Engineering:Zeppelin LZ 85

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L 45 Tønder
LZ 85 over Tønder
History
War Ensign of Germany 1903-1918.svgGerman Empire
Name: LZ 85
Operator: Imperial German Navy
Builder: Luftschiffbau Zeppelin
Laid down: 1917
Launched: 1917
Completed: 2 April 1917
Acquired: 2 April 1917
Commissioned: 7 April 1917
Maiden voyage: 12 April 1917
In service: 12 April 1917
Out of service: 20 October 1917
Identification: L 45
Nickname(s): Zeppelin of Laragne
Fate: Destroyed in a forced landing on 20 October 1917
General characteristics
Class and type: Type R
Type: Airship
Tonnage: 32,908 kg (72,550 lb)
Tons burthen: 31,000 kg (68,000 lb) of cargo[1]
Length: 198 metres (649 ft 7 in)[2]
Beam: 23.9 metres (78 ft 5 in)ø
Installed power: Five 180 kW (240 hp) Maybach HS Lu engines[3]
Propulsion: 5 Lorenzen propellors
Speed: 103 km/h (64 mph; 56 kn)
Range: 7,400 kilometres (4,600 mi)
Capacity: 55,200 m3 (1,950,000 cu ft) Gas Volume in 19 gas cells
Crew: 19
Aviation facilities: 4 gondolas

The LZ 85 was a World War I R-Class zeppelin of the German Navy with a total length of 198 metres (649 ft 7 in), allocated the tactical numbering L 45. LZ 85 carried out a total of 27 flights including 3 raids on England and 12 reconnaissance missions.[4]

LZ 85(LZ55) was also the numbering of the German zeppelin downed in Thessaloniki on 5th May 1916 by the British Navy HMS Agamemnon. [5]


Construction

LZ 85 was built by Luftschiffbau Zeppelin at Staaken, Germany during the First World War to join the ranks of the German Kaiserliche Marine in the fight against the United Kingdom .[6] The ship was completed as an R-Class zeppelin on 2 April 1917 and had a total length of 198 metres (649 ft 7 in), diameter of 23.9 metres (78 ft 5 in) and 55,200 m3 (1,950,000 cu ft) gas volume contained in 19 gas cells. The ship could reach a top speed of 103 km/h (64 mph; 56 kn), powered by five (unlike the normal 6 engines on an R-Class Zeppelin) 240 hp (179 kW) Maybach HS Lu engines driving five propellers, giving a range of 7,400 kilometres (4,600 mi) and ceiling of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).

In six-engined configuration the R-class zeppelins had single pusher engines in the rear of the front control gondola and two engine cars either side amidships, with a further three engines in the rear gondola. Of the rear gondola engines, one drove a pusher propeller direct at the rear of the gondola and two more in the centre of the gondola drove propellers, via gearboxes and transmission shafts, mounted on framework either side of the gondola. Five-engined R-class zeppelins omitted the rear gondola direct-drive centre engine.[7]

The 19 crew members were housed in the control cabin, rear gondola, two engine cars and open gun positions on top of the envelope.[8]

War career

The LZ 85 conducted its first flight on 12 April 1917 from Staaken to Ahlhorn under the command of Kapitänleutnant Waldemar Kölle and first officer Oberleutnant zur See Bernhard Dinter. Dinter would be replaced in May by Lieutenant Colonel Schiltz as Dinter himself would take the command of another zeppelin in June of that year. LZ 85 was stationed at Ahlhorn until it was moved to Tønder on 5 June 1917.[9]

Bombing raid on Norfolk

The LZ 85 conducted its first bombing raid on Britain on the night of 23 May and 24 May 1917. The ship took off from Ahlhorn and joined 5 other naval airships whose objective was to attack London. However the weather worsened and dense clouds were beginning to cover the East of England and by the time the airships crossed over Suffolk and Norfolk, they were caught in a thunderstorm. 60 bombs were dropped over East Anglia which killed one person and L 40 was chased by a seaplane near Terschelling. The raid was deemed a failure because of the cloud cover and wind.

August 1917 bombing raid on warships

LZ 85 started its second bombing raid against Britain during the night of 21 August and 22 August 1917. The ship left its base in Tønder and joined 7 other airships to conduct another bombing raid on East Yorkshire. The raid was personally led by airship fleet manager Peter Strasser who was on the L 46. LZ 85 failed to fly inland to conduct its mission and instead bombed a number of allied warships off Withernsea.

Silent raid of October 1917 and crash

The LZ 85 conducted its last bombing raid on Britain on the night of 19 October and 20 October 1917. The ship took off from Tønder and joined 10 other naval airships. The raid took place at such a great height that no British fighters could reach high enough to shoot the attacking zeppelins down, giving the airships a huge advantage. The airships reached Britain undisturbed and dropped 274 bombs from a record height of well over 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[10]

Bombing of Northampton

LZ 85 was ordered to bomb Sheffield and it reached the shore at Withernsea at 8.20pm, but she had to turn to the southwest before being ordered to go further to Leicester at 9.50pm. Once at Leicester LZ 85 was spotted by a Royal Aircraft Factory FE.2b from the Royal Flying Corps, which fired three rounds at the airship, but was not able to keep pace with it. LZ 85 continued southward to Northampton which she reached at 10.45pm, dropping 22 bombs, including 9 firebombs,[11] over Kingsthorpe, Dallington, Far Cotton and St. James End districts.[12] The fifth bomb that was dropped passed through the roof of 46 Parkwood Street, just west of the train station, killing Mrs Eliza Gammons instantly while she was sleeping in her bedroom. Her 13-year-old twin daughters, Gladys and Lily, who were also in the house, died later from their burns.[13][14] One of the bombs dropped on Northampton, which didn't explode, is now on display at Sywell Aviation Museum, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Northampton.[15][16]

The attack on London

LZ 85 continued southward, when at 11.30pm the ship bathed in light from searchlight batteries over northwest London.[17] The commander took the opportunity and started bombing the city. The first bomb came down near Hendon Aerodrome, damaging the Grahame-White aircraft manufacturer. Another bomb just missed Cricklewood railway station.[18] When LZ 85 reached the City of London, she dropped a 300 kg (660 lb) high explosive bomb on Piccadilly Circus, which smashed the entire facade of the Swan & Edgar department store, killing five men and two women, and also wounding 18 others, that were mostly waiting for a bus. The bomb blew a hole 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) in diameter and 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) in depth down to a cellar under the street between the department store and a tea shop Cabin.[19]

Hither Green bomb damage after the raid

While continuing its flight over London, LZ 85 encountered a Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2c fighter, but escaped by turning southward and climbing to an extreme height. When the airship was in safety, it dropped another bomb in Southwark, South of the River Thames, where it destroyed 3 houses in Albany Road near Burgess Park, killing 10 to 12 people and wounding many others.[20] The airship dropped another bomb on Hither Green in the southeastern district of Lewisham and destroyed 26 small houses. In this attack, 15 people were killed including 12 children or teenagers and 8 others were wounded.[21] Of the 12 children whom were killed, 8 were from the Kingston family and 4 from the Milgate family.[22] Meanwhile, on the ground, British searchlight batteries tried to locate LZ 85, but in the hazy weather high above London, the airship could not be found.[23] LZ 85 tried to descend to a lower altitude, but was pursued by a Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2c flown by Lieutenant Pritchard. On gaining altitude LZ 85 encountered strong turbulence and frost, which caused a number of mechanical problems including steering problems, an engine failure and fuel leaks. On top of that, the crew began suffering from altitude sickness.[24]

A BE2 fighter, the same type of aircraft that was used by Lieutenant Pritchard to chase LZ 85

Forced landing in France

LZ 85 escaped Britain and flew over the English Channel towards Belgium and France . However, due to its long duration at an extreme height and the numerous mechanical problems, including fuel leaks, the ship was left to the mercy of the weather as the fuel ran out. The ship drifted over Amiens and Compiègne, heading toward neutral Switzerland .[25] When passing by Lyon, at a height of 500 metres (1,640 ft 5 in), a fighter took off from Meyzieu east of the city, following the airship to the south of Saint-Marcellin, but had to give up the chase and return to Meyzieu due to lack of fuel.[26]

The burned out wreck of LZ 85

At 10.50am, commander Kölle decided to make an emergency landing on a reclaimed island near Laragne Buech, north of Sisteron in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in south-eastern France as he knew he couldn't keep his ship in the air much longer. The commander steered his ship into the dry bed of a river, but the zeppelin bounced up again, losing one of her propellers on impact. The commander ordered the crew to jump from the ship before it crashed on the hillside next to the river, but not all the crew had abandoned LZ 85 before she crashed into the hillside.[27] The ship came to rest on the hill almost undamaged and the commander and remaining crew abandoned LZ 85 and set the ship ablaze with a signal pistol before anyone could stop him, despite the efforts of Madame Dupont, a local farmer's wife.[28] After burning the aircraft, the crew of 17 men along with the first officer and commander Kölle were taken into custody as prisoners of war.[29]

The wreckage of the Zeppelin

Aftermath

In the afternoon of 20 October 1917, 16 of the crew-members were taken to Laragne where they were interrogated by local gendarmes. Commander Waldemar Kölle was interrogated by the German department of the French intelligence service on 1 November 1917. The report of the commander's interrogation was later smuggled to Nordholz, where Peter Strasser received it on 25 April 1918. In the report it was revealed that the British Naval Intelligence Division had gotten hold of detailed and updated information on the German naval airships and all their commanders, including on Bockholt's top secret Africa mission. The discovery resulted in 3 people from Tønder and 2 from Nordholz coming under suspicion of spying and later being found guilty and executed by a firing squad. The circumstances are not clear as most archive material has been lost.[30]

The captured crew of LZ 85

The crew of LZ 85 were held as Prisoners Of War until the end of the war, when they were all released, except Waldemar Kölle, who was accused under Versailles Treaty to have committed war crimes by killing civilians. Kölle remained jailed in Roanne until 1921.

The Silent Raid Aftermath

The raid was not viewed as a great success as the German navy lost a total of five airships:

  • LZ 85 crash-landed in Laragne and her crew of 19 were captured.
  • LZ 93 was shot down by anti aircraft fire from French Army artillery over Lunéville resulting in the death of everyone on board.
  • LZ 96 force-landed in Bourbonne-les-Bains and was captured undamaged together with her crew.
  • LZ 89 Tried to land in Dammartin but ended up tearing off the control car and sending the ship drifting over the Mediterranean where it exploded, killing the 5 remaining crewmen on board.
  • LZ 101 crash-landed at the Werra river in Thuringia and was declared a total loss.[31][32]

Legacy

LZ 85 will always be remembered as the Zeppelin of Laragne to the people of France. The airship dropped a total of 4,700 kg (10,400 lb) of bombs during its three raids and killed an estimated 30 people, as well as damaging many buildings.[33] One of the people killed during LZ 85's last bombardment of London was a girl named Lily, who in 1957 inspired Henry Williamson to write the novel The Golden Virgin,[34] where the protagonist Lily is killed in the bombardment. This also inspired Kate Bush in 1993 for the song Lily.[35]

References

  1. ↑ "Zeppelin L 45". zeppelin-museum.dk. http://zeppelin-museum.dk/main.php?page=airships&id=l-45. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  2. ↑ "The Zeppelin Airships". pugetairship.org. 2007. http://pugetairship.org/zeppelins/list_2.html. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  3. ↑ "LZ85 (L45)". air-ship.info. http://air-ship.info/airship85.html. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  4. ↑ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 900". aviation-safety.net. 5 January 2011. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=900. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  5. ↑ "LZ85 Thessaloniki Google search". https://www.google.gr/search?q=lz85+thessaloniki. 
  6. ↑ "Sterowce Zeppelin 1900-39". zeppelin.mariwoj.pl. http://zeppelin.mariwoj.pl/spis0lz2.htm. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  7. ↑ Brooks, Peter W. (1991). Zeppelin : rigid airships 1893-1940.. London: Putnam Aeronautical. ISBN 0851778453. 
  8. ↑ "Desert Column Forum Pix". alh-research.tripod.com. http://alh-research.tripod.com/desert_column_forum_pix/index.album/zeppelin-lz-85-renumbered-l45?i=1408. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  9. ↑ "Lz85 - L45". lzdream.net. 2013. http://lzdream.net/dirigeables/zeppelin/ficheszep/0/zeppelin.php?lz=85&p=0. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  10. ↑ "The silent raid". vimu.info. http://vimu.info/fb.jsp?id=for_34_2_9_fb_silentraid_dk_doc&lang=da. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  11. ↑ "Sywell Aviation Museum News". sywellaerodrome.co.uk. 31 August 2006. http://sywellaerodrome.co.uk/museum-news.php?id=5. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  12. ↑ "Silent Raid: The Untold Story". archive.org. https://archive.org/stream/warinairbeingsto05rale#page/96/mode/2up. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  13. ↑ "The Airship". cottonites.co.uk. http://cottonites.co.uk/transport/r101.htm. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  14. ↑ "Parkwood Street, Northampton: Zeppelin Raid". bbc.co.uk. 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01wvc3d. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  15. ↑ "Bomb from deadly Zeppelin raid to go on display". northamptonchron.co.uk. 31 August 2006. http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/bomb-from-deadly-zeppelin-raid-to-go-on-display-1-911863. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  16. ↑ "The war in the air; being the story of the part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force". crossandcockade.com. 1935. http://crossandcockade.com/uploads/454SilentRaid.pdf. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  17. ↑ "Raid 9: 19 Oct 1917". google.com. https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=12XqUkvOMESksU1FSo9RsSZx0OxU&ll=51.52525961205689%2C-0.12224000000003343&z=12. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  18. ↑ "When a Zeppelin flew over Kilburn". westhampsteadlife.com. 14 November 2012. http://westhampsteadlife.com/2012/11/14/when-a-zeppelin-flew-over-kilburn/5092. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  19. ↑ "The Silent Raid Traduction des pages 86 à 89". lzdream.net. 2012. http://lzdream.net/dirigeables/template_airship.php?page=5zeppelins_l45osprey&menu=5zeppelins_menu. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  20. ↑ "Bomb damage: war comes to Camberwell". bridgetonowhere.friendsofburgesspark.org.uk. 30 January 2015. http://www.bridgetonowhere.friendsofburgesspark.org.uk/the-story-of-burgess-park-heritage-trail/heritage-trail-a-l/bomb-damage/. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  21. ↑ "World War I Air Raid, 19/20 October 1917 Air Raid". alewishamwarmemorials.wikidot.com. http://lewishamwarmemorials.wikidot.com/incident:air-raid-ww1-19-20-october-1917. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  22. ↑ "The Zeppelin Attack on Hither Green". runner500.wordpress.com. https://runner500.wordpress.com/2014/08/07/the-zeppelin-attack-on-hither-green/. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  23. ↑ "Zeppelin Raids". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 23 October 1917. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19171023.2.33.2. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  24. ↑ "Histoire du L45 dit " Zeppelin de Laragne "". ubaye-en-cartes.e-monsite.com. 30 July 2013. http://ubaye-en-cartes.e-monsite.com/pages/le-temps-des-guerres/le-zeppelin-l45.html. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  25. ↑ Thomas Fegan (2013). The Baby Killers: German Air Raids on Britain in the First World War. Pen and Sword. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-85052-893-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=nS7AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158. 
  26. ↑ "L45, L50 et le L55". lzdream.net. August 2012. http://lzdream.net/dirigeables/template_airship.php?page=5zeppelins_l50&menu=5zeppelins_menu. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  27. ↑ "Bomb damage: war comes to Camberwell". sylviedamagnez.canalblog.com. 30 January 2015. http://sylviedamagnez.canalblog.com/archives/2014/12/12/31126973.html. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  28. ↑ "The Zeppelin Raids". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 25 October 1917. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TC19171025.2.31.13. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  29. ↑ "L'ATTERRISSAGE DU ZEPPELIN L45 À LARAGNE-MONTEGLIN LE 20 OCTOBRE 1917". naval-military-press.com. 12 December 2014. http://www.naval-military-press.com/pdf/1843421496.pdf. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  30. ↑ "Angriff eines Luftschiffgeschwaders auf England". stahlgewitter.com. 2005. http://stahlgewitter.com/17_10_21.htm. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  31. ↑ "Zeppelin over Essex". greatwarforum.org. 13 September 2006. https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/59299-zeppelin-over-essex/. Retrieved 2018-09-25. 
  32. ↑ "French bring down five zeppelins". query.nytimes.com. 21 October 1917. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/10/21/98254287.pdf. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  33. ↑ "Zeppelin LZ85 (L45)". wartimememoriesproject.com. http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/air/view.php?pid=1193. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
  34. ↑ Henry Williamson (2014). The Golden Virgin. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-30996-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=c3j2AwAAQBAJ. 
  35. ↑ "Lily". Kate Bush. 29 September 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=act6JIFZG-M. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 




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