Engineering:Zastava M70

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Zastava M70
Zastava M70AB2 Hunter la5.JPG
A Zastava M70AB2
TypeAssault rifle
Place of originYugoslavia/Serbia
Service history
In service1970–present
Used bySee Users
WarsPersian Gulf War
Yugoslav Wars
Rwandan Civil War
First Congo War
Kosovo War
Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
Liberian Civil Wars
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Kivu conflict
Libyan Civil War
Syrian Civil War
Iraqi Civil War[1]
Production history
DesignerZastava Arms
Designed1959–1968
ManufacturerZastava Arms
Produced1970–present
No. built4,000,000[2]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass3.70 kg (8.2 lb)
Length940 mm (37 in)
Barrel length415 mm (16.3 in)
Cartridge7.62×39mm
ActionGas-operated (rotating bolt)
Rate of fire620 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity720 m/s (2,400 ft/s)
Effective firing range410 m (450 yd)
Feed system30-round detachable box magazine, can accept 75 round drum magazines
SightsIron sights

The Zastava M70 (Serbian Cyrillic: Застава М70) is a rifle developed and produced by Zastava Arms in Serbia (formerly Yugoslavia). The design of the M70 was based on Soviet AKM rifle and it became the standard issue weapon in the Yugoslav People's Army in 1970. The M70 is an air-cooled, magazine-fed, selective fire rifle. This weapon is also available as the O-PAP in the United States without select fire capabilities.

History

Development of the domestic Kalashnikov variant began in 1959, and the first models submitted by Zastava for military field trials were with the early M64 (or M59) series of rifles with milled receivers, threaded barrels, familiar Zastava handguards, gas cutoffs for grenade launching, and several other diversities from the mainstay AK design, such as a bolt hold open device on the right side of the receiver, and a charging handle that appeared different from other AK models. Though performances were satisfactory, the Yugoslav military did not adopt the rifle as the standard infantry armament.[3]

various Zastava M64 prototypes

In 1970, the green light was given to begin with army-funded mass production of the AP M70 and M70 A series (Automatska Puška Model 1970, "Automatic Rifle Model 1970") of which the M70 A was the folding stock version.[4] It became the standard issue weapon in the Yugoslav People's Army in 1970.[5]

Before the larger models of these rifles were made, cost-cutting measures in production resulted in the removal of the internal bolt hold open, and relocation to the magazine follower. In addition, the usual placement of the barrel through threading into the receiver was replaced by the cheaper method of pressing and pinning the barrel into the receiver.[4] Rifles produced with these new features were known as models AP M70 B (fixed stock version), and M70 AB (folding stock version).[4] As with the M70 series of automatic rifles, these models failed to be produced in larger quantities before further cost-efficiency production measures gave way to yet another model.

This time the milled receiver was replaced by a receiver stamped from a smooth 0.9 mm (0.04 in) thick sheet of steel, a firing rate reducer was added to the trigger group, and the muzzle brake replaced the muzzle nut that originally came on the two prior models; the produced models were AP M70B1 (fixed stock) and M70 AB1 (folding stock).[4]

These models eventually failed to mass-produce as well, before final alterations to the M70 rifle design resulted with the AP M70 B2 (fixed stock) and M70AB2 (folding stock) models. These last two models featured a thicker 1.5 mm (0.06 in) stamped receiver and bulged front trunnion, which was intended to strengthen the rifle in order to make it more suitable for frequent grenade launching.[4] These two models would become the most widely produced of the M70 series, and in turn the most widely used model used by the JNA,[4] as well as the various armed groups fighting in the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. Parts kits imported into the U.S. however, show markings that appear to contradict the final fixed stock model name. On these kits the bulged, thicker stamped receiver model is actually the M70B1 model.

All of the M70 models share the grenade launching ability with gas cutoff, the lengthened wooden handguard with 3 cooling slots, iron sights with flip-up illuminating elements, initially filled with phosphorus and later with tritium (Which is used on the current production M70's), to improve aiming at night; the plunger that keeps the receiver cover in place during grenade launching, and a non-chrome lined barrel. Fire selectors have R markings for automatic fire (R for rafalna, "burst fire") and J for semi-automatic fire (J for jedinačna, "single").

Design and features

Zastava M70 rifle with grenade sights raised.

The M70 is designed on the basis of Kalashnikov principle;[6] however, it can easily be told apart from other AK rifles by the three cooling slots on the foregrip, the light-coloured elm wood furniture and the black rubber buttplate on fixed-stock M70s. The M70s also have a grenade-launching sight and gas cut-off on the gas block, and are capable of launching rifle-grenades. To launch them a 22 mm diameter grenade launching adapter is screwed on in place of the slant brake or other muzzle device.

The receiver of the M70 is 1.5 mm thick, compared to the 1 mm thick receiver of the AKM, making it more rigid. The receiver has a bulge at the front to accommodate an enlarged trunnion similar to a RPK receiver, with the front trunnion rivet configuration likewise resembling a RPK and not an AKM. Likewise, the barrel is hammer forged and not chrome-lined, making it a little more accurate than a standard AKM, but at the cost of increased susceptibility to corrosion and shorter barrel life. The lack of chrome lining is unique for an AK and consistent with other Zastava built rifles of Soviet design (such as the Yugoslavian M59 or M59/66). Unlike other AK variants, a lock button must be depressed on the left side of the receiver as the first step for field stripping, to enable depressing the rear spring guide to remove the receiver dust cover. It is probable this feature is intended to prevent the loss of the top cover due to recoil when firing rifle grenades.

Variants

A Zastava M70 AB3.
  • M70 – milled receiver, fixed stock
  • M70A – milled receiver, underfolding stock
  • M70A1 – milled receiver, underfolding stock, mount for night or optical sights
  • M70B1 – stamped receiver, fixed stock
  • M70AB2 – stamped receiver, underfolding stock
  • M70B1N – stamped receiver, fixed stock, mount for night or optical sights
  • M70AB2N – stamped receiver, underfolding stock, mount for night or optical sights
  • M70AB3 – stamped receiver, underfolding stock, rifle grenade sight removed and replaced with a BGP 40 mm underslung grenade launcher
  • M70B3 – stamped receiver, fixed stock, rifle grenade sight removed and replaced with a BGP 40 mm underslung grenade launcher
  • M92 – carbine, the shorter variant of the M70AB2
  • PAP M70 – semi-automatic variant intended for the civilian market
  • Tabuk - Iraqi copy. Bore and chamber are not chromeplated.[7]
  • Tabuk Sniper Rifle – Iraqi long barrel stamped receiver and fixed stock variant

Users

  •  Angola[8]
  •  Bosnia and Herzegovina[9]
  •  Central African Republic[10]
  •  Democratic Republic of Congo: used by rebel groups, such as CNDP and FDLR[11]
  •  Croatia[12]
  •  Cyprus[13]
  •  Iraq[7][14]
  •  Jordan[14]
  •  Lebanon[14]
  •  Liberia[15]
  •  Libya[16]
  •  North Macedonia[17][18]
  •  Mali[19] 4000 rifles donated by Croatia in 2013.
  •  Montenegro
  •  Rwanda[11]
  •  Serbia[20]
  •  Slovenia[21]

Former users

  •  Yugoslavia
  •  Zaire: used by mercenaries in 1997[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "الرمادي مقبرة الأعادي". Sendvid. http://sendvid.com/u46vwe9k. "at 2:22" 
  2. ↑ "M70". Weapon Systems Net. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140918053127/http://weaponsystems.net/weapon.php?weapon=AA04%20-%20M70. Retrieved November 16, 2014. 
  3. ↑ Nurkić 2005, p. 71.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Nurkić 2005, p. 72.
  5. ↑ "History of Zastava Arms 1945–1970". Zastava Arms. 2008. Archived from the original on May 7, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120507230509/http://www.zastava-arms.rs/cms/index.php?id=321. Retrieved November 16, 2014. 
  6. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Zastava. http://www.zastava-arms.rs/en/militaryproduct/assault-rifle-m70-ab2. Retrieved 7 December 2017. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rottman 2011, p. 49.
  8. ↑ "Zastava oružje najavila povratak na tržište Angole i Egipta" (in Bosnian). eKapija. http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/company/photoArticle.php?id=896985&path=zastava_oruzje_031212.gif. 
  9. ↑ "Bosnia Herzegovina Land Forces military equipment, armament and vehicles Army". http://www.armyrecognition.com/bosnia_herzegovina_army_land_ground_forces_uk/bosnia_herzegovina_army_land_ground_armed_defense_forces_military_equipment_armored_vehicle_uk.html. Retrieved 2018-03-18. 
  10. ↑ Berman, Eric G.; Lombard, Louisa N. (December 2008). The Central African Republic and Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox. Small Arms Survey. pp. 82, 94. ISBN 2-8288-0103-9. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/D-Book-series/book-07-CAR/SAS-Central-African-Republic-and-Small-Arms.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Small Arms Survey (2015). "Waning Cohesion: The Rise and Fall of the FDLR–FOCA". Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Chapter-07-EN.pdf. 
  12. ↑ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minnesota_Croatia_02.jpg
  13. ↑ "Kipar prodaje Maliju Zastavine kalašnjikove" (in Bosnian). Kurir. February 1, 2013. http://www.kurir.rs/posao-kipar-prodaje-maliju-zastavine-kalasnjikove-clanak-631387. "Kiparsko Ministarstvo odbrane ponudilo je 2.364 automatskih pušaka koje je proizvela kragujevačka "Zastava", afričkim snagama koje pomažu vlastima u Maliju u borbi protiv islamskih ekstremista. ("The Cypriot Ministry of Defence has offered 2,364 automatic rifles produced by the Kragujevac-based "Zastava", to the African forces to help the authorities in Mali to fight Islamic extremists.")" 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Republic of Serbia: Ministry of Economy and of Regional Development. Annual Report on the Transfers of Controlled Goods in 2008. p. 37. http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transfers/transparency/national_reports/serbia/SER_08.pdf/view. Retrieved 25 October 2014. 
  15. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2009). "Revealing Provenance: Weapons Tracing during and after Conflict". Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108, 110. ISBN 978-0-521-88041-1. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2009/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2009-Chapter-03-EN.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian (April 2017). Small Arms Survey. ed. Web Trafficking: Analysing the Online Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Libya. Working Paper No. 26. p. 75. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/F-Working-papers/SAS-SANA-WP26-Libya-web-trafficking.pdf. 
  17. ↑ File:Macedonian Soldiers in Kabul.jpg
  18. ↑ File:Reflex4M1mk army.jpg
  19. ↑ Drazen. "Croatia delivers donated infantry weapons to Mali – Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia". http://www.morh.hr/en/news/press-releases/8125-croatia-delivers-donated-infantry-weapons-to-mali.html. Retrieved 18 March 2018. 
  20. ↑ Jones, Richard D., ed (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5. 
  21. ↑ "Oropali SKB Banko v Ljubljani" (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. October 12, 2015. http://4d.rtvslo.si/arhiv/prispevki-in-izjave-prvi-dnevnik/174364764. 
  22. ↑ Abbot, Peter (February 2014). Modern African Wars: The Congo 1960–2002. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1782000761. 

Sources

External links




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