ↑ Uli Baumann (15 April 2015). "Volvo S60L T6 Twin Engine auf der Shanghai Auto Show: Plug-in-Hybrid-Limousine für China" (in de). Auto, Motor und Sport. http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/news/volvo-s60l-t6-twin-engine-auf-der-shanghai-auto-show-plug-in-hybrid-limousine-fuer-china-684135.html. 
  164. ↑ "Volvo V40 Prijslijst Modeljaar 2019" (in nl). Volvo Car NL. 23 April 2018. pp. 14–15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/eaf6e5e8-20180423-Volvo_V40.pdf. 
  165. ↑ "Volvo V40 Editions Prijslijst Modeljaar 2019" (in nl). Volvo Car NL. 23 April 2018. pp. 14–15. https://www.henkscholten.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prijslijst-Volvo-V40-Editions.pdf. 
  166. ↑ "Installation Instructions - Tablet Holder" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://accessories.volvocars.com/en-us/XC90(16-)/InstallationInstruction/Document/VCC-485948-9/2018. "Instruction No. 31414847" 
  167. ↑ "Liste de prix XC60" (in fr-lu) (PDF). Volvo Car Gent SA. 20 December 2017. pp. 18–19. https://assets.volvocars.com/lu/~/media/belgium/documents/pricelists/20180111/liste_des_prix_xc60_my19_lu_201217.pdf?la=fr-lu. "Link and archive will prompt to download" 
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 168.2 "PREISLISTE Modelljahr 2019 Volvo V60 & V60 Cross Country" (in de-ch, fr, it). Zürich, Switzerland: Volvo Car Switzerland AG. 1 October 2018. pp. 48–51. https://downloads.promotions-volvocars.ch/pricelist/Volvo_V60.pdf. 
  169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 169.2 "Technical Specifications New Volvo XC90" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. February 2019. pp. 1–2. https://www.media.volvocars.com/se/sv-se/download/248602. "File will download and archive is possibly non working" 
  170. ↑ "Volvo S90L Excellence prijslijst" (in nl). Volvo Cars NL. 27 August 2018. p. 18. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/c7e0467c-20180827-Volvo_S90L.pdf. 
  171. ↑ "New Volvo XC90 Technical Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. February 2015. https://www.autoblog.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/NEW-VOLVO-XC90_TECHNICAL-SPECIFICATIONS.pdf. 
  172. ↑ "VCD7204C22PHEV" (in zh). 4 April 2018. pp. 2–3. http://www.8137.hk/assets/Uploads/20180314-4S90-.pdf. "排放依据标准：GB18352.5-2013国V" 
  173. ↑ "座沃尔沃插电式混合动力多用途乘用车 VCC6474H29PHEV" (in zh). 5 September 2018. http://www.chinacar.com.cn/keche/woerwo_1640/VCC6474H29PHEV_716075.html. "B4204T35 张家口沃尔沃汽车发动机制造有限公司 ... 依据标准: GB18352.6-2016国VI" 
  174. ↑ "Volvo XC90 Pricelist" (in en). October 2014. http://australiancar.reviews/_pdfs/Volvo_XC90_Mk2_Specifications-Features-Prices_201410.pdf. 
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 175.2 "Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. http://support.volvocars.com:80/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y555&my=2017&sw=16w17&article=eac0ec7dc54cae0ac0a801e8009f70e4&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc. 
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 "2017 Volvo V40 technical specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. February 2016. https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/volvo2017/Volvo_V40_Model_Year_2017_Technical_Specifications.pdf. 
  177. ↑ "2016 Volvo V40 Betriebsanleitung" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. http://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/3b1453e84882dcab9b1c883fadfafb470e0d0675/V40_OwnersManual_MY16_de-DE_TP20109.pdf. 
  178. ↑ "Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. http://support.volvocars.com:80/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y413&my=2017&sw=16w46&article=c48f21dbf78fa679c0a801e800b1d372&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc. 
  179. ↑ "Preisliste Volvo S60 & Volvo S60 Cross Country" (in de). Volvo Car Germany Gmbh. 23 March 2017. pp. 34–35. http://assets.volvocars.com/de/~/media/germany/downloads/preislisten/Preisliste-Volvo-S60-und-S60-Cross-Country-MY18.pdf. "MY18, Auflage 2 [MY18, 2nd edition]" 
  180. ↑ "2017 Volvo S60 owner's manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. p. 375. http://volvornt.harte-hanks.com/manuals/2017/2017-Volvo-S60-Owner-Manual.pdf. 
  181. ↑ "2017 Volvo V60 Polestar Wagon Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. http://www.volvocars.com/us/cars/new-models/v60-polestar/specifications. 
  182. ↑ "Models - New S90 - technical data" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/new-s90/2017/specifications. 
  183. ↑ "Volvo V60 specifications - engine (MY20)" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. https://www.volvocars.com/intl/cars/new-models/v60/specifications/engines. 
  184. ↑ "Variable Nozzle Turbine, VNT" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 10 April 2001. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/photos/7086. 
  185. ↑ "Volvo Cars' new Drive-E powertrains - efficient driving pleasure with world-first technologies" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 23 January 2014. https://www.media.volvocars.com/uk/en-gb/media/pressreleases/138421/volvo-cars-new-drive-e-powertrains-efficient-driving-pleasure-with-world-first-technologies9. 
  186. ↑ "Drive-E Factsheet Model Year 2019" (PDF). www.media.volvocars.com (Press release). Volvo Car Corporation. 20 June 2018. p. 19. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 "Prijslijst Volvo XC60 (MY20)" (in nl) (PDF). Volvo Car Gent NV. 18 March 2019. pp. 20–23. https://assets.volvocars.com/nl-be/~/media/belgium/documents/pricelists/20190321/Prijslijst_XC60_MY20_BE-NL_200319. "link and archive will download" 
  188. ↑ "Volvo XC90 prijslijst Modeljaar 2020" (in nl) (PDF). Volvo Car Gent NV. 25 February 2019. pp. 18–19. https://assets.volvocars.com/nl-be/~/media/belgium/documents/pricelists/xc90-my20/prijslijst_xc90_my20_v1_be-nl_250219.pdf?la=nl-be. "link and archive will download" 
  189. ↑ "Prijslijst Volvo XC90 (MY20)" (in nl) (PDF). Volvo Car Gent NV. 18 March 2019. pp. 18–19. https://assets.volvocars.com/nl-be/~/media/belgium/documents/pricelists/20190321/Prijslijst_XC90_MY20_BE-NL_180319. "link and archive will download" 
  190. ↑ "V90 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. http://www.volvocars.com/intl/cars/new-models/the-new-v90/specifications. 
  191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 "Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://support.volvocars.com/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=v542&my=2017&sw=16w46&article=6b31f6f7897cbe86c0a801513a1d1929&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc. 
  192. ↑ "Models - 2014 V60 - technical data" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2013. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/v60/2014/specifications. 
  193. ↑ "Models - 2014 V70 - technical data" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 13 May 2013. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/v70/2014/specifications. 
  194. ↑ "Der Volvo V60 - Technische Daten" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://www.volvocars.com/de/modelle/neuwagen/v60/technische-daten. 
  195. ↑ "Volvo V40 Prijslijst Modeljaar 2019" (in nl). 23 April 2018. p. 15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/99486a84-20180423-Volvo_V40.pdf. 
  196. ↑ "S60 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://www.volvocars.com/uk/cars/new-models/s60/specifications. 
  197. ↑ "V60 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2014. http://www.volvocars.com/intl/cars/new-models/v60/specifications. 
  198. ↑ "V70 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2014. http://www.volvocars.com/intl/cars/new-models/v70/specifications. 
  199. ↑ "S90 - Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://www.volvocars.com/intl/cars/new-models/the-new-s90/specifications. 
  200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 200.2 200.3 "PRIJSLIJST Modeljaar 2017 Volvo S60 Nordic" (in nl). Volvo Car BV Nederlands. 1 November 2016. pp. 14–15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/6367f8f3-20161027-Volvo_S60.pdf. 
  201. ↑ "PRIJSLIJST Modeljaar 2018 Volvo S60 Polar" (in nl). Volvo Car BV Nederlands. 24 April 2017. pp. 14–15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/eeb42964-20170424-Volvo_S60.pdf. 
  202. ↑ 202.0 202.1 202.2 202.3 202.4 "Volvo XC40 Betriebsanleitung MY19" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2018. pp. 648, 653. https://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/1d8d8e29a36e99ff3cb08f9700f8c7001e2a1e90/XC40_OwnersManual_MY19_de-DE_TP28101.pdf. 
  203. ↑ "Volvo V40 Cross Country prijslijst modeljaar 2019" (in nl). Volvo Car BV Nederlands. 23 April 2018. pp. 14–15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/70627512-20180423-Volvo_V40_Cross_Country.pdf. 
  204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 "PRIJSLIJST Modeljaar 2017 Volvo S60 / V60 Cross Country Nordic" (in nl). Volvo Car BV Nederlands. 1 November 2016. pp. 14–15. https://volvo-tools-prd-media.s3.amazonaws.com/pricelists/documents/e60c3dd4-20161027-Volvo_S60_Cross_Country.pdf. 
  205. ↑ "Technische Daten Motor" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2015. http://support.volvocars.com/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y556&my=2015&sw=14w20&article=eac0ec7dc54cae0ac0a801e8009f70e4&category=510652ac31fe5b38c0a801e8014486bc. 
  206. ↑ "Volvo XC60 Specifications" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 2017. http://www.volvocars.com/uk/cars/new-models/xc60/specifications?variantId=a1e78c75-7b98-4bd9-8a14-b6a6320c377a. 
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 "Volvo S90 China version technical specifications" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. November 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/download/200023. 
  208. ↑ "Trockner, Klimaanlage Reparaturteil (#1037520)" (in de). http://www.skandix.de/de/fahrzeug-teile/innenraumtemperatur/klimaanlage/trockner/trockner-klimaanlage-reparaturteil/1037520/. 
  209. ↑ "Der neue Volvo V70, XC70 und S80: Exklusive Fahrkultur auf einem neuen Niveau" (in de). Volvo Cars Germany Gmbh. 6 September 2013. http://www.autoeder.de/kempten/Volvo/aktuelles.php?navigation_id=441&rubrik=aktuelles&aktuelles_detail_id=590. 
  210. ↑ "Zuggewicht und Stützlast" (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2016. http://support.volvocars.com/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=y285&my=2016&sw=15w17&article=95303e52f78eaaf3c0a801e8004ed71e. 
  211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 211.2 "Volvo XC90 Betriebsanleitung [MY19"] (in de). Volvo Car Corporation. 2018. pp. 694–695, 698. https://az685612.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/8c97d24d56f10cea5ed50a5975978fb27cb13cf9/XC90_OwnersManual_MY19_de-DE_TP26997.pdf. 
  212. ↑ "Volvo V90 - Specifications" (in en) (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. September 2016. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/download/173905. 



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