Organization:Caribbean Community

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Flag of Caribbean Community[1] Dutch: Caribische Gemeenschap French: Communauté caribéenne Spanish: Comunidad del Caribe
Flag
Official Logo of Caribbean Community[1] Dutch: Caribische Gemeenschap French: Communauté caribéenne Spanish: Comunidad del Caribe
Official Logo
Anthem: "Celebrating CARICOM"[2]
  Full members   Associate members   Observers
  Full members
  Associate members
  Observers
Seat of SecretariatGeorgetown, Guyana
Largest cityPort-au-Prince, Haiti
Official languagesEnglish[3]
Working language
[4][3]
Other languages
Ethnic groups In full member states:
  • 73.78% Afro-Caribbean
  • 8.3% Multiracial
  • 6.09% Indian
  • 0.49% European
  • 0.39% Indigenous (Amerindian)
  • 0.12% Chinese
  • 10.83% Others
Demonym(s)Caribbean people
TypeSupranational union[7]
Member states
GovernmentIntergovernmental
• Secretary-General
Belize Carla Barnett
• Chairman
Saint Kitts and Nevis Terrance Drew
Establishment
• Treaty of Chaguaramas
4 July 1973
• Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas
2001
Area
• Total
458,480 km2 (177,020 sq mi)
Population
• 2019 estimate
Neutral increase 18,482,141 (in full member states)[8]
239,251,864[8] (in all states)
• Density
40.3/km2 (104.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2020 estimate
• Total
$145.3 billion[9]
• Per capita
$18,289
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$81.987 billion
• Per capita
$12,608
HDI (2023)Increase 0.765[10]
high
Currency

The Caribbean Community (abbreviated as CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) and eight associated members throughout the Americas, the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean.[1] It has the primary objective to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and coordinate foreign policy. The organisation was established in 1973,[11] by its four founding members signing the Treaty of Chaguaramas.

The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM has been granted the official United Nations General Assembly observer status.[12]

History

CARICOM, originally The Caribbean Community and Common Market, was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas which took effect on 1 August 1973.[13] Founding states were Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.

The Caribbean Community superseded the 1965–1972 Caribbean Free Trade Association organised to provide a continued economic linkage between the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean after the dissolution of the West Indies Federation, which lasted from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962.

A revised Treaty of Chaguaramas established The Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy, security, foreign exchange and was signed by the CARICOM Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on 5 July 2001 at their Twenty-Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau, The Bahamas.[14] The revised treaty cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy.

Haiti's membership in CARICOM remained effectively suspended from 29 February 2004 through early June 2006 following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état and the removal of Jean-Bertrand Aristide from the presidency.[15][16] CARICOM announced that no democratically elected government in CARICOM should have its leader deposed. The fourteen other heads of government sought to have Aristide fly from Africa to Jamaica and share his account of events with them, which infuriated the interim Haitian prime minister, Gérard Latortue, who announced he would take steps to take Haiti out of CARICOM.[17] CARICOM thus voted on suspending the participation of Haitian officials from the councils of CARICOM.[18][19] Following the presidential election of René Préval, Haitian officials were readmitted and Préval himself gave the opening address at the CARICOM Council of Ministers meeting in July.[20][21]

Since 2013 the CARICOM-bloc and with the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements signed in 2008 known as CARIFORUM.[22] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Under Article 234 of the agreement, the European Court of Justice handles dispute resolution between CARIFORUM and European Union states.[23]

On 1 October 2025, four Caricom members—Barbados, Belize, Dominica, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines—implemented full freedom of movement, going beyond the freedom of movement only for skilled workers that other Caricom members have implemented.[24]

Agenda and goals

CARICOM was established by the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean and currently includes all the independent Anglophone island countries plus Belize, Guyana, Montserrat and Suriname, as well as all other British Caribbean territories and Bermuda as associate members. English was its sole working language into the 1990s. The organisation became multilingual with the addition of Dutch and Sranan Tongo-speaking Suriname in 1995 and the French and Haitian Creole-speaking Haiti in 2002. Furthermore, it added Spanish as the fourth official language in 2003. In July 2012, CARICOM announced they considered making French and Dutch official languages.[25] In 2001, the Conference of Heads of Governments signed a revised Treaty of Chaguaramas that cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the CARICOM Single Market and Economy.[26] Part of the revised treaty establishes and implements the Caribbean Court of Justice. Its primary activities involve:

  • Coordinating economic policies and development planning.
  • Devising and instituting special projects for the less-developed countries within its jurisdiction.
  • Operating as a regional single market for many of its members (Caricom Single Market).
  • Handling regional trade disputes.

Organisational structure

The following is the overall structure of Caribbean Community (CARICOM).[27]

Administration and staff

Institution Abbreviation Location Country
Secretariat of the Caribbean Community CCS Georgetown Guyana
Caricom heads of government PCC variable
Conference of Heads of Governments HGC variable
Assembly of Caribbean Community Parliamentarians ACCP variable
Caribbean Community Administrative Tribunal CCAT Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago

Chairmanship

The post of Chairman (Head of CARICOM) is held in rotation by the regional Heads of Government of CARICOM's 15 member states. These include Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.

Heads of government

CARICOM contains a quasi-Cabinet of the individual Heads of Government. These heads are given specialised portfolios of responsibility for regional development and integration.[28]

Secretariat

The Secretariat of the Caribbean Community is the Chief Administrative Organ for CARICOM. The Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community is the chief executive and handles foreign and community relations. Five years is the term of office of the Secretary-General, which may be renewed. The Deputy Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community handles human and Social Development. The General Counsel of the Caribbean Community handles trade and economic integration.

The goal statement of the CARICOM Secretariat is: "To contribute, in support of Member States, to the improvement of the quality of life of the People of the Community and the development of an innovative and productive society in partnership with institutions and groups working towards attaining a people-centred, sustainable and internationally competitive Community."[29]

Organs and bodies

Principal organs
Organ Description
CARICOM Heads of Government Consisting of the various heads of Government from each member state
Standing Committee of Ministers Ministerial responsibilities for specific areas, for example the Standing Committee of Ministers responsible for Health will consist of Ministers of Health from each member state

Community Council

The Community Council comprises ministers responsible for community affairs and any other Minister designated by the member states at their discretion. It is one of the community's principal organs; the other is the Conference of the Heads of Government. Five other organs and four bodies support it.

Secondary organs
Secondary organ Abbreviation
Council for Finance and Planning COFAP
Council for Foreign and Community Relations COFCOR
Council for Human and Social Development COHSOD
Council for National Security and Law Enforcement CONSLE
Council for Trade and Economic Development COTED
Bodies
Body Description
Legal Affairs Committee[30] provides legal advice
Budget Committee examines the draft budget and work programme of the Secretariat and submits recommendations to the Community Council.
Committee of the Central Bank Governors provides recommendations to the COFAP on monetary and financial matters.
Committee of Ambassadors facilitates implementation of the Community's Strategic Plan and reports to the Community Council.

Institutions

The following institutions are founded by or affiliated to the Caricom:[31]

Caricom Institutions

Institution Abbreviation Location Country
Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency CCREEE Bridgetown Barbados
Caricom Development Fund CDF Bridgetown Barbados
Caribbean Telecommunications Union CTU Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CCCCC Belmopan Belize
Caricom Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality[32] CROSQ Bridgetown Barbados
Caribbean Meteorological Organisation CMO Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM Belize City Belize
Caricom Implementation Agency for Crime and Security IMPACS Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology CIMH Bridgetown Barbados
Caribbean Examinations Council CXC Bridgetown Barbados
Caribbean Court of Justice CCtJ/CCJ Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Caricom Competition Commission CCC Paramaribo Suriname
Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDEMA Saint Michael Barbados
Caribbean Agricultural Health and Food Safety Agency CAHFSA Paramaribo Suriname
Caribbean Aviation Safety and Security Oversight System CASSOS Kingston Jamaica
Caribbean Public Health Agency CARPHA Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Centre for Development Administration CARICAD Saint Michael Barbados
Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute CARDI Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Organisation of Tax Administrators COTA Georgetown Guyana

Functional cooperation

Institution Abbreviation Location Country
Caribbean Tourism Organization CTO Saint Michael Barbados
Caribbean Council of Legal Education CLE several
Caribbean Export Development Agency Caribbean Export Saint Michael Barbados
Caribbean Regional Information and Translation Institute CRITI Paramaribo Suriname

Associate

Institution Abbreviation Location Country
Caribbean Congress of Labour CCL Saint Michael Barbados
Caricom Private Sector Organization CPSO Saint Michael Barbados
University of the West Indies UWI several
University of Guyana UG Georgetown Guyana
Caribbean Law Institute CLI Saint Michael Barbados
Caribbean Development Bank CDB Saint Michael Barbados

Cancelled

The following institutions have been cancelled or merged into other ones:

Institution Abbreviation Location Country
Regional Educational Programme for Animal Health Assistants REPAHA New Amsterdam Guyana
Caribbean Food Corporation CFC Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute CEHI Castries Saint Lucia
The Caribbean Epidemiology Centre CAREC Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute CFNI Kingston Jamaica
Caribbean Health Research Council CHRC Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Regional Drug Testing Laboratory CRDTL Georgetown Guyana

Relationship to other organisations

Template:Supranational Caribbean Organisations Template:Supranational American bodies

African Union

Some editorial and political discourse has been made about the African diaspora and specifically the potential level of engagement which could be garnered between the African continent and the Caribbean region.[33][34][35] Many Caribbean nations have sought to deepen ties with nations in the continent of Africa. Leading to the African Union-bloc referring to the Caribbean as the potential "Sixth Region" of the African Union under the protocol on the amendment to the Constitutive Act of 2003.[36][37] Some Caribbean states have already moved to join Africa institutions including Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, and The Bahamas which have all become members of the African Export-Import Bank.[38] </ref> In 2022 the former President of Jamaica even made calls for Caribbean States to seek partnership with the AfCFTA agreement.[39] At present Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, and Suriname are at various stages of establishing direct air flights with Africa to boost person-to-person links and boost trade, or tourism between both regions. Several Caribbean islands have also looked to open negotiations on easing passport visa restrictions between both regions.[40][41]

The first inter-regional Africa-Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Summit took place in September 2021. In August 2023 the African Union's African Export–Import Bank officially launched its first Caribbean Community office in Barbados beginning the process of integrating willing Caribbean states as the 6th region of the African Union.[42][43] The Government of Barbados donated the land in order to help complete the deal.[44] In 2023 the CARICOM-bloc's central banks voted to choose the African PAPSS-system as the preferred method for clearing inter-regional transactions.[45]

In August 2026, the President of Ghana, John Dramani Mahama, stated that one of his agenda items when he leads the African Union next year will be the inclusion of the Caribbean Community into the AfCFTA framework.[46][47][48] To facilitate the move, a parliament-supported joint commission is to be assembled between both regions with the aim of legal and national standards harmonisation.[49] The initiative may delve into the idea of also separating the Caribbean out of the 6th region known as "diaspora", and forming it as a special 7th region directly of the AU.[50][51] Under the agreement it's been proposed that leaders of nations which have signed on to the arrangement will be allowed to sit-in and take part in African Union meetings as well.

Association of Caribbean States

CARICOM was instrumental in the formation of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) on 24 July 1994. The original idea for the Association came from a recommendation of the West Indian Commission, established in 1989 by the CARICOM heads of state and government. The Commission advocated both deepening the integration process (through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy) and complementing it through a separate regional organisation encompassing all states in the Caribbean.[52]

CARICOM accepted the commission's recommendations and opened dialogue with other Caribbean states, the Central American states and the Latin American nations of Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico which border the Caribbean, for consultation on the proposals of the West Indian Commission.[52]

At an October 1993 summit, the heads of state and government of CARICOM and the presidents of the then-Group of Three (Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) formally decided to create an association grouping all states of the Caribbean basin. A work schedule for its formation was adopted. The aim was to create the association in less than a year, an objective which was achieved with the formal creation of the ACS.[52]

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

CARICOM was also involved in the formation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) on 3 December 2010. The idea for CELAC originated at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit on 23 February 2010 in Mexico. This act caters to the integration of the Americas process, complimenting well-established initiatives of the Organization of American States.[53][54][55][56]

European Union: Economic Partnership Agreements

Since 2013, the CARICOM-bloc and the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements known as CARIFORUM signed in 2008.[22] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Within the agreement under Article 234, the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the states of the European Union.[23]

OHADAC Project

In May 2016, Caricom's court of original jurisdiction, the CCJ, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the ACP Legal Association based in Guadeloupe recognising and supporting the goals of implementing a harmonised business law framework in the Caribbean through ACP Legal Association's OHADAC Project.[57]

OHADAC is the acronym for the French "Organisation pour l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en les Caraïbes", which translates into English as "Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in the Caribbean". The OHADAC Project takes inspiration from a similar organisation in Africa and aims to enhance economic integration across the entire Caribbean and facilitate increased trade and international investment through unified laws and alternative dispute resolution methods.[57]

Member states

As of 2026 CARICOM has 15 full members, eight associate members and eight observers. The associated members are five British Overseas Territories, one constituent county of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and two French overseas regions. It is currently not established what the role of the associate members will be. The observers are states which engage in at least one of CARICOM's technical committees.[58] Under Article 4 CARICOM breaks its 15 member states into two groups: Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and More Developed Countries (MDCs).[59]

The countries of CARICOM which are designated as Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are as follows:[59]

  • Antigua and Barbuda
  • Belize
  • Commonwealth of Dominica
  • Grenada
  • Republic of Haiti
  • Montserrat
  • Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis
  • St Lucia
  • St Vincent and the Grenadines

The countries of CARICOM which are designated as More Developed Countries (MDCs) are:[59]

  • Commonwealth of The Bahamas
  • Barbados
  • Co-operative Republic of Guyana
  • Jamaica
  • Republic of Suriname
  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
CARICOM members[60]
Status Name Join date Notes
Full member  Antigua and Barbuda 4 July 1974
 The Bahamas 4 July 1983 Not a part of the customs union
 Barbados 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
 Belize 1 May 1974
 Dominica
 Grenada
 Guyana 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
 Haiti 2 July 2002 Provisional membership on 4 July 1998
 Jamaica 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
 Montserrat 1 May 1974 British overseas territory
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 July 1974 Joined as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
 Saint Lucia 1 May 1974
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 May 1974
 Suriname 4 July 1995
 Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1973 One of the four founding members
Associate  Anguilla 4 July 1999 British overseas territory
 Bermuda 2 July 2003
 British Virgin Islands 2 July 1991
 Cayman Islands 16 May 2002
 Curaçao 28 July 2024 Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 French Guiana 7 July 2026 French overseas region
 Martinique 16 June 2026 French overseas region
 Turks and Caicos Islands 2 July 1991 British overseas territory
Observer  Aruba Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Colombia
 Dominican Republic
 Mexico
 Puerto Rico Unincorporated territory of the United States
 Sint Maarten Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Venezuela

Thousands of Caricom nationals live within other member states of the Community.

An estimated 30,000 Jamaicans legally reside in other CARICOM member states,[61] mainly in The Bahamas (6,200), Antigua & Barbuda (estimated 12,000),[62] Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago).[61] Also, an estimated 150 Jamaicans live and work in Montserrat.[62] A 21 November 2013 estimated put 16,958 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad & Tobago, as according to the records of the Office of the Chief Immigration Officer, their entry certificates would have since expired.[63] By October 2014, the estimated Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad and Tobago was 19,000 along with an estimated 7,169 Barbadians and 25,884 Guyanese residing illegally.[64] An estimated 8,000 Trinidadians and Tobagonians live in Jamaica.[65]

Exclusive Economic Zones of the member states of the CARICOM. Considering them, the total area reaches the 2 300 297 km2.

Barbados hosts a large diaspora population of Guyanese, of whom (in 2005) 5,032 lived there permanently as citizens, permanent residents, immigrants (with immigrant status) and Caricom skilled nationals; 3,200 were residing in Barbados temporarily under work permits, as students, or with "reside and work" status. A further 2,000–3,000 Guyanese were estimated to be living illegally in Barbados at the time.[66] Migration between Barbados and Guyana has deep roots, going back over 150 years, with the most intense period of Barbadian migration to then-British Guiana occurring between 1863 and 1886, although as late as the 1920s and 1930s Barbadians were still leaving Barbados for British Guiana.[67]

Migration between Guyana and Suriname also goes back a number of years. An estimated 50,000 Guyanese had migrated to Suriname by 1986[68][69] In 1987 an estimated 30–40,000 Guyanese were in Suriname.[70] Many Guyanese left Suriname in the 1970s and 1980s, either voluntarily or by expulsion. Citing a national security concern, over 5,000 were expelled in January 1985 alone.[71] In the instability Suriname experienced following independence, both coups and civil war.[69] In 2013, an estimated 11,530 Guyanese had emigrated to Suriname and 4,662 Surinamese to Guyana.[72]

Relationship with Cuba

In 2017, the Republic of Cuba and CARICOM signed the "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement"[73] to facilitate closer trade ties.[74] In December 2022, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel met in Bridgetown, Barbados with the heads of state and government of the CARICOM. On the occasion of the 8th CARICOM-Cuba Summit to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations with the independent States of CARICOM and Cuba and the 20th Anniversary of CARICOM-Cuba Day. Cuba also accepted CARICOM's offer to deepen bilateral cooperation and to join robust discussions in the bloc's regional 'Joint Ministerial Taskforce on Food production and Security'.

Dialogue partners / accreditation to CARICOM

A number of global partners have established diplomatic representation to the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat located in Georgetown, Guyana. Nations with non-resident representatives to CARICOM in italics:[75][76]

  1. Template:Country data African Union Non accreditation, but as dialogue partner[77][78]
  2.  Argentina[79]
  3.  Australia[80]
  4.  Austria
  5.  Belgium
  6.  Botswana[81]
  7.  Brazil
  8.  Canada[82]
  9.  Chile
  10.  Colombia
  11.  Costa Rica
  12.  Cuba
  13.  El Salvador
  14.  European Union
  15.  Finland
  16.  France
  17.  Germany
  18.  Greece
  19.  India[83]
  20.  Indonesia[84]
  21.  Ireland
  22.  Israel[85]
  23.  Italy
  24.  Japan[86]
  25.  Latvia
  26.  Lithuania
  27.  Mexico[87][88]
  28.  Netherlands
  29.  New Zealand[89][90]
  30.  Palestine[91][92]
  31.  Panama
  32.  Peru
  33.  Portugal
  34.  Romania
  35.  Singapore[93]
  36.  Slovenia
  37.  South Korea
  38.  Sweden
  39.  Switzerland
  40.  Turkey[94]
  41.  United Kingdom
  42.  United States of America
  43.  Venezuela

Free-trade agreements

Statistics

See also: Organization:Trade bloc
Population and economic statistics of full and associate members[95]
Member Membership Land area (km2)[96] Population (2019) GDP (PPP) Millions USD (2017)[97] GDP Per Capita (PPP) USD (2017) Human Development Index (2023)[98]
 Anguilla associate 91 15,174 175.4 12,200 –
 Antigua and Barbuda full member 442.6 104,084 2,390 26,300 0.851
 The Bahamas full member 10,010 385,340 9,339 25,100 0.820
 Barbados full member 430 287,010 4,919 17,500 0.811
 Belize full member 22,806 398,050 3,230 8,300 0.721
 Bermuda associate 54 63,779 5,198 85,700 –
 British Virgin Islands associate 151 32,206 500 42,300 –
 Cayman Islands associate 264 64,420 2,507 43,800 –
 Dominica full member 751 74,679 851 12,000 0.761
 Grenada full member 344 108,825 1,590 14,700 0.791
 Guyana full member 214,970 786,508 6,367 8,300 0.776
 Haiti full member 27,560 11,242,856 19,880 1,800 0.554
 Jamaica full member 10,831 2,728,864 26,200 9,200 0.720
 Montserrat full member 102 5,220 43.8 8,500 –
 Saint Kitts and Nevis full member 261 56,345 1,528 26,800 0.840
 Saint Lucia full member 606 180,454 2,384 13,500 0.748
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines full member 389 109,803 1,281 11,600 0.798
 Suriname full member 156,000 573,085 7,928 13,900 0.722
 Trinidad and Tobago full member 5,128 1,359,193 42,780 31,200 0.807
 Turks and Caicos Islands associate 948 37,910 632 29,100 –
Full members members only 432,510 18,400,316 130,711 15,247 0.751

Symbols

Standard

The flag of the Caribbean Community was chosen and approved in November 1983 at the Conference of Heads of Government Meeting in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The original design by the firm of WINART Studies in Georgetown, Guyana was substantially modified at the July 1983 Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[99] The flag was first flown on 4 July 1984 in Nassau, The Bahamas at the fifth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[100]

The flag features a blue background, but the upper part is a light blue representing sky and the lower, a darker blue representing the Caribbean Sea. The yellow circle in the centre represents the sun on which is printed in black the logo of the Caribbean Community, two interlocking Cs. The two Cs are in the form of broken links in a chain, symbolising both unity and a break with the colonial past. The narrow ring of green around the sun represents the vegetation of the region.[99]

Song

For CARICOM's 40th anniversary, a competition to compose an official song or anthem for CARICOM was launched in April 2013[101] to promote choosing a song that promoted unity and inspired CARICOM identity and pride. A regional panel of judges comprising independent experts in music was nominated by member states and the CARICOM Secretariat. Three rounds of competition condensed 63 entries to a final three, from which judges chose Celebrating CARICOM by Michele Henderson of Dominica[101] in March 2014.[102] Henderson won a US$10,000 prize.[103] Her song was produced by her husband, Roland Delsol Jr., and arranged by Earlson Matthew. It also featured Michael Ferrol on drums and choral input from the St. Alphonsus Choir. It was re-produced for CARICOM by Carl Beaver Henderson of Trinidad and Tobago.[102]

A second-place entry titled My CARICOM came from Jamaican Adiel Thomas[101] who won US$5,000,[103] and a third-place song titled One CARICOM by Carmella Lawrence of St. Kitts and Nevis,[101] won US$2,500.[103] The other songs from the top-ten finalists (in no particular order) were:

  • One Region one Caribbean from Anguilla,
  • One Caribbean Family from Jamaica,
  • CARICOM’s Light from St. Vincent & the Grenadines,
  • We Are CARICOM from Dominica,
  • Together As one from Dominica,
  • Blessed CARICOM from Jamaica,
  • Together We Rise from Jamaica.[102]

The first official performance of Celebrating Caricom by Henderson took place on Tuesday 1 July 2014 at the opening ceremony for the Thirty-Fifth Regional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Antigua and Barbuda.[101]

Celebration

CARICOM Day

The celebration of CARICOM Day is the selected day some Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries officially recognise the commemorative date of signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas, the agreement that established CARICOM on 4 July 1973. The Treaty was signed in Chaguaramas, Trinidad & Tobago by then leaders of: Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. CARICOM Day is recognised as an official public holiday in Guyana where the secretariat is based, and is observed on the first Monday of July. The government of Antigua and Barbuda has also implemented CARICOM Day as a holiday.

The day features activities that are organised by government entities such as parades, pageants, and campaigns to educate people about CARICOM.

Caribbean Festival of Arts – CARIFESTA

Caribbean Festival of Arts, commonly known as CARIFESTA, is an annual festival for promoting arts of the Caribbean with a different country hosting the event each year. It was started to provide a venue to "depict the life of the people of the Region, their heroes, morals, myths, traditions, beliefs, creativity and ways of expression"[104] by fostering a sense of Caribbean unity, and motivating artists by showing the best of their home country. It began under the auspices of Guyana's then President Forbes Burnham in 1972, who was inspired by other singular arts festivals in the region.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Caribbean Community (CARICOM)". Brussels, Belgium. 2024. https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100057610 
  2. ↑ "Our Symbols — Caribbean Community (CARICOM)". https://caricom.org/about-caricom/who-we-are/our-symbols/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Who we are". https://caricom.org/our-community/who-we-are/. 
  4. ↑ "Spanish agreed as CARICOM second language". http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news304/nc310133.htm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Our Culture". https://caricom.org/our-community/who-we-are/our-culture/. 
  6. ↑ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 
  7. ↑ EU Style Structure Evident in CARICOM
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "CARICOM – Caribbean Community 2021". https://countryeconomy.com/countries/groups/caribbean-community. 
  9. ↑ "GDP, current prices. Purchasing power parity; billions of international dollars". https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD. 
  10. ↑ List of countries by HDI
  11. ↑ Ramjeet, Oscar (16 April 2009). "CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders". Caribbean Net News. https://idsa.in/idsacomments/wither-caricom-prospects-post-brexit_sbmagaraj_110716. 
  12. ↑ "Intergovernmental Organizations". https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html. 
  13. ↑ "Original Treaty of Chaguaramas". http://www.caricomlaw.org/doc.php?id=21. 
  14. ↑ "Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas". http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/revised_treaty-text.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "Aristide accuses U.S. of forcing him out". Canadian Broadcast Corporation. 2 March 2004. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/aristide-accuses-u-s-of-forcing-him-out-1.502442. 
  16. ↑ "Aristide launches kidnap lawsuit". BBC News. 31 March 2004. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3587777.stm. 
  17. ↑ "Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM". http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/forum/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=1721. Retrieved 14 April 2024. 
  18. ↑ "Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM". Trinidadandtobagonews.com. http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1721. 
  19. ↑ "Haiti could return to CARICOM". The Gleaner. 2006-02-10. http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060210/carib/carib2.html. 
  20. ↑ "BBCCaribbean.com | Haitian results in next two days". https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2006%2F02%2F060209_haitipollupdate.shtml. 
  21. ↑ "Caricom and Haiti: The raising of the Caribbean's 'Iron Curtain'". The Gleaner. 2006-10-08. http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20061008/focus/focus5.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Caribbean moves afoot to restructure CARIFORUM , Peter Richards, Tuesday 12 April 2011
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Letter: Privy Council and EPA". The Gleaner. 2009-10-08. http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20091008/letters/letters1.html. 
  24. ↑ Gibbs, Anselm (2025-10-01). "Four Caribbean nations sign deal allowing citizens to move freely without visas or work permits". https://apnews.com/article/caribbean-four-free-movement-agreement-2651386bac694c3e5539736af641b3db. 
  25. ↑ "Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Thirty-Third Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, 4–6 July 2012, Gros Islet, Saint Lucia" , "Heads of Government recognized that, although English was the official language of the Community, the facility to communicate in their languages could enhance the participation of Haiti and Suriname in the integration process. They therefore requested the conduct of a study to examine the possibilities and implications, including costs, of introducing French and Dutch."
  26. ↑ "CARICOM (Revised Treaty)". http://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/agreements/caricomrevisedfta.pdf.  (573 KB)
  27. ↑ "Organisational structure". 13 March 2007. http://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/organogram_mar_07.pdf. 
  28. ↑ "Regional Portfolios of CARICOM Heads of Government". 2 May 2008. http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/regional_portfolio.jsp?menu=community. 
  29. ↑ "Overview- CARICOM Secretariat" (in en-US). 19 September 2023. https://caricom.org/20357-2-2/. 
  30. ↑ Caricom Law: Website and online database of the CARICOM Legislative Drafting Facility (CLDF)
  31. ↑ Caricom, Institutions
  32. ↑ CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ)
  33. ↑ Buadoo, Michael (13 November 2025). "A Strategic Case for Caribbean Accession to the AfCFTA Framework toward a Global African Economic Architecture". ModernGhana. https://www.modernghana.com/news/1448366/a-strategic-case-for-caribbean-accession-to-the.html. "A combined Afro-Caribbean trade bloc would represent over 1.6 billion consumers, significantly enhancing bargaining power at the WTO, UNCTAD, IMF, and during global climate finance negotiations." 
  34. ↑ ""Trade Must Go Up": Prime Minister Drew Calls For Africa-Caribbean Economic Renaissance". Saint Kitts & Nevis: Nevis Printing Ltd.. September 4, 2025. https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/trade-must-go-up-prime-minister-drew-calls-for-africa-caribbean-economic-renaissance/. 
  35. ↑ "Whither African-Caribbean trade". Jamaica: The Gleaner. July 24, 2025. https://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20250724/whither-african-caribbean-trade. "Concerning the AU, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) provides a powerful unified market. CARICOM countries, though not members, can be involved through observer mechanisms or propose CARICOM-AfCFTA cooperation dialogues on trade facilitation, services, and investment." 
  36. ↑ McPherson Jr., Timothy Elisha (January 24, 2018). "African Union 6th Region Diaspora Headquarters to be established in Accompong, Jamaica". https://www.thestateofafricandiaspora.com/headquarters/. "African Union 6th Region Diaspora Headquarters to be established in Accompong, Jamaican -- African Union Permanent Ambassador to the USA, Hon. Dr. Arikana Chihombori Quao, has re-affirmed the decision to establish an African Union Diaspora Headquarters in Accompong Jamaica during the official ceremony to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Peace Treaty between the Accompong Maroons and the British." 
  37. ↑ "The Diaspora Division". https://www.au.int/en/diaspora-division. 
  38. ↑ "Barbados inks MOU with African Export-Import Bank". 30 September 2021. https://www.cbc.bb/cbctest/news/local-news/barbados-inks-mou-with-african-export-import-bank/. 
  39. ↑ "Patterson urges Africa-Caricom trade deal". Jamaica: The Gleaner. November 23, 2022. https://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/article/business/20221123/patterson-urges-africa-caricom-trade-deal. "Specifically, Patterson, who for many years had lead responsibility for trade issues for the 15-member Caribbean Community, Caricom, wants the regional trade bloc to take the lead in forging greater economic and financial ties with the ancestral motherland of the majority of the population of member countries of the integration movement, through a possible deal with the African Continental Free Trade Area, AfCFTA, which is being forged by African leaders." 
  40. ↑ "Africa–Caribbean leaders agree on visa waivers, says Antigua PM". antiguanewsroom.com (Bank of Saint Lucia Limited (BOSL)). September 15, 2025. https://www.bankofsaintlucia.com/blogs/africa-caribbean-leaders-agree-on-visa-waivers-says-antigua-pm. "Antigua and Barbuda’s Prime Minister Gaston Browne has announced that leaders at the recent Africa–Caribbean Summit in Addis Ababa have agreed to introduce visa-free travel between Africa and the Caribbean." 
  41. ↑ "SVG PM calls for Africa-Caribbean visa free travel". Saint Vincent Times. September 9, 2025. https://www.stvincenttimes.com/st-vincent-pm-visa-free-travel-africa-caribbean/. "St Vincent Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves has passionately advocated for visa-free travel between African and Caribbean nations, marking a significant step towards strengthening historical and cultural bonds between the two regions. Speaking at a landmark gathering in Shashemene, Ethiopia, Gonsalves highlighted the transformative potential of removing travel restrictions. Drawing from his 2005 visit to Ethiopia, he emphasized the importance of expanding visa-free policies beyond bilateral agreements, envisioning a broader continental and regional approach." 
  42. ↑ AFREXIMBANK opens Caribbean office in Barbados
  43. ↑ CARICOM Office Of Afreximbank Bank Open For Business In Barbados With US$1.5 Billion Line Of Credit Now Available To CARICOM States.
  44. ↑ "Free land at Jemmott's Lane for Afreximbank". Barbados: Barbados Today. March 15, 2025. https://www.barbadostoday.bb/2025/03/15/free-land-at-jemmotts-lane-for-afreximbank/. 
  45. ↑ Thiongane, Papa Samba (October 26, 2023). "CARICOM Central Banks adopt PAPSS for intra-regional trade transactions". https://papss.com/media/caricom-central-banks-adopt-papss-for-intra-regional-trade-transactions/. "The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), a groundbreaking initiative developed by the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) to revolutionize cross-border payments and boost intra-African trade, today celebrates a significant milestone as it receives a historic endorsement from the Governors of the Central Banks in the Caribbean region. All eleven Central Banks have unanimously adopted PAPSS as the preferred system for processing the settlement of intra-regional trade transactions." 
  46. ↑ Montoute, Miriam (5 August 2026). "Ghana and Jamaica push to link CARICOM with Africa's free trade Market" (Video). Saint Lucia: DBS Television. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-uU-vHTwHQ. "A bold new trade alliance could reshape economic ties between Africa and the Caribbean. Ghana and Jamaica are leading a push to connect CARICOM directly to the African Continental Free Trade Area—a move that could slash shipping costs, open new markets for regional businesses, and transform decades of diplomatic friendship into a powerful economic partnership." 
  47. ↑ Domena, Adwoa Tenkoramaa (6 August 2026). "Can Africa bring the Caribbean into AfCTFA?" (Video). Germany: Deutsche Welle. https://amp.dw.com/en/can-africa-bring-the-caribbean-into-its-afctfa-free-trade-deal/video-78252679. "Ghana's President John Mahama says he will push for Caribbean countries to join the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) when Ghana takes over the African Union chairmanship in 2027. Supporters see a chance to deepen Africa-Caribbean trade and diaspora ties." 
  48. ↑ "As AU Chair I will push for inclusion of Caribbean in AfCFTA — Mahama". Ghana: ModernGhana. 4 August 2026. https://www.modernghana.com/news/1516267/as-au-chair-i-will-push-for-inclusion-of-caribbean.html. 
  49. ↑ Ali, Mohammed (4 August 2026). "President Mahama proposes AfCFTA expansion to include Caribbean nations". Daily Graphic (Accra, Ghana). https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mahama-to-push-for-caribbeans-inclusion-in-afcfta-as-au-chair.html. 
  50. ↑ "Pres Mahama to champion AfCFTA expansion to Caribbean". Ghanaian Times (Ghana). 5 August 2026. https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/pres-mahama-to-champion-afcfta-expansion-to-caribbean/. "He cited the African Union’s decision to formally recognise the Caribbean as the seventh region of Africa as evidence of the deepening partnership between the two sides. The recognition, he explained, had enabled the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) to participate in AU discussions and deliberations on issues of common interest. The President said the AfCFTA currently provides duty-free and tariff-free trade among African countries, serving a market of about 1.4 billion people with a combined economy valued at approximately US$3 trillion. He said the proposal to extend the arrangement to the Caribbean would form part of Ghana’s priorities when it takes over the AU Chairmanship." 
  51. ↑ "The value of Mahama's idea". Jamaica: Jamaica Gleaner. 5 August 2026. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20260805/editorial-value-mahamas-idea. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "Evolution of the Association of Caribbean States". http://www.sela.org/media/268462/evolution_of_the_association_of_caribbean_states_-acs.pdf. 
  53. ↑ "Mexidata (English) March 1, 2010". Mexidata.info. http://www.mexidata.info/id2573.html. 
  54. ↑ "Acuerdan crear Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños". Associated Press. 23 February 2010. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AML_GEN_CUMBRE_SPLA-?SITE=WFMZ&SECTION=ASIA&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2010-02-23-11-44-02. 
  55. ↑ "América Latina crea una OEA sin Estados Unidos". El País. 23 February 2010. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/America/Latina/crea/OEA/Estados/Unidos/elpepuint/20100223elpepuint_1/Tes. 
  56. ↑ "Rio Group approves its expansion at Unity Summit". http://www.mexicocancun.net/blog/?p=321. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "CCJ signs MOU on harmonising business law in Caribbean". 20 May 2016. https://today.caricom.org/2016/05/20/ccj-signs-mou-on-harmonising-business-law-in-caribbean/. 
  58. ↑ CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2017. p. 971. ISBN 9781510712898. https://books.google.com/books?id=qf6LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA971. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas". http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/revised_treaty-text.pdf. 
  60. ↑ "Member States and Associate Members". Caribbean Community. https://caricom.org/member-states-and-associate-members/. Retrieved 2026-07-11. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "30,000 Jamaicans residing in other CARICOM member states". http://www.caricomnews.net/index.php/caricom/caricom-news/regional-news/1889-skilled-jamaicans-refused-entry-into-some-caricom-states. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "PM Golding Calls on Jamaicans in Antigua & Barbuda to Co-Operate with Government & People There". 7 July 2008. https://jis.gov.jm/pm-golding-calls-on-jamaicans-in-antigua-barbuda-to-co-operate-with-government-people-there/. 
  63. ↑ "Close to 17,000 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad, newspapers says". 26 November 2013. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Close-to-17-000-Jamaicans-residing-illegally-in-Trinidad--newspapers-says. 
  64. ↑ "7 000 illegal Bajans in T&T". 16 October 2014. https://www.nationnews.com/2014/10/16/7-000-illegal-bajans-in-tt/. 
  65. ↑ "Bissessar celebrates new Trinidad &Tobago high commission". The Gleaner. 17 April 2015. http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/social/20150417/bissessar-celebrates-new-trinidad-tobago-high-commission. 
  66. ↑ "Guyanese, British and Americans among illegal immigrants living in Barbados". https://cnewsnow.tripod.com/id376.html. 
  67. ↑ Lewis, Linden (1 August 2011). "Mudheads in Barbados: A Lived Experience". https://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/08/01/features/in-the-diaspora/mudheads-in-barbados-a-lived-experience/. 
  68. ↑ "Languages of Suriname". http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_country.asp?name=SR. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Holbrook, David J.; Holbrook, Holly A. (2001). "Guyanese Creole Survey Report". http://www2.sil.org/silesr/2002/011/SILESR2002-011.pdf. 
  70. ↑ "Guyanese vital in Suriname". http://www.guyana-cricket.com/news/guyanese-vital-suriname. 
  71. ↑ "Nervous neighbours: Guyana and Suriname". 5 November 2008. https://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/11/05/guyana-review/nervous-neighbours-guyana-and-suriname/. 
  72. ↑ "Guyana Migration Profiles". http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/Guyana.pdf. 
  73. ↑ "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement". https://caricom.org/Document-Library/view-document/caricom-cuba-trade-and-economic-cooperation-agreement. 
  74. ↑ Rodriguez Parrilla, Bruno Eduardo (14 June 2019). "CARICOM-Cuba: Only integration will allow us to prosper" (in es). CubaDebate.cu. http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2019/06/14/caricom-cuba-solo-la-integracion-nos-permitira-prosperar/. 
  75. ↑ "Ambassadors Accredited to the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)". December 2024. https://caricom.org/wp-content/uploads/Ambassadors-Accredited-to-CARICOM-for-Website-7-Dec-2024.pdf. 
  76. ↑ "Foreign Heads Of Missions Resident In Guyana". https://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-consular-services/foreign-heads-of-missions-resident. 
  77. ↑ "AUC Chairperson met with H.E. Mia Amor Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados" (in en). September 7, 2025. https://www.au.int/en/pressreleases/20250907/auc-chairperson-met-he-mia-amor-mottley-prime-minister-barbados. 
  78. ↑ "CARICOM-African Union Memorandum of Understanding" (in en). 24 October 2024. https://www.caricom.org/caricom-african-union-sign-mou-for-closer-cooperation/. 
  79. ↑ "Embassy of Argentina in Guyana". https://eguya.cancilleria.gob.ar/es/institucional. 
  80. ↑ "Australian High Commission Trinidad and Tobago". https://trinidadandtobago.embassy.gov.au/. 
  81. ↑ "CARICOM and Botswana strengthen diplomatic ties". https://www.winnmediaskn.com/caricom-and-botswana-strengthen-diplomatic-ties/. 
  82. ↑ "Canada and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)". https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/caricom/index.aspx?lang=eng#_Our_office. 
  83. ↑ "Relations". https://hcigeorgetown.gov.in/pages/Njcy. 
  84. ↑ "Embassy of Indonesia in Paramaribo". https://kemlu.go.id/paramaribo. 
  85. ↑ "Embassy of Israel, Panama". https://new.embassies.gov.il/panama/en/the-embassy/the-ambassador. 
  86. ↑ "Countries and Regional Organizations the Embassy of Japan in T&T Covers". https://www.tt.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/accredited_countries.html. 
  87. ↑ "About the ambassador of MX to Guyana". https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/guyana/index.php/en/embassy/directorio. 
  88. ↑ "MX Embassy to Guyana". https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/guyana/index.php/en/. 
  89. ↑ "NZ Embassies and consular services for Caribbean". https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/americas/caribbean. 
  90. ↑ "NZ and the Americas". https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/americas. 
  91. ↑ Sanders, Ronald (9 May 2024). "After 13 years CARICOM aligns in unified stand for Palestine and peace". https://www.caribbeannewsglobal.com/after-13-years-caricom-aligns-in-unified-stand-for-palestine-and-peace/. 
  92. ↑ Ysaguirre, William (9 July 2025). "Palestine names 1st Ambassador to CARICOM". https://www.amandala.com.bz/news/palestine-names-1st-ambassador-to-caricom/. 
  93. ↑ "Singapore Plenipotentiary Representative to the Caribbean Community (Caricom)". https://www.sgdi.gov.sg/ministries/mfa/departments/om/departments/io/departments/(caricom). 
  94. ↑ "Türkiye’s Relations with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) / Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs". https://www.mfa.gov.tr/caricom.en.mfa. 
  95. ↑ CARICOM Statistics: Statistical information compiled through the CARICOM Secretariat
  96. ↑ "Land area rankings" (in en). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html. Retrieved 23 December 2017. 
  97. ↑ "Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP " (2013). World Economic Outlook Database 2014. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 23 December 2017..
  98. ↑ Human Development Report 2025 – A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI. United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 "CARICOM: Our Symbols". https://caricom.org/about-caricom/who-we-are/our-symbols. 
  100. ↑ "Caribbean Community and Common Market". https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/int-cari.html. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 "History created as new CARICOM song is launched". http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2014/pres168_14.jsp. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 "WORD Version of CARICOM song competition Fact Sheet". 3 July 2014. https://tropicalfete.com/2014/07/03/word-version-of-caricom-song-competition-fact-sheet/. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 "CARICOM Song Competition: Terms of Reference". http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community_organs/cohsod_culture/carifesta_X1_2013/TOR_CARICOM_song_competition.pdf. 
  104. ↑ "History of CARIFESTA" (in en-US). https://caricom.org/history-of-carifesta/. 

Further reading

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