Finance:Freedom and Solidarity

From HandWiki
Short description: Liberal political party in Slovakia
<div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid Script error: No such module "Political party".; border-bottom:2px solid Script error: No such module "Political party".; line-height: 1;">
Freedom and Solidarity

Sloboda a Solidarita
AbbreviationSaS
ChairpersonRichard Sulík
Deputy Leaders
  • Karol Galek
  • Branislav Gröhling
  • Jana Bittó Cigániková
Parliamentary leader
  • Anna Zemanová
EP leader
  • Eugen Jurzyca
FounderRichard Sulík
Founded28 February 2009; 15 years ago (2009-02-28)
HeadquartersPriemyselná 8, 821 09 Bratislava
NewspaperSaS Daily
Youth wingMladí SaSkári
Membership (2022)Increase 250[1]
IdeologyLiberalism
Libertarianism
Political positionCentre-right[a]
European affiliationECR Party
European Parliament group
Colours
  • <span style="background-color:Script error: No such module "Political party".; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;">     Neon green
  •      Red
  • <span style="background-color:Script error: No such module "Political party".; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;">     Green (until 2023)
Slogan"Vote strong economy" (2023)[2]
National Council[lower-alpha 1]
10 / 150
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 7%; height: 100%;">
European Parliament
1 / 14
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 7%; height: 100%;">
Regional governors[3]
1 / 8
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 13%; height: 100%;">
Regional deputies[lower-alpha 2][4]
81 / 419
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 19%; height: 100%;">
Mayors[lower-alpha 3][5]
47 / 2,904
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">
Local councillors[lower-alpha 4][6]
619 / 20,462
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 3%; height: 100%;">
Website
{{{1}}}
^ a: The party has also been labelled as centrist by sources and as right-wing by others

^ b: previously a member of the ALDE group 2009–2014.

Freedom and Solidarity (Slovak: Sloboda a Solidarita, SaS,[7] also called Saska[8]) is a liberal and libertarian political party in Slovakia.[9] Established in 2009,[10] SaS is led by its founder and economist Richard Sulík, who designed Slovakia's flat tax system.[11] It generally holds libertarian or anti-statist positions. After the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, the party lost several seats in the National Council but became part of the coalition government with Ordinary People and Independent Personalities, For the People and We Are Family.[12]

SaS is a softly Eurosceptical party, demands reforms of the EU, but declares that membership in the European Union is key for the future of Slovakia. The party holds civil libertarian positions including support for drug liberalisation and same-sex marriage,[13] and advocates economically liberal and fiscally conservative policies rooted in the ideas of the Austrian School.[14] The party launched a campaign called Referendum 2009 to hold a referendum on reforming and cutting the cost of politics. The Freedom and Solidarity party makes heavy use of the Internet,[15] such as fighting[clarification needed] the 2010 parliamentary election through Facebook and Twitter,[16] with the party having 68,000 fans on Facebook by the election.[17]

SaS narrowly failed to cross the 5% threshold at the 2009 European Parliament election but came third, winning 22 seats, at the 2010 parliamentary election.[18] It became part of the four-party centre-right coalition government, holding four cabinet positions, with Richard Sulík elected the Speaker of the National Council. In the 2012 parliamentary election, the party suffered a major setback and lost half its 22 seats, and held four positions in the government of Slovakia before the election. In the 2019 European Parliament election, the party returned two Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). The party is member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party). Sulík left the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group in the European Parliament to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) on 2 October 2014.[19]

History

Beginnings

Original party logo

Richard Sulík was special adviser to Ivan Mikloš and Ján Počiatek, the country's two Ministers of Finance, with whom he worked to simplify the tax system and implement Slovakia's 19% flat tax. He announced his intention to found Freedom and Solidarity on 10 October 2008, calling for a party dedicated to economic freedom and questioning the commitment of the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party (SDKÚ–DS) to that objective.[20] Analysts cited a lack of any liberal party in the country.[20] After securing the 10,000 signatures required to found a party, SaS made its public debut in February 2009,[21] ahead of the European Parliament election in June 2009. The party set publicly declared goals of entering the National Council in 2010 and entering government in 2014.[21]

At SaS's founding congress in Bratislava on 28 February 2009, Sulík was elected as Chairman and Jana Kiššová as General Manager. SaS selected economist Ján Oravec, to be its candidate for the 2009 European Parliament election.[22] The party supported the SDKÚ–DS candidate Iveta Radičová in the 2009 presidential election in March and April, but she was defeated in the second round.[citation needed] With others, Sulík was approached by Declan Ganley to join the Libertas.eu alliance of Eurosceptic parties for the European elections but turned down the invitation in order to remain independent. While he was also a sceptic of the Lisbon Treaty and more generally a critic of European intransparency and bureaucracy, he did not share the isolationist position of Libertas. In the 2009 European Parliament election, SaS received 4.7% of the votes, just missing the 5% election threshold; SDKÚ–DS accused SaS of unnecessarily furthering the fragmentation of the political right in Slovakia. In the 2009 regional elections, SaS won one seat in Bratislava.[citation needed]

2009 referendum and 2010 parliamentary election

Richard Sulík founded SaS in 2009 to advance the ideas that he had proposed as counsellor to the Finance Ministry.

Later in 2009, SaS promoted a referendum striving for major cuts to politicians' privileges. The demands include downsizing the Slovak parliament from 150 to 100 MPs, scrapping their immunity from criminal prosecution and limits to be placed on the public finances spent on government officials' cars. Furthermore, they demand that the radio and television market should be further liberalized, abolishing concessionary fees, and public officials' right to comment and reply to media coverage should be removed from the press law.[23] In January 2010, SaS announced that by the end of 2009 it had managed to collect the 350,000 signatures needed in order to call a referendum. SaS forwarded the signatures to the Slovak president Ivan Gašparovič, requesting him to schedule the referendum for the date of the parliamentary election on 12 June 2010.[24]

In March 2010, people reported Sulík to the police for the content of the manifesto for the 2010 parliamentary election, arguing that the party's manifesto commitment to legalisation of cannabis constituted the criminal offence of 'spread of addiction'.[25] This was thrown out by the prosecutors, who refused to press charges.[26] The party's candidates were the most open about the state of their personal wealth.[27] In the election to the National Council, SaS received 12.1%, coming third, and won 22 seats. The party was the only one in opposition that took votes from Direction – Social Democracy (Smer–SD),[17] although it was estimated that more of its votes came from former SDKÚ–DS voters.[28]

The party entered into coalition negotiations with three centre-right parties, namely the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÚ–DS), Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) and Most–Híd. The parties agreed a common programme and allocated ministries, with SaS controlling four ministries as well as choosing the Speaker of the National Council. During the negotiations, Igor Matovič, one of the four MPs elected on the SaS list from the Ordinary People faction, alleged that he had been offered a bribe to destabilise the talks, prompting Sulík to make a formal complaint to the prosecutor.[29] On 29 June 2010, the President decided that the 2009 referendum petition met the requirements and the vote would go ahead on 18 September 2010.[30] Four of the six issues in the referendum were part of the agreed programme of the new coalition government.[31] When the referendum was held in 2010, the turnout fell far below the 50% required.[citation needed]

2012 and 2016 parliamentary elections

In February 2011, Igor Matovič was ejected from the caucus for voting for Smer–SD's proposed restrictions on dual nationality.[32] Ordinary People filed to become an independent political party on 28 October 2011 and run as a separate list, along with two small conservative parties. In the 2012 parliamentary election, SaS received 5.9% of the vote, placing it the sixth-largest party in the National Council with 11 deputies.[citation needed]

In the 2014 European Parliament election, SaS came in sixth place nationally, receiving 6.7% of the vote and had one member elected as a Member of the European Parliament.[33]

In the 2016 parliamentary election, the party received 12.1% of the vote, coming in as the second-largest party in the National Council with 21 deputies, exceeding expectations and making it the most successful election in SaS history.[citation needed]

Ideology and platform

Variously located on the centre,[34][35] centre-right[36][37] and right-wing[38][39][40] of the political spectrum, SaS has been described as libertarian,[40][41][42][43][44] liberal,[38][45][46] classical liberal,[47][43] conservative liberal,[48] right-liberal[49][50] and libertarian right.[51] The party supports both cultural and economic liberalism in its policies.[18][42][52] Economically rooted in neoliberalism,[53] laissez-faire[34] and the Austrian School,[14] the party believes in economic liberalisation[54] and fiscal conservatism,[45] being led by the father of Slovakia's flat tax, and SaS prides itself on economic expertise;[55] Sulík himself has also been described national liberal.[56] In the 2010 parliamentary election, the party emphasised that it had economic policies completely opposed to those of the centre-left government of Robert Fico and ruled out cooperating with him.[54] The party cites a need to close the budget deficit, and advocates reforming the social insurance system.[54] Sulík's proposal for a welfare and tax system reform, the Contribution Bonus, is based on a combination of flat tax, basic income, and negative income tax; it aims to streamline the system and cut unnecessary expenses and bureaucratic overhead.[57] SaS is notably civil libertarian, being the only major party to campaign for same-sex marriage or for the decriminalisation of cannabis,[54] which put it at odds with its socially conservative past coalition partner, the Christian Democratic Movement (KDH).[54] SaS is also notable for being the only party to be opposed to minimum wage increase, advocating instead for its abolition.[58]

In regards to European Union (EU) politics, SaS is considered to be Eurosceptic[59][60][61][62] or soft Eurosceptic,[42][63][64] something to which the party has shifted the focus from its economic liberal, cultural liberal campaign with strong anti-corruption rhetoric, when Sulík opposed involvement in the Greek government-debt crisis and an EU bailout.[52] The party characterizes itself as Eurorealist and opposes the bureaucratic machinery of the EU as presently organized.[65][66] SaS opposed the Treaty of Lisbon, the EU economic harmonisation, and an increased EU budget;[55] it is particularly wary of the EU restricting the free market.[54] SaS opposed the European Central Bank's bailout of Greece during the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis,[67] while Sulík has proposed drawing up plans to withdraw Slovakia from the Eurozone, in case of extraordinary circumstances in the monetary union.[68] Sulík has also been a loud critic of mandatory refugee relocation programme[69] as well as further European integration at the expense of nation-states.[62]

The party supports a liberal position on drug laws and same-sex marriage.[70] It rejects any tough measures to combat climate change.[70]

In the European Parliament, SaS is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group, which does not completely reject the idea of common Europe; party members consider the EU to be a good project, which requires reforms. As a response to Brexit, the party prepared a manifesto with several proposals to reform the European Union.[71] Following the 2014 European election, party leader Richard Sulík questioned the involvement of SaS within the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group, with speculation that the party could instead switch groups to join the ECR group.[72] While Sulík joined the ALDE group as Member of European Parliament for the start of the 8th European Parliament, he later defected to the ECR on 2 October 2014.[73]

Election results

National Council

Election Leader Votes % Rank Seats +/– Status
2010 Richard Sulík 307,287
12.2%
 3rd
22 / 150
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 15%; height: 100%;">
 SDKÚ–SaS–KDH–Bridge
2012 150,266
5.9%
 6th
11 / 150
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 7%; height: 100%;">
 Decrease 11 Opposition
2016 315,558
12.1%
 2nd
21 / 150
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 14%; height: 100%;">
 Increase 10 Opposition
Including 1 Civic Conservative Party member elected withtin the party list.
2020 Richard Sulík 179,246
6.2%
 6th
13 / 150
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 9%; height: 100%;">
 Decrease 8 OĽaNO–We Are Family–SaS–For the People
(2020–2022)
Opposition (2022–2023)
Including 2 Civic Conservative Party members elected withtin the party list.
2023 Richard Sulík 187,911
6.3%
 6th
13 / 150
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 9%; height: 100%;">
 Steady 0 Opposition

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Rank Seats +/– Group
2009 Ján Oravec 39,016
4.7%
 7th
0 / 13
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">
2014 37,376
6.7%
 6th
1 / 13
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 8%; height: 100%;">
 Increase 1 ALDE
(2014)
ECR
(2014–2019)
2019 Eugen Jurzyca 94,839
9.6%
 5th
2 / 14
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 14%; height: 100%;">
 Increase 1 ECR
2024 Richard Sulík TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD ECR

Presidential

Election Candidate 1st round 2nd round
Votes % Rank Votes % Rank
2009 Endorsed
Iveta Radičová 		713,735
38.1%
 2nd 988,808
44.5%
 2nd
2014 Endorsed
Radoslav Procházka 		403,548
21.3%
 3rd Eliminated in the 1st round
2019 Endorsed
Zuzana Čaputová 		870,415
40.6%
 1st 1,056,582
58.4%
 1st
2024 Endorsed
Ivan Korčok 		TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

Elected representatives

2023–2027

After the 2023 parliamentary election, Freedom and Solidarity has 11 members in the National Council:


  • Richard Sulík
  • Mária Kolíková
  • Branislav Gröhling
  • Vladimíra Marcinková
  • Jana Bittó Cigániková
  • Marián Viskupič
  • Ondrej Dostál (elected as a member of OKS on the SaS party list)
  • Alojz Hlina
  • Vladimír Ledecký
  • Juraj Droba
  • Tomáš Szalay

Notes

  1. ↑ Parliamentary group of SaS has 11 members but only 9 members are members of the party. In the parliamentary group there is also 1 independent and 1 from Civic Conservative Party.
  2. ↑ Also with coalitions.
  3. ↑ Also with coalitions.
  4. ↑ Also with coalitions.

References

  1. ↑ "Výročná správa politickej strany: Sloboda a Solidarita" (in sk). 2022. p. 5. https://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/statna_komisia_pre_volby/30_annual_report/ar2022/VS22_SaS.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Predvolebné kampane strán". 7 September 2023. https://spravy.pravda.sk/parlamentne-volby-2023/clanok/680507-hity-kampane-2023-odbornost-volby-nevyhrava-strach-ano-matovic-riskuje-kollar-tapa-a-fico-oprasil-migrantov/. 
  3. ↑ "Súhrnné výsledky hlasovania - Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí 2022". https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html. 
  4. ↑ "Súhrnné výsledky hlasovania - Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí 2022". https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html. 
  5. ↑ "Súhrnné výsledky hlasovania - Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí 2022". https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html. 
  6. ↑ "Súhrnné výsledky hlasovania - Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí 2022". https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html. 
  7. ↑ "Detail - Register politických strán a politických hnutí Slovenskej republiky". Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic. https://ives.minv.sk/PolitickeStrany/detail?id_spolok=153180. 
  8. ↑ "Marketér Prchal má nové angažmá. Přejmenovaná slovenská strana Saska s ním potvrdila spolupráci" (in cs). 2023-04-03. https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-svet/marek-prchal-slovensko-sas-saska-richard-sulik_2304031313_jgr. 
  9. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (February 2020). "Slovakia". http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html. Retrieved 26 October 2021. 
  10. ↑ "Political parties and elections in Slovakia". http://www.online-slovakia.com/politics/elections.html. Retrieved 24 September 2021. "Sloboda a Solidarita (Freedom and Solidarity, Ideology : centre-right classical liberal political party, founded in 2009)" 
  11. ↑ "Fresh air". The Economist. 17 June 2010. https://www.economist.com/node/16381292. 
  12. ↑ "Slovak election winner secures four-party coalition with cabinet deal". Reuters. 13 March 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slovakia-politics/slovak-election-winner-secures-four-party-coalition-with-cabinet-deal-idUSKBN21031O. Retrieved 26 October 2021. 
  13. ↑ Balogová, Beata (20 May 2010). "Vote 2010: Smer gets another 'no'". The Slovak Spectator. http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/39030/2/vote_2010_smer_gets_another_no.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nicos Christodoulakis (2012). How Crises Shaped Economic Ideas and Policies: Wiser After the Events?. Springer. p. 163. ISBN 978-3319168715. https://books.google.com/books?id=EfhICAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163. 
  15. ↑ "An unfinished revolution". The Economist. 19 May 2010. https://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=16159155. 
  16. ↑ "Another direction". The Economist. 20 May 2010. https://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=16167828. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Tomek, Radoslav (11 June 2010). "Slovak Facebook Users May End Fico Reign in Vote". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid=a6Zu22ZfgoSI&pid=20601087. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Tom Lansford, ed (2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015. Sage Publications. p. 5530. ISBN 978-1483371559. https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5530. 
  19. ↑ Richard Sulík (2 October 2014). "Odchádzam v europarlamente od liberálov, idem k reformistom" (in sk). European Union. http://europskaunia.sulik.sk/europarlament-frakcia-ecr/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Jeden z autorov daňovej reformy Sulík zakladá novú stranu" (in sk). SME. 11 November 2008. http://www.sme.sk/c/4170206/jeden-z-autorov-danovej-reformy-sulik-zaklada-novu-stranu.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Richard Sulík rozbieha stranu Sloboda a Solidarita" (in sk). SME. 12 March 2009. http://www.sme.sk/c/4346276/richard-sulik-rozbieha-stranu-sloboda-a-solidarita.html. 
  22. ↑ "Stranu Sloboda a Solidarita povedie ekonóm Sulík" (in sk). Slovak News Agency. 28 March 2009. http://aktualne.centrum.sk/domov/politika/clanek.phtml?id=1178613. 
  23. ↑ Vilikovská, Zuzana (26 January 2010). "Referendum 2009 committee seeks simultaneous vote with parliamentary elections". The Slovak Spectator. http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/37748/10/referendum_2009_committee_seeks_simultaneous_vote_with_parliamentary_elections.html. 
  24. ↑ "Sulík posúva referendum, Gašparovičovi neverí" (in sk). SME. 12 February 2010. http://www.sme.sk/c/5237653/sulik-posuva-referendum-gasparovicovi-neveri.html. 
  25. ↑ "Trestné oznámenie na predsedu SaS preverí bratislavská prokuratúra" (in sk). SME. 25 March 2010. http://zilina.sme.sk/c/5300981/trestne-oznamenie-na-predsedu-sas-preveri-bratislavska-prokuratura.html. 
  26. ↑ "Sulík nešíril toxikomániu, ako si mysleli Žilinčania" (in sk). SME. 4 May 2010. http://zilina.sme.sk/c/5358646/sulik-nesiril-toxikomaniu-ako-si-mysleli-zilincania.html. 
  27. ↑ "Fair-Play Alliance: Candidates Are Not Transparent About Their Wealth". Radio Slovakia International. 9 June 2010. http://www.rozhlas.sk/inetportal/rsi/core.php?page=showSprava&id=29795&lang=2. 
  28. ↑ Vilikovská, Zuzana (3 June 2010). "SaS is attracting voters from Smer and SDKÚ-DS; Most-Híd from SMK". The Slovak Spectator. http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/39093/10/sas_is_attracting_voters_from_smer_and_sdku_most_hid_from_smk.html. 
  29. ↑ "SaS: R. Sulík podal trestné oznámenie v súvislosti so snahou podplatiť Matoviča" (in sk). Slovak News Agency. 28 June 2010. http://www.tasr.sk/23.axd?k=20100628TBB00537. 
  30. ↑ "SaS dosiahla referendum. Inak, ako mienila" (in sk). SME. 7 July 2010. http://www.sme.sk/c/5454484/sas-dosiahla-referendum-inak-ako-mienila.html. 
  31. ↑ Vilikovská, Zuzana (29 June 2010). "Slovak President Gašparovič will announce a SaS-initiated referendum". The Slovak Spectator. http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/39405/10/slovak_president_gasparovic_will_announce_a_sas_initiated_referendum.html. 
  32. ↑ Michaela Terenzani-Stanková (10 February 2011). "Coalition loses another MP". The Slovak Spectator. http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/41611/2/coalition_loses_another_mp.html. 
  33. ↑ "Elections to the European Parliament 2014". http://ep2014.statistics.sk/EP-dv/Tabulka3_en.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Sarah Engler; Bartek Pytlas; Kevin Keegan-Krause (2021). "Assessing the diversity of anti-establishment parties in Central and Eastern Europe". Varieties of Populism in Europe in Times of Crises. Routledge. p. 2052. ISBN 9781000372052. https://books.google.com/books?id=lXQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2052. 
  35. ↑ Pytlas, Bartek (26 April 2022). "'Fix the system!' Variations of anti-establishment normalisation strategies in comparative perspective". Politics. doi:10.1177/02633957221089219. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02633957221089219. Retrieved 17 January 2024. "On the one hand, AEPs which anchored themselves more in the party system (e.g. centrist SaS in Slovakia) ...". 
  36. ↑ Vít Hloušek; Petr Kaniok (2020). The European Parliament Election of 2019 in East-Central Europe: Second-Order Euroscepticism. Springer Nature. p. 247. ISBN 9783030408589. https://books.google.com/books?id=hTfpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247. 
  37. ↑ "SaS je podľa Sulíka jediná pravicová strana s predpokladom prevziať moc". Sme.sk (Bratislava: Petit Press). 2016-04-23. ISSN 1335-4418. https://domov.sme.sk/c/20145690/sas-zhodnoti-volebny-vysledok-chce-posilnit-regionalne-struktury.html. Retrieved 2018-06-19. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Acknowledgements". The Rise of Populism in Central and Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2022. p. 158. ISBN 9781802205534. https://books.google.com/books?id=YAuIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158. 
  39. ↑ "Slovak foreign minister resigns as government totters". Reuters. 24 March 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/slovak-foreign-minister-resigns-government-totters-2021-03-24/. "Korcok is a nominee of the right-wing Freedom and Solidarity Party (SaS) ..." 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 André Liebich (2021). The Politics of a Disillusioned Europe: East Central Europe After the Fall of Communism. Springer Nature. p. 80. ISBN 9783030839932. https://books.google.com/books?id=mjNPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80. 
  41. ↑ Conor O'Dwyer (2018). Coming Out of Communism: The Emergence of LGBT Activism in Eastern Europe. NYU Press. p. 199. ISBN 9781479851485. https://books.google.com/books?id=FzViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Rybář, Marek (2016). "Slovakia". in Viola, Donatella M.. Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317503620. https://books.google.com/books?id=yctgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT726. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Who is Who? On the EU-Critical Right of Centre". Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy. 2018. p. 43. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190328224828/http://www.efddgroup.eu/images/publications/Who_Is_Who.pdf. "Freedom and Solidarity (Slovak: Sloboda a Solidarita, SaS): Limited government, EU-sceptic, Euro-critical, classical-Liberal/Libertarian" 
  44. ↑ "COVID-19: Slovakia mired in chaos". Deutsche Welle. https://amp.dw.com/en/covid-19-slovakia-mired-in-chaos/a-56740390. Retrieved 21 December 2022. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (14 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Scarecrow Press. p. 256. ISBN 9780810880306. https://books.google.com/books?id=wzefAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256. 
  46. ↑ Darina Malová (2013). "Slovakia". The Palgrave Handbook of Social Democracy in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 560. ISBN 978-1137293800. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUNmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA560. 
  47. ↑ "Political parties and elections in Slovakia". Online-Slovakia. http://www.online-slovakia.com/politics/elections.html. Retrieved 3 April 2018. 
  48. ↑ Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. 2. Abc-Clio. p. 561. ISBN 978-0313391828. https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA561. 
  49. ↑ "Druck auf slowakischen Ministerpräsidenten Matovic wächst". Salzburger Nachrichten. 21 March 2021. https://www.sn.at/politik/weltpolitik/druck-auf-slowakischen-ministerpraesidenten-matovic-waechst-101564467. Retrieved 29 December 2022. 
  50. ↑ "Druck auf slowakischen Premier Matovic wächst". Wiener Zeitung. 22 March 2021. https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/europa/2097442-Druck-auf-slowakischen-Premier-Matovic-waechst.html. Retrieved 29 December 2022. 
  51. ↑ Michael Keating (2013). Crisis of Social Democracy in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780748665846. https://books.google.com/books?id=4vfcCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT88. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Deegan-Krause, Kevin; Haughton, Tim (2021). The New Party Challenge: Changing Cycles of Party Birth and Death in Central Europe and Beyond. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0198812920. https://books.google.com/books?id=u-MJEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 8 October 2021. 
  53. ↑ Meandering in Transition: Thirty Years of Reforms and Identity in Post-Communist Europe. Lexington Books. 2021. p. 122. ISBN 978-1793650757. https://books.google.com/books?id=09g7EAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 8 October 2021. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 Henderson, Karen (2010). "Europe and the Slovak Parliamentary Election of June 2010". Sussex European Institute. Election Briefing 58. https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=epern-election-briefing-no-58.pdf&site=266. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Henderson, Karen (2010). "The European Parliament Election in Slovakia, 6 June 2009". Sussex European Institute. European Parliament Election Briefing 44. https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=epern-no-44-slovakia-2009.pdf&site=266. 
  56. ↑ Stegherr, Marc (2018). Der neue Kalte Krieg der Medien: Die Medien Osteuropas und der neue Ost-West-Konflikt. Springer. p. 169. ISBN 9783658204358. https://books.google.com/books?id=J0tLDwAAQBAJ&q=Der&pg=PA169. 
  57. ↑ "Slovensko potrebuje Odvodový bonus". February 2018. https://sulik.sk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/odvodovy-bonus-sulik-cmorej.pdf. Retrieved 24 September 2021. 
  58. ↑ Stefan Domonkos (2018). "Slovakia: perpetual austerity and growing emphasis on activation". in Sotiria Theodoropoulou. Labour Market Policies in the Era of Pervasive Austerity: A European Perspective. Policy Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-1447335870. https://books.google.com/books?id=yv9oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303. 
  59. ↑ "Sulíkov euromanifest: kombinácia toryovcov, AfD, Wildersa a Orbána". Denník N. 3 April 2017. https://dennikn.sk/722680/sulikov-euromanifest-kombinacia-toryovcov-afd-wildersa-a-orbana/. 
  60. ↑ "Poliačik po odchode ostáva poslancom, Sulík ubezpečuje, že SaS sa neštiepi". Pravda. 9 November 2017. https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/447594-poliacik-po-odchode-z-sas-ostava-poslancom-nr-sr/. 
  61. ↑ "Sloboda možno, solidarita menej. Je SaS ešte liberálna strana?". aktualne.sk. 9 November 2015. https://aktualne.centrum.sk/sloboda-mozno-solidarita-menej-je-sas-este-liberalna-strana/slovensko/politika/. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Komentár Lukáša Krivošíka: Sulík prvú ligu nechce, no asi sa jej nevyhneme". aktuality.sk. 7 June 2017. https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/495184/komentar-lukasa-krivosika-sulik-prvu-ligu-nechce-no-asi-sa-jej-nevyhneme/. 
  63. ↑ De Vries, Catherine E. (2018). Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0192511904. https://books.google.com/books?id=fO9IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135. 
  64. ↑ Mudde, Cas (6 December 2016). "A Slovak Shocker! How Syrian Refugees Kidnapped the Slovak Elections". HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a-slovak-shocker-how-syri_b_9392022. 
  65. ↑ "SaS: Sme eurorealisti, nie euroskeptici". SME. 17 November 2011. https://domov.sme.sk/c/6144041/sas-sme-eurorealisti-nie-euroskeptici.html. 
  66. ↑ "Pýtali ste sa Jána Oravca (SaS), kandidáta na europoslanca". euractiv.sk. 10 March 2014. https://euractiv.sk/section/europa-dnes/news/pytajte-sa-jana-oravca-sas-kandidata-naeuroposlanca-022152/. 
  67. ↑ "Centre right make gains in Slovakia". The Irish Times. 13 June 2010. https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/0613/breaking15.html. 
  68. ↑ "Bratislava's plan B". The Economist. 29 December 2010. https://www.economist.com/node/17805663. 
  69. ↑ "Šéf SaS a europoslanec R. Sulík odmieta povinné kvóty pre migrantov". TASR. 14 May 2015. http://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/sns-odmietame-kvoty-pre-migrantov-va/134976-clanok.html. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Freedom and Solidarity party (SaS, Slovakia)". 30 June 2021. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/experts/freedom-and-solidarity-party-sas-slovakia. 
  71. ↑ "Sloboda a Solidarita predstavila svoj návrh na zreformovanie Európskej únie". webnoviny.sk. 30 March 2017. https://www.webnoviny.sk/sloboda-a-solidarita-predstavila-svoj-navrh-na-zreformovanie-europskej-unie/. 
  72. ↑ Goldirova, Renata (27 May 2014). "Slovak Liberals unsure of EP group". EUobserverer (Oxford). http://euobserver.com/eu-elections/124374. 
  73. ↑ "SAS leader Richard Sulik leaves ALDE and applies to join ECR". http://www.aecr.eu/sas-leader-richard-sulik-leaves-alde-and-applies-to-join-ecr/. 

External links

  • Official website (in Slovak)
  • Šebej, Matej (2012). Freedom vs. Solidarity? Content Analysis of Blogs by the Chairman of the Political Party Freedom and Solidarity (Bachelor). Prague University of Economics and Business. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  • Šulková, Veronika (2014). Sloboda a Solidarita – analýza politickej strany z pohľadu liberalizmu [Freedom and Solidarity – Analysis of a Political Party from the Point of View of Liberalism] (PDF). IS MUNI (Bachelor) (in čeština). Masaryk University. Retrieved 24 September 2021.



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Finance:Freedom_and_Solidarity&oldid=3316856"