Engineering:Wireless data
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Wireless data refers to transmitting information—voice, video, sensors, apps—without physical cables, using electromagnetic waves like radio, microwave, or infrared waves.[1][2]
Technologies and networks
Wi‑Fi (Wireless LAN)
- Connects devices via access points using IEEE 802.11 standards.
- Latest versions include Wi‑Fi 6/6E (using 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and now 6 GHz bands) offering higher throughput and efficiency
Cellular (3G/4G/5G/5G‑Advanced)
- 3G/4G (LTE) support broad data access.
- 5G launched globally since 2019; offers up to 10 Gbps speeds, extremely low latency, and supports massive IoT
- 5G‑Advanced (5.5G) introduces AI integration, edge compute, better slicing, non-terrestrial networks, aiming for full deployment by end of 2025.
Wireless PAN and others
- Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB for short-range, low-energy data transfer (e.g., device pairing, indoor location) [3][4]
- Satellite and Wide Area IoT networks (e.g., NB-IoT) allow remote connectivity
Niche and emerging
- IEEE 802.22 uses TV bands for rural broadband with AES-GCM encryption
- Free-Space Optical (FSO) Infrared beams achieved 5.7 Tbps over 4.6 km—no RF needed[5]
- 6G (2027–30) envisions terahertz bands, AI-native networks, quantum comms, holographic beamforming[6]
Security and protocols
Wi‑Fi encryption
There are four main methods of Wi-Fi Encryption:
- WEP: outdated and insecure.
- WPA & WPA2: added TKIP and AES/CCMP, respectively
- WPA3: modern standard since 2018 with SAE, enhanced open (OWE), 192-bit enterprise, and protection of management frames[7][8]
Trends in wireless security
The trend in wireless security is to move toward WPA3, Wi‑Fi 6E enhancements, private 5G/LTE (CBRS), UEM, AI/ML analytics, edge protection, and stronger identity access management.[9][10]
Architecture and standards
OSI layers
Wireless networks conform to the OSI model, each layer bringing unique threats and protections.[7]
Protocol stacks
Wireless Application Protocol is the early mobile web stack (WSP/WDP/WTP/WTLS) designed for feature phones and constrained networks.[citation needed]
Applications and use cases
- Consumer Internet access: Home Wi‑Fi and mobile broadband
- Enterprise mobility: BYOD management, secure campus networks
- IoT and industrial: Sensors, telemetry, remote control via Zigbee, private LTE, NB-IoT
- High-speed links: FSO for urban backhaul; IEEE 802.22 for rural broadband
- Future systems: 5G/6G to support smart cities, autonomous vehicles, XR, remote surgery
See also
References
- ↑ Pullen, John Patrick (2015-03-10). "You Asked: What Is 5G Wireless Data and Why Do I Want It?" (in en). TIME. https://time.com/3736663/5g-wireless-data/. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
- ↑ Garfinkel, Simson. "Wireless Gets Real" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/1997/10/es-wired/. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
- ↑ "What is Wireless Data Transmission? Introduction to the Types and Applications of Wireless Data Transmission| Four-Faith". https://www.fourfaith.com/industry-news/wireless-data-transmission.html.
- ↑ Jardin, Xeni. "Beyond Wi-Fi" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/2003/05/futurewifi/. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
- ↑ "Say goodbye to slow Wi-Fi: infrared beams could power future 5G and 6G networks" (in en). 2025-05-03. https://www.techradar.com/pro/wi-fi-more-like-wow-fi-researchers-transmit-almost-2-million-netflix-hd-streams-simultaneously-using-a-single-beam-of-infrared-light.
- ↑ Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury; Shahjalal, Md.; Ahmed, Shakil; Yeong Min Jang (2019). "6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications, Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions". arXiv:1909.11315 [cs.NI].
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Basan, Maine (2024-04-29). "Wireless Network Security: WEP, WPA, WPA2 & WPA3 Explained" (in en-US). https://www.esecurityplanet.com/trends/the-best-security-for-wireless-networks/.
- ↑ "A Closer Look at Wireless Security" (in en-US). https://www.portnox.com/cybersecurity-101/wireless-security/.
- ↑ "Eight Key Wireless Mobile Security Trends – ETMA" (in en-US). https://etma.org/eight-trends-impacting-wireless-mobile-security/.
- ↑ "Wireless Security Trends (CISO Network Security Cheat Sheet) - Viszen Security" (in en-US). https://www.viszensecurity.com/blogs/post/wireless-security-trends-ciso-network-security-cheat-sheet.
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