Finance:Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

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Short description: Multilateral free trade agreement
For the agreement it superseded, see Finance:Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
  Member states
TypeFree Trade Agreement and Economic Integration Agreement
Signed8 March 2018
LocationSantiago, Chile
Sealed23 January 2018
Effective30 December 2018
Condition60 days after ratification by 50% of the signatories, or after six signatories have ratified
Parties
  • 12
  •  Australia
  •  Brunei
  •  Canada
  •  Chile
  •  Japan
  •  Malaysia
  •  Mexico
  •  New Zealand
  •  Peru
  •  Singapore
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Vietnam
DepositaryGovernment of New Zealand
Languages

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), previously abbreviated as TPP11 or TPP-11 before enlargement,[1][2][3] is a multilateral trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United Kingdom and Vietnam.

The twelve members have combined economies representing 14.4% of global gross domestic product, at approximately US$15.8 trillion, making the CPTPP the world's fourth largest free trade area by GDP, behind the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, the European single market, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

History

Trans-Pacific Partnership

Lua error in Module:Multiple_image at line 163: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'totalwidth' (a nil value). The CPTPP evolved from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) abbreviated as TPP11 or TPP-11,[4] an agreement which was never ratified due to the withdrawal of the United States.[5]

The TPP had been signed on 4 February 2016 but never entered into force, as the U.S. withdrew from the agreement soon after the election of President Donald Trump.[6] All other TPP signatories agreed in May 2017 to revive the agreement,[7] with Shinzo Abe's administration in Japan widely reported as taking the leading role in place of the U.S.[8][9]

Establishment of the CPTPP

In January 2018, the CPTPP was created as a succeeding agreement, retaining two-thirds of its predecessor's provisions; 22 measures favored by the U.S. but contested by other signatories were suspended, while the threshold for enactment was lowered so as not to require U.S. accession.[10][11]

The agreement to establish the CPTPP was signed on 8 March 2018 by Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam, with the ceremony held in Santiago, Chile.[12][13] The agreement specifies that its provisions enter into effect 60 days after ratification by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries).[10] On 31 October 2018, Australia was the sixth nation to ratify the agreement; it subsequently came into force for the initial six ratifying countries on 30 December 2018.[14]

Negotiations

During the round of negotiations held concurrently with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Vietnam in November 2017, the Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau refused to sign the agreement in principle, stating reservations about the provisions on culture and automotives. Media outlets in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, which strongly supported quick movement on a deal, strongly criticized what they portrayed as Canadian sabotage.[15]

Canada insisted that cultural and language rights, specifically related to its French-speaking minority, be protected.[16]

However, Canada's major reservation was a conflict between the percentage of a vehicle that must originate in a CPTPP member nation to enter tariff-free, which was 45% under the original TPP language and 62.5% under the NAFTA agreement. Japan, which is a major automobile part exporter, strongly supported lower requirements.[15] In January 2018, Canada announced that it would sign the CPTPP after obtaining binding side letters on culture with every other CPTPP member country, as well as bilateral agreements with Japan, Malaysia, and Australia related to non-tariff barriers. Canada's Auto Parts Manufacturers' Association sharply criticized increasing the percentages of automobile parts that may be imported tariff-free, noting that the United States was moving in the opposite direction by demanding stricter importation standards in the NAFTA renegotiation, later USMCA.[16]

In February 2019, Canada's Jim Carr, Minister of International Trade Diversification, delivered a keynote address at a seminar concerning CPTPP - Expanding Your Business Horizons, reaching out to businesses stating the utilisation of the agreement provides a bridge that will enable people, goods and services to be shared more easily.[17]

Chapters

TPP modification and incorporation

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) incorporates most of the provisions of the abandoned Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, using mutatis mutandis.[18][19] Several clauses within Article 30 of the TPP were suspended for the CPTPP, including:

  • Accession (30.4)[18]
  • Entry into Force (30.5)[18]
  • Withdrawal (30.6)[18]
  • Authentic Texts (30.8).[18]

The final text of CPTPP was mostly identical to the original TPP, except for some provisions advanced by the United States under the TPP, but not supported by the other members. In the intellectual property chapter, copyright and patent terms were shortened relative to TPP, and standards for digital IP protections were eliminated. Provisions allowing use of investor–state dispute settlements for investment agreements and authorizations were also rescinded.[11] In summary, the CPTPP amends aspects of the following TPP chapters:

  • Chapter 9: Investment[18]
  • Chapter 10: Cross-Border Trade in Services[18]
  • Chapter 11: Financial Services[18]
  • Chapter 13: Telecommunications[18]
  • Chapter 15: Government Procurement[18]
  • Chapter 18: Intellectual Property[18]
  • Chapter 20: Environment[18]
  • Chapter 26: Transparency and Anti-Corruption.[18]

CPTPP chapters

There are currently 30 chapters in the CPTPP Agreement listed below:[20][21]

  Amended TPP Chapters
No Area No Area
Chapter 1 Initial Provisions and General Definitions Chapter 16 Competition Policy
Chapter 2 National Treatment and Market Access for Goods Chapter 17 State-Owned Enterprises and Designated Monopolies
Chapter 3 Rules of Origin and Origin Procedures Chapter 18 Intellectual Property
Chapter 4 Textile and Apparel Goods Chapter 19 Labour
Chapter 5 Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation Chapter 20 Environment
Chapter 6 Trade Remedies Chapter 21 Cooperation and Capacity Building
Chapter 7 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Chapter 22 Competitiveness and Business Facilitation
Chapter 8 Technical Barriers to Trade Chapter 23 Development
Chapter 9 Investment Chapter 24 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Chapter 10 Cross-Border Trade in Services Chapter 25 Regulatory Coherence
Chapter 11 Financial Services Chapter 26 Transparency and Anti-corruption
Chapter 12 Temporary Entry for Business Persons Chapter 27 Administrative and Institutional Provisions
Chapter 13 Telecommunications Chapter 28 Dispute Settlement
Chapter 14 Electronic Commerce Chapter 28 Exceptions and General Provisions
Chapter 15 Government Procurement Chapter 30 Final Provisions

Chapter 2: Goods

The chapter on goods requires the elimination of most tariffs between members and the final elimination of approx 99% of tariff lines.[21]

Chapter 14: E-commerce

The e-commerce chapter of the CPTPP mandates that signatories adopt or at the very least maintain laws for consumer protection with the aim to fight fraud and deceptive commercial activities.[22]

Chapter 17: State Owned Enterprise

The chapter on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) requires signatories to share information about SOEs with each other, with the intent of engaging with the issue of state intervention in markets. It includes the most detailed standards for intellectual property of any trade agreement, as well as protections against Intellectual property infringement against corporations operating abroad.[11][23]

Membership

Legislative process

An overview of the legislative process in selected states is shown below:

Signatory Signature[12] Institution Conclusion date In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 Mexico 8 March 2018 Senate 24 April 2018 73 24 28 June 2018 30 December 2018 [24][25][26]
Presidential Assent 21 May 2018 Granted
 Japan 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 18 May 2018 Majority approval (Standing vote) 6 July 2018 30 December 2018 [27][28][29]
House of Councillors 13 June 2018 168 69
 Singapore 8 March 2018 No parliamentary approval required 19 July 2018 30 December 2018 [30][23]
 New Zealand 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 24 October 2018 111 8 25 October 2018 30 December 2018 [31][32]
Royal assent 25 October 2018 Granted
 Canada 8 March 2018 House of Commons 16 October 2018 236 44 1 29 October 2018 30 December 2018 [33][34]
[35][36]
Senate 25 October 2018 Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent 25 October 2018 Granted
 Australia 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 19 September 2018 Majority approval (Standing vote) 31 October 2018 30 December 2018 [37][38][39]
[40][41]
Senate 17 October 2018 33 15
Royal assent 19 October 2018 Granted
 Vietnam 8 March 2018 National Assembly 12 November 2018 469 0 16 15 November 2018 14 January 2019 [42][43][44]
 Peru 8 March 2018 Congress 14 July 2021 97 0 9 21 July 2021 19 September 2021 [45][46]
 Malaysia 8 March 2018 Cabinet of Malaysia 30 September 2022 29 November 2022 [47][48]
[49][50]
 Chile 8 March 2018 Chamber of Deputies 17 April 2019 77 68 2 23 December 2022 21 February 2023 [51][52]
[53][54]
Senate 11 October 2022 27 10 1
 Brunei 8 March 2018 No parliamentary approval required 13 May 2023 12 July 2023 [55][56]
 United Kingdom 16 July 2023 House of Lords 23 January 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote) 17 May 2024 15 December 2024 [57][58][59]
[60][61][62]
House of Commons 19 March 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent 20 March 2024 Granted

Ratifications

On 28 June 2018, Mexico became the first country to finish its domestic ratification procedure of the CPTPP, with President Enrique Peña Nieto stating, "With this new generation agreement, Mexico diversifies its economic relations with the world and demonstrates its commitment to openness and free trade".[24][25]

On 6 July 2018, Japan became the second country to ratify the agreement.[27][63]

On 19 July 2018, Singapore became the third country to ratify the agreement and deposit its instrument of ratification.[30][64]

On 17 October 2018, the Australian Federal Parliament passed relevant legislation through the Senate.[65] The official ratification was deposited on 31 October 2018. This two-week gap made Australia the sixth signatory to deposit its ratification of the agreement, and it came into force 60 days later.[39]

On 25 October 2018, New Zealand ratified the CPTPP, increasing the number of countries that had formally ratified the agreement to four.[32]

Also on 25 October 2018, Canada passed and was granted royal assent on the enabling legislation.[35] The official ratification was deposited on 29 October 2018.[33][34][36]

On 2 November 2018, the CPTPP and related documents were submitted to the National Assembly of Vietnam for ratification.[66] On 12 November 2018, the National Assembly passed a resolution unanimously ratifying the CPTPP.[67] The Vietnamese government officially notified New Zealand of its ratification on 15 November 2018.[42]

On 14 July 2021, the CPTPP was approved by the Congress of the Republic of Peru. The official ratification was deposited on 21 July 2021.[45]

On 30 September 2022, Malaysia ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[50][49]

On 17 April 2019, the CPTPP was approved by the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. The final round of approval in the Senate was scheduled for November 2019, after being approved by its Commission of Constitution.[68] However, due to a series of massive protests against the government of Sebastián Piñera, the ratification process was paused. Only in 2022, the ratification process was resumed after a new Congress and a new President were elected. Despite the public opposition of Gabriel Boric to the treaty before his election as President, the new administration did not interfere in the voting. The CPTPP was approved in the Senate with 27 votes in favor (mainly from the right-wing opposition and some center-left politicians) and 10 against, mostly by members of the ruling coalition.[69] The treaty was deposited on 23 December, once several side letters were negotiated with the other signatories in specific topics considered harmful by the Chilean government.[70] On 23 February 2023, Boric ratified Chile's entry to TPP-11.[71]

On 13 May 2023, Brunei ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[55]

Entry into force

The agreement came into effect 60 days after ratification and deposit of accession documents by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven signatories).[10] Australia was the sixth country to ratify the agreement, which was deposited with New Zealand on 31 October 2018, and consequently the agreement came into force between Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore on 30 December 2018.[23]

On 1 January 2019, Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore implemented a second round of tariff cuts. Japan's second tariff cut took place on 1 April 2019.[36]

On 15 November 2018, Vietnam deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Vietnam on 14 January 2019.[36][42]Cite error: Invalid parameter in <ref> tag

On 21 July 2021, Peru deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Peru on 19 September 2021.[45]

On 30 September 2022, Malaysia deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Malaysia on 29 November 2022.[72]

On 23 December 2022, Chile deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Chile on 21 February 2023.[71]

On 13 May 2023, Brunei deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Brunei on 12 July 2023.[56]

Geographic scope

The CPTPP defines the "territory" of each party in Annex 1-A of Chapter 1 (Initial Provisions and General Definitions) of the agreement. These definitions outline the geographic areas to which the CPTPP applies, encompassing land territories, islands, internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelves, airspace, and other maritime areas where the party exercises sovereign rights or jurisdiction, consistent with international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[73][74]

A key aspect of these definitions is the explicit inclusion or exclusion of certain remote and offshore territories to ensure precise coverage for trade and economic activities. For example, Mexico's territory is defined to specifically include the remote Pacific islands of Guadalupe Island and the Revillagigedo Islands, along with any areas beyond the territorial seas where Mexico exercises sovereign rights or jurisdiction under international and domestic law. Australia's definition covers the mainland territory, airspace, territorial sea, contiguous zone and EEZ, and includes the Pacific territories of the Coral Sea Islands and Norfolk Island, as well the Indian Ocean territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands. New Zealand's territory explicitly excludes Tokelau, a non-self-governing Polynesian territory of New Zealand which enjoys substantial self-administration, and which remains on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.[73] Prior to the United Kingdom's CPTPP membership, the uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands were the furthest removed CPTPP territory from the Pacific Ocean, as they are over 4,000 kilometers from the West Australian city of Perth.[75]

CPTPP Commission

The CPTPP Commission is the decision-making body of the CPTPP, which was established when the CPTPP entered into force on 30 December 2018.[76] The official languages of CPTPP are English, French, and Spanish; English is used prevailing in the case of conflict or divergence.[77] The CPTPP commission in 2025 is chaired by Australia.[78]

CPTPP Commission meetings
No. Year Date Host City Host leader
1 2019 19 January  Japan Tokyo Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
2 9 October  New Zealand Auckland Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern
3 2020 5 August  Mexico Virtual meeting President Andrés Manuel López Obrador
4 2021 2 June  Japan Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga
5 1 September Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga
6 2022 8 October  Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
7 2023 16 July  New Zealand Auckland Prime Minister Chris Hipkins
8 2024 28 November  Canada Vancouver Prime Minister Justin Trudeau
9 2025 20-21 November  Australia Melbourne Prime Minister Anthony Albanese
10 2026 first half of 2026  Vietnam pending pending

1st CPTPP Commission (2019)
Representatives from the eleven CPTPP signatories participated in the 1st CPTPP Commission meeting held in Tokyo on 19 January 2019,[79] which decided:

  • A decision about the chairing and administrative arrangements for the commission and special transitional arrangements for 2019;[80]
  • A decision to establish the accession process for interested economies to join the CPTPP;[80] Annex[81]
  • A decision to create rules of procedure and a code of conduct for disputes involving Parties to the;[82] Annex;[83] Annex I[84]
  • A decision to create a code of conduct for investor-State dispute settlement.;[85] Annex[86]* Members of the CPTPP Commission also issued a joint ministerial statement on 19 January 2019.[87]

2nd CPTPP Commission (2019)
The 2nd CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 9 October 2019 in Auckland, New Zealand. Alongside the commission, the following Committees met for the first time in Auckland: Trade in Goods; Rules of Origin; Agricultural Trade; Technical Barriers to Trade; Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises; State Owned Enterprises; Development; Cooperation and Capacity Building; Competitiveness and Business Facilitation; Environment; and the Labour Council. The Commission adopted two formal decisions, (i) on its Rules of Procedure under Article 27.4 and (ii) to establish a Roster of Panel Chairs as provided for under Article 28.11.[88][89]

3rd CPTPP Commission (2020)
The 3rd CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Mexico on 5 August 2020.[90]

4th CPTPP Commission (2021)
The 4th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Japan on 2 June 2021. The Commission decided to move forward with the application of the United Kingdom as an aspirant economy.[91]

5th CPTPP Commission (2021)
The 5th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Japan on 1 September 2021.[92] The Commission decided to establish a Committee on Electronic Commerce composed of government representatives of each Party.

6th CPTPP Commission (2022)
The 6th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 8 October 2022 and hosted by Singapore.[93]

7th CPTPP Commission (2023)
The 7th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 16 July 2023 in Auckland, New Zealand. The commission decided to establish a Committee on Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation.[94] The meeting included the formal signing of the accession of the United Kingdom.[95]

8th CPTPP Commission (2024)
The 8th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 28 November 2024 in Vancouver, Canada.[96] The Commission decided to move forward with the application of Costa Rica as an aspirant economy.[97]

9th CPTPP Commission (2025)
The 9th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on from 20-21 November 2025 in Melbourne, Australia.[78] On the 20 November the commission planned to finish the negotiations and add Costa Rica by years end, and declared four other countries (Uruguay, the United Arab Emirates, the Philippines and Indonesia) as meeting the criteria to join the CPTPP.[98] The commission decided to move forward with the application of Uruguay as an aspirant economy first before the end of the 2025 and then with the United Arab Emirates, the Philippines and Indonesia in 2026 if appropriate.[98] A proposal from Vietnam for the establishment of a CPTPP support unit aimed at addressing resource constraints for the implementation of the agreement received unanimous support from all members.[99]

At the meeting, a subgroup of member nations issued a document known as The Birrarung Statement. This specific statement was championed by Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Singapore, and Chile. It was named after Melbourne's Yarra River (indigenously known as Birrarung) and represents a formal commitment to integrate Indigenous perspectives into the framework of international trade. It aimed to address the historic marginalization of indigenous peoples in global commerce. By signing the statement, the six nations agreed to explore ways to increase Indigenous participation in regional supply chains and to ensure that future trade policies are inclusive.[100][101]

Enlargement

CPTPP rules require all twelve signatories to agree to the admission of additional members.[102] Article 34 of CPTPP states that "any State or separate customs territory that is a member of APEC, and any other State or separate customs territory as the Parties may agree" are eligible to accede to the agreement.[103][104]

Current applicants

Country or region Status Application Negotiations opened Negotiations concluded Signature Ref.
 Costa Rica Invitation to join received 11 August 2022 28 November 2024 [105][106]
 China Formal application submitted 16 September 2021 [107][108]
 Taiwan Formal application submitted
under the name of "The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (TPKM)." 		22 September 2021 [109][110][111]
 Ecuador Formal application submitted 29 December 2021 [112][113]
 Uruguay Invitation to join received 1 December 2022 21 November 2025 [114][115][116]
 Ukraine Formal application submitted 5 May 2023 [117][118]
 Indonesia Formal application submitted & met criteria to join 19 September 2024 [119][120][98]
 Philippines Formal application submitted & met criteria to join August 2025 [121][98]
 United Arab Emirates Formal application submitted & met criteria to join August 2025 [121][98]
 Cambodia Formal application submitted December 2025 [122]

Applicants

Cambodia

On 17 June 2025, Cambodia created a government task force to study the feasibility of joining CPTPP.[123] In December 2025, Nikkei Asia reported that Cambodia had submitted its application to join the CPTPP trade pact.[122]

China

Chinese leaders have made aspirational statements about joining the TPP since 2013.[124]: 177  In May 2020, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang said that China was willing to consider joining CPTPP.[125] Meanwhile, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping said at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in November 2020 that China would "actively consider" joining CPTPP.

In December 2020, Japan Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi has said that "TPP-11 sets high standards for regulations on e-commerce, intellectual property and state-owned enterprises", suggesting the amount of government intervention in the Chinese economy will not meet CPTPP requirements.[126]

China's application to CPTPP is unlikely to gain traction. Although not a member of CPTPP, the U.S. can exercise the "poison pill" clause (Article 32.10) within the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement to dissuade Canada and Mexico from voting in favour of the Chinese application.[127]

On 16 September 2021, China formally applied to join CPTPP.[108]

Japan Economy Minister Yasutoshi Nishimura was quoted by Reuters: "Japan believes that it's necessary to determine whether China, which submitted a request to join the TPP-11, is ready to meet its extremely high standards"; indicating that Japan would not support the Chinese application under the current circumstances.[128]

Former Australian Trade Minister Dan Tehan indicated that Australia would oppose China's application until China halts trade strikes against Australian exports and resumes minister-to-minister contacts with the Australian government. Also, Australia has lodged disputes against China in the WTO on restrictions imposed by China on exports of barley and wine.[129]

Costa Rica

Costa Rica filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 11 August 2022 as part of recently elected President Rodrigo Chaves Robles's strategy of strengthening trade with Asian economies.[105][130] Costa Rica was invited on 28 November 2024 to begin accession talks by the CPTPP commission at its 8th meeting, an Accession Working Group for Costa Rica chaired by Peru and vice-chaired by Canada and New Zealand was created.[106][131][97] On 28 April 2025, Japan and Costa Rica agreed to work together to support Costa Rica's bid to join the trade bloc.[132] At the 9th CPTPP meeting on 20 November 2025 the commission planned to finish the negotiations and add Costa Rica by years end.[98]

Ecuador

Ecuador filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 29 December 2021 as the country moves to reduce its reliance on oil and diversify its economy through exports.[112][113]

Indonesia

Indonesia initially showed the least interest of three linked ASEAN members to apply to CPTPP, however continued to monitor the developments of the trade bloc, with Indonesian ambassador to the US Rosan Roeslani leaving the door open but clarifying that Indonesia was not in the process of applying to CPTPP at that time.[133] In October 2023, Jakarta Globe reported that the primary reason for Indonesia's lack of interest in CPTPP was due to the government's policy of reducing imported goods in its public procurement in order to develop its domestic industry, which is incompatible with CPTPP requirements for members to eliminate over 98 percent of tariffs in the free trade area.[134] In December 2023, Chief Economic Affairs Minister Airlangga Hartarto heavily discussed CPTPP with British Trade Envoy to Indonesia, Richard Graham; this meeting occurred a few months after the UK signed the accession protocols to join CPTPP.[135] In April 2024, Hartarto conveyed Indonesia's interest in joining CPTPP to British Minister of State for Indo-Pacific Anne-Marie Trevelyan during a meeting in London; Trevelyan emphasised that the UK supported Indonesia's bids to join the OECD and CPTPP.[136] On 3 June 2024, Hartarto announced that Indonesia would apply to join CPTPP in 2024, as it would be a faster method to gain access to new markets, highlighting the UK and Mexico, than negotiating individual bilateral agreements.[137] Indonesia filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 19 September 2024.[119]

Philippines

The Philippines' interest in the CPTPP has remained, but the consultative process and legal analysis of the terms necessary for accession have been drawn out.[133] The Philippines previously wanted to join the TPP in 2016 under Benigno Aquino, who said that the country stood to gain from becoming a member of the trade pact.[138] Philippine Ambassador to the U.S. Jose Manuel Romualdez later clarified that the US withdrawal from TPP pushed the Philippines' application to CPTPP down the agenda, yet China's interest in acceding to CPTPP has made the trade bloc more attractive for the Philippines.[133] In July 2024, Trade Undersecretary Allan Gepty announced that the Philippines would apply for membership of CPTPP by the end of the year.[139] The Philippines reportedly submitted its application to the CPTPP trade pact in August 2025 according to unnamed Japanese officials.[121]

Taiwan

Taiwan applied to join CPTPP on 22 September 2021.[140]

It had previously expressed interest to join TPP in 2016.[141] After TPP's evolution to CPTPP in 2018, Taiwan indicated its will to continue efforts to join CPTPP.[142] In December 2020, the Taiwanese government stated that it would submit an application to join CPTPP following the conclusion of informal consultations with existing members.[143] In February 2021 again, Taiwan indicated its will to apply to join CPTPP at an appropriate time.[144] A few days after China submitted its request to join the CPTPP, Taiwan sent its own request to join the CPTPP, a move that has been one of the main policy objectives of Tsai Ing-wen's government.[145]

Ukraine

On 1 May 2023, the Ukrainian government announced its intention for the accession of Ukraine to CPTPP.[146] Ukraine aims to accelerate its efforts to restore its economy severely damaged by the Russian invasion.[147] Canadian Trade Minister Mary Ng expressed support for Ukraine's application.[148] Ukraine submitted a formal request to join the trade bloc on 5 May 2023.[117][118]

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates reportedly submitted its application to the CPTPP trade pact in August 2025 according to unnamed Japanese officials.[121]

Uruguay

Uruguay filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 1 December 2022.[114] Uruguay's application received backlash from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, of which make up the Mercosur trade bloc, particularly following President Lacelle Pou opening negotiations for a free trade agreement with China and signalling his willingness to cut deals with other countries. Paraguay's Foreign Minister Julio Arriola responded by stating that "Mercosur member states should negotiate as a bloc and via consensus and we continue in that line,” citing the organization's founding treaties.[149] In 2024 Uruguay joined the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) which adherence to was cited as being an essential requirement to join the CPTPP.[150][151] On 1 March 2025 former foreign minister Omar Paganini stated he believes that Uruguay is poised to enter the pact with nine countries having said yes to membership and none opposed, however incumbent foreign minister Mario Lubetkin was less confident saying that Uruguay was far from reaching a deal.[152] Uruguay was formally invited to join amid the 9th CPTPP Commission meeting held in Melbourne, Australia.[116]

Existing FTAs with applicants

The following countries have table shows the existing free trade agreements between CPTPP member states and applicants, the more existing FTAs the faster the negotiations. As listed by the World Trade Organization.

Country  China  Costa Rica  Ecuador  Indonesia  Philippines  Taiwan  United Arab Emirates  Ukraine  Uruguay
 Australia Free Trade Agreement,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		none none Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement,
ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		ASEAN Free Trade Area, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership none none none
 Brunei ASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		none none ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		ASEAN Free Trade Area, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership none none none
 Canada none Free Trade Agreement none none none Free Trade Agreement none
 Chile Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Latin American Integration Association 		Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement 		none none Protocol on Trade Negotiations,
Latin American Integration Association
 Japan Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership none none Economic Partnership Agreement,
ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		ASEAN Free Trade Area, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership none none none
 Malaysia ASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		none Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		ASEAN Free Trade Area, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership none none none
 Mexico none Free Trade Agreement Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Latin American Integration Association,
Partial Economic Agreement 		Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries none none Protocol on Trade Negotiations,
Latin American Integration Association
 New Zealand Free Trade Agreement,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		none none ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN Free Trade Area, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Economic Cooperation Agreement none none
 Peru Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement Andean Community,
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Latin American Integration Association 		Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries none none Protocol on Trade Negotiations,
Latin American Integration Association
 Singapore Free Trade Agreement,
ASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		Free Trade Agreement Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries 		ASEAN Free Trade Area, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Economic Partnership Agreement none none
 United Kingdom none Central America Association Agreement Andean Countries–United Kingdom Trade Agreement none none Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement none
 Vietnam ASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		none Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 		Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership none none none

Expressed interest

Several countries have expressed interest in joining CPTPP since the revisions from TPP, including Colombia, South Korea, and Thailand.[153]

European Union

In April 2024, Finland and Sweden proposed to the European Union that it should deepen ties with the Asia-Pacific region including CPTPP, in addition to the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.[154]

At the beginning of his second Presidency, US President Donald Trump rapidly began imposing "Reciprocal tariffs" on countries with large trade deficits with the United States. Following Trump's "Liberation Day" tariffs announcement, the European Union and the CPTPP countries revived a stalled plan for a Strategic partnership between the two trade blocs—vocally backed by Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore as well as quietly backed by Japan.[155] On 13 May 2025, Sweden announced that it would propose that the European Union join CPTPP with the aim of forming the world's biggest free trade area to help counter the impact of US President Donald Trump's tariffs. The European Union has free trade agreements with 8 out of 12 CPTPP members, potentially fast tracking any future EU accession negotiations.[156] Facing persistent dysfunction at the World Trade Organization and new US tariffs, EU leaders are exploring closer cooperation with the CPTPP as both an alternative and a catalyst for global trade reform. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has proposed structured collaboration between the EU and CPTPP members, presenting this as a first step toward redesigning the global trade order and demonstrating that broad, rules-based free trade remains achievable.[157] German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and other EU leaders have voiced support for this initiative, emphasizing the need for new institutional mechanisms to replace the WTO’s stalled dispute resolution functions.[158]

South Korea

In January 2021, South Korea's Moon administration announced it was interested in joining CPTPP.[159] The country will examine sanitary and phytosanitary measures, fisheries subsidies, digital trade and guidelines related to state-run enterprises to meet the requirements that CPTPP had suggested.[160] The South Korean government formally announced it will begin its application to join CPTPP in December 2021.[161] During the 57th Japan-South Korea Business Conference, both parties agreed to support preliminary measures by relevant organisations to facilitate South Korea's bid to join the CPTPP.[162]

Thailand

In November 2021, a Thai government official stated that Thailand aimed to join talks on membership of CPTPP, which had been viewed as a method to boost the Thai economy, additionally it would increase the competitivity of Thai goods against rivals, notably Malaysia and Vietnam, in sectors such as agricultural and electronic industries.[163] Foreign Minister Don Pramudwinai was expected to submit a letter of intent for the country to apply to join the pact to the cabinet for its approval.[164] A campaign against joining the pact called "#NoCPTPP" which has gathered 400,000 signatures has demanded the prime minister to not consider joining the pact.[165] Thailand has remained interested in joining CPTPP as part of its free trade agreement strategy to expand its trade and investment opportunities with various partners around the world, however has not submitted a formal application.[166]

United States

On 25 January 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump in an interview announced his interest in possibly rejoining the TPP if it were a "substantially better deal" for the United States. He had withdrawn the U.S. from the original agreement in January 2017.[167] On 12 April 2018, he told the White House National Economic Council Director Larry Kudlow and U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer to look into joining CPTPP.[168] U.S. Wheat Associates President Vince Peterson had said in December 2018 that American wheat exporters could face an "imminent collapse" in their 53% market share in Japan due to exclusion from CPTPP. Peterson added, "Our competitors in Australia and Canada will now benefit from those [CPTPP] provisions, as U.S. farmers watch helplessly." The National Cattlemen's Beef Association stated that exports of beef to Japan, America's largest export market, would be at a serious disadvantage to Australian exporters, whose tariffs on exports to Japan would be cut by 27.5% during the first year of CPTPP.[169][170]

In December 2020, a bipartisan group of U.S. policy experts, Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye Jr., called for Washington to join the CPTPP,[171][172] but this call was rejected by Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo when meeting Japanese government leaders on 15 November 2021. Raimondo stated that the Biden administration would not be joining CPTPP but instead planned to create a new trade framework as an alternative to CPTPP in the Indo-Pacific region.[173]

Responses

Economist Gabriel Palma has criticized the treaty for severely restricting the sovereignty of the signatories.[174] Signatories are subject to international courts and have restrictions on what their state-owned enterprises can do.[175] According to Palma the treaty makes it difficult for countries to implement policies aimed to diversify exports thus becoming a so-called middle income trap.[174] Palma also accuses that the treaty is reinforcing unequal relations by being drafted to reflect the laws of the United States.[175]

In the case of Chile, Palma holds the treaty is redundant regarding the possibilities of trade as Chile already has trade treaties with ten of its members.[175] On the contrary, economist Klaus Schmidt–Hebbel consider that the CPTPP "deepening" of already existing trade relations of Chile is a point in favour of it.[176] In the view of Schmidt-Hebbel approving the treaty is important for the post-Covid economic recovery of Chile and wholly in line with the economic policies of Chile since the 1990s.[176]

In mid November 2021 the Waitangi Tribunal, a standing commission of inquiry established in 1975 to investigate the New Zealand Crown's breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi, found that the Crown had failed to meet its Treaty obligations to protect Māori interests as part of the CPTPP but acknowledged that several major changes occurred in the negotiation process.[177] While the Tribunal was satisfied that the Crown's engagement with Māori over the CPTPP and secrecy had been resolved through negotiation, it ruled there were significant risks to Māori in the e-commerce provisions of the CPTPP and data sovereignty.[178] Following an earlier 2016 Tribunal ruling, a Māori advisory committee called Te Taumata had been established while a second body known as Ngā Toki Whakarururanga was established as a result of the mediation agreement.[177]

See also

Bilateral FTAs

  • Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA)
  • Australia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (JAEPA)
  • Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (AUKFTA)
  • Canada–Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA)
  • Canada–Peru Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA)
  • Canada–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (CUKFTA)
  • Canada–United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement (CUKTCA)
  • Chile–Mexico Free Trade Agreement (CMFTA)
  • Japan–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (JUKCEPA)
  • Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (MNFTA)
  • Mexico–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (MUKFTA)
  • New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (NZUKFTA)
  • Singapore–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (SUKFTA)
  • United Kingdom–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (UKVFTA)

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  74. ↑ "Chapter 1 – Initial Provisions and General Definitions | CPTPP Portal". https://apfccptppportal.ca/agreement/2. 
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  86. ↑ "CODE OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER CHAPTER 9 SECTION B (INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT) OF THE COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP". Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/tpp/tpp11/pdf/190119_tpp_dec_en_08.pdf. 
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  89. ↑ "Concluding Joint Statement". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 19 October 2019. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/CPTPP/CPTPP-Joint-Statement.pdf. 
  90. ↑ "Third CPTPP Commission Meeting". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 6 August 2020. https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/cptpp/news/Pages/cptpp-news. 
  91. ↑ "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the United Kingdom's Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process". Cabinet Secretariat. 2 June 2021. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/tpp/tppinfo/2021/pdf/20210602_cptpp_iinkaikettei_en.pdf. 
  92. ↑ "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the Establishment of a Committee on Electronic Commerce". Cabinet Secretariat. 2 September 2021. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/tpp/tppinfo/2021/pdf/20210901_cptpp_iinkaikettei_en.pdf. 
  93. ↑ "Sixth CPTPP Commission Meeting". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 8 October 2021. https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/cptpp/commission-meetings. 
  94. ↑ "CPTPP: Joint Ministerial Statement on the Occasion of the Seventh Commission Meeting". 17 July 2023. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1170933/joint-ministerial-statement-seventh-cptpp-commisison-meeting.pdf. 
  95. ↑ Crerar, Pippa (16 July 2023). "Kemi Badenoch signs treaty for UK to join Indo-Pacific trade bloc". https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/jul/16/kemi-badenoch-signs-treaty-for-uk-to-join-indo-pacific-trade-bloc-cptpp-uk-economy. 
  96. ↑ "Canada's chairing of the CPTPP Commission in 2024". 21 February 2024. https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cptpp-ptpgp/commission-2024.aspx?lang=eng. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 CPTPP Commission (29 November 2024). "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) joint ministerial statement, 28 November 2024". https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cptpp-joint-ministerial-statement-in-vancouver-canada-28-november-2024/comprehensive-and-progressive-agreement-for-trans-pacific-partnership-cptpp-joint-ministerial-statement-28-november-2024. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.4 98.5 "CPTPP trade pact hopes to add Costa Rica by year's end, begin Uruguay talks". 21 November 2025. https://english.kyodonews.net/articles/-/65391. 
  99. ↑ "CPTPP ministers convene council meeting in Melbourne, launch new accession talks". 22 November 2025. https://vir.com.vn/cptpp-ministers-convene-council-meeting-in-melbourne-launch-new-accession-talks-141283.html. 
  100. ↑ https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/cptpp/background-documents/birrarung-statement
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  102. ↑ Kye-wan, Cho (5 February 2021). "As UK joins CPTPP hopefuls, S. Korea hurries to prepare application". https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/982068.html. 
  103. ↑ "Consolidated TPP Text – Chapter 30 – Final Provisions". 10 February 2017. https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/tpp-ptp/text-texte/30.aspx?lang=eng. 
  104. ↑ Stephens, Hugh; Kucharski, Jeff (15 November 2022). "The CPTPP Bids of China and Taiwan: Issues and Implications". https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/cptpp-bids-of-china-and-taiwan-issues-and-implications. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Murillo, Alavaro (11 August 2022). "Costa Rica seeks entry to trans-Pacific trade bloc". https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/costa-rica-seeks-entry-trans-pacific-trade-bloc-2022-08-11/. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Martinez, Juan (29 November 2024). "Costa Rica Invited to Join Pacific Trade Powerhouse CPTPP". https://www.riotimesonline.com/costa-rica-invited-to-join-pacific-trade-powerhouse-cptpp/. 
  107. ↑ "China applies to join key Asia-Pacific trade pact". 17 September 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58579832. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 MacSwann, Angus; Richardson, Alex; Porter, Mark (16 September 2021). "China officially applies to join CPTPP trade pact". https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16/. 
  109. ↑ "台灣已申請加入CPTPP 王美花23日對外說明" (in Chinese). 22 September 2021. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202109225007.aspx. 
  110. ↑ Blanchard, Ben (22 September 2021). "Taiwan applies to join Pacific trade pact week after China". https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taiwan-applies-join-pacific-trade-pact-cptpp-official-news-agency-2021-09-22/. 
  111. ↑ Young, Audrey (23 September 2021). "Taiwan follows China and applies to join CPTPP trade pact". https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/taiwan-follows-china-and-applies-to-join-cptpp-trade-pact/SPNKLRXVHHFDD4TLV75B2LZTZM/. "New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has confirmed it has received a formal request from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu" 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "Ecuador applies to join CPTPP trade pact". https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20211230_09/. 
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Miyamoto, Hidetake (29 December 2021). "Ecuador applies for CPTPP membership to diversify trade". https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/Ecuador-applies-for-CPTPP-membership-to-diversify-trade2. 
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 "Uruguay presentó formalmente la solicitud de ingreso al Acuerdo Transpacífico" (in Spanish). 1 December 2022. https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/uruguay-presento-formalmente-solicitud-ingreso-acuerdo-transpacifico.html. 
  115. ↑ Miyamoto, Hidetake (1 December 2022). "Uruguay applies to join CPTPP in bid for Asian export boost". https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/Uruguay-applies-to-join-CPTPP-in-bid-for-Asian-export-boost. 
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding Uruguay’s Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process". https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/cptpp/news/decision-commission-comprehensive-and-progressive-agreement-trans-pacific-partnership-regarding-uruguays-formal-request-commence-accession-process. 
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Komiya, Kantaro; Craymer, Lucy (7 July 2023). "Ukraine asks to join CPTPP trade pact". https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-has-requested-join-cptpp-trade-pact-japan-minister-says-2023-07-07/. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 "Ukraine Submits Request to Join CPTPP Trade Pact". 7 July 2023. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/business/economy/20230707-121149/. 
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 The Strait Times (25 September 2024). "Indonesia formally requests to join Trans-Pacific trade pact". https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-formally-requests-to-join-trans-pacific-trade-pact. 
  120. ↑ Strangio, Sebastian. "Indonesia Officially Lodges Application to Join Trans-Pacific Trade Pact". https://thediplomat.com/2024/09/indonesia-officially-lodges-application-to-join-trans-pacific-trade-pact/. 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 Strangio, Sebastian. "Philippine, UAE Have Applied for CPTPP Membership, Report Claims". https://thediplomat.com/2025/11/philippine-uae-have-applied-for-cptpp-membership-report-claims/. 
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  123. ↑ Niseiy, Sao Phal (18 April 2024). "Cambodia Weighs Joining CPTPP Trade Pact". Phnom Penh. https://cambodianess.com/article/cambodia-weighs-joining-cptpp-trade-pact. 
  124. ↑ Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5. 
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  127. ↑ Tiezzi, Shannon (17 September 2021). "Will China Actually Join the CPTPP". https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/will-china-actually-join-the-cptpp/. 
  128. ↑ "China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout". 16 September 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16/. 
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  134. ↑ Shofa, Jayanty (12 October 2023). "Indonesia Still Has No Plans to Join CPTPP Trade Pact". https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-still-has-no-plans-to-join-cptpp-trade-pact. 
  135. ↑ Shofa, Jayanty (22 December 2023). "Indonesia Eyes CPTPP to Enter Latin American Market". https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-eyes-cptpp-to-enter-latin-american-market. 
  136. ↑ Saputra, Bayu; Adji, Raka (1 May 2024). "Indonesia expresses interest in joining CPTPP". https://en.antaranews.com/news/312276/indonesia-expresses-interest-in-joining-cptpp. 
  137. ↑ Damayanti, Ismi; Sagami, Maki; Senga, Iyo (24 May 2024). "Indonesia to apply for CPTPP membership this year: minister". https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Future-of-Asia/The-Future-of-Asia-2024/Indonesia-to-apply-for-CPTPP-membership-this-year-minister. 
  138. ↑ Canivel, Roy S. (25 March 2021). "PH wants to join mega free trade pact". The Inquirer. https://business.inquirer.net/319987/ph-wants-to-join-mega-free-trade-pact. 
  139. ↑ Desiderio, Louella (24 July 2024). "Philippines eyes bilateral FTA with Chile". https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/07/24/2372396/philippines-eyes-bilateral-fta-chile. 
  140. ↑ Liang, Pei-Chi; Liu, Kay. "Taiwan submits application to join CPTPP trade deal" (in zh-Hant-TW). https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202109220022. 
  141. ↑ Tsai, Ing-wen (5 June 2016). "President Tsai meets delegation led by US Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain". https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/4906. 
  142. ↑ Strong, Matthew (7 December 2018). "Taiwan will continue CPTPP efforts despite comments by Japan". https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3591986. 
  143. ↑ "Taiwan on track to apply to join trans-Pacific trade pact". 14 December 2020. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/12/14/business/taiwan-apply-tpp-trade/. 
  144. ↑ Lin, Shirley (2 February 2021). "Taiwan will apply to join CPTPP at the right time: Foreign ministry". https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2004776. 
  145. ↑ Lin, Miaojung; Baschuk, Bryce; Wang, Cindy (22 September 2021). "Taiwan Applies to Join Pacific Trade Deal Just Days After China". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-22/taiwan-applies-to-join-pacific-trade-deal-just-days-after-china. 
  146. ↑ Ministry of Economy of Ukraine (1 May 2023). "Ukraine's delegation to the negotiations on accession to Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership appointed". https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/utvoreno-delehatsiiu-ukrainy-dlia-uchasti-u-perehovorakh-pro-pryiednannia-do-uhody-pro-transtykhookeanske-partnerstvo. 
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  148. ↑ Shakil, Ismail; Scherer, Steve (26 May 2023). "Canada backs Ukraine's application to join trans-Pacific trade pact". Ottawa. https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-backs-ukraines-application-join-trans-pacific-trade-pact-2023-05-26/. 
  149. ↑ Parks, Ken (1 December 2022). "Mercosur Tensions Rise as Uruguay Seeks Trade Deal Outside Bloc". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-01/mercosur-tensions-rise-as-uruguay-seaks-trade-deal-outside-bloc. 
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  151. ↑ Penadés, Fabiana (10 June 2024). "Uruguay takes final step towards Patent Cooperation Treaty". https://www.clarkemodet.com/en/legislative-news/uruguay-takes-final-step-towards-patent-cooperation-treaty/. 
  152. ↑ Carlos Cáceres, Juan (1 March 2025). "Uruguay’s Orsi will look to strengthen Mercosur but also expand trade". Buenos Aires. https://buenosairesherald.com/world/uruguays-orsi-will-look-to-strengthen-mercosur-but-also-expand-trade. 
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  154. ↑ Gijs, Camille (18 April 2024). "The EU needs to get its trade mojo back, say Sweden and Finland". https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eu-needs-get-its-trade-mojo-back-say-sweden-and-finland/. 
  155. ↑ Foster, Peter; Gridneff, Ilya; Bounds, Andy; Walker, Owen (4 May 2025). "EU eyes closer ties to transpacific bloc as Trump jolts trade order". London; Toronto; Brussels; Singapore. https://www.ft.com/content/bee31826-012d-4bb1-a6eb-d6cc0d4ef39f. 
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  160. ↑ Park, Han-na (11 January 2021). "Seoul will actively pursue CPTPP: finance minister". http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210111000890. 
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  167. ↑ Pramuk, Jacob (25 January 2018). "Trump: I would reconsider a massive Pacific trade deal if it were 'substantially better'". https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/25/trump-says-he-would-reconsider-trans-pacific-partnership-trade-deal.html. 
  168. ↑ Fabian, Jordan; Needham, Vicki (12 April 2018). "Trump to explore entering Pacific trade pact he once called 'a disaster'". https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/382867-trump-orders-officials-to-look-into-re-entering-tpp-trade-pact. 
  169. ↑ Bevege, Alison (30 December 2018). "Pacific trade pact takes off with tariffs cut in six nations". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trade-tpp-idUSKCN1OT00C. 
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  171. ↑ "U.S. experts urge rejoining Pacific free trade deal amid China's rise". 8 December 2020. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/12/87540181c3dd-us-experts-urge-rejoining-pacific-free-trade-deal-amid-chinas-rise.html. 
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  178. ↑ Ruru, Karanama (9 March 2024). "The Waitangi Tribunal, explained". Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/politics/350201186/waitangi-tribunal-explained. 

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