Finance:Real gross domestic product

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Short description: Macroeconomic measure

Real gross domestic product (real GDP) is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation or deflation).[1] This adjustment transforms the money-value measure, nominal GDP, into an index for quantity of total output. Although GDP is total output, it is primarily useful because it closely approximates the total spending: the sum of consumer spending, investment made by industry, excess of exports over imports, and government spending. Due to inflation, GDP increases and does not actually reflect the true growth in an economy. That is why the GDP must be divided by the inflation rate (raised to the power of units of time in which the rate is measured) to get the growth of the real GDP. Different organizations use different types of 'Real GDP' measures, for example, the UNCTAD uses 2015 Constant prices and exchange rates while the FRED uses 2009 constant prices and exchange rates, and recently the World Bank switched from 2005 to 2010 constant prices and exchange rates.[2][3][4]

10 largest countries by GDP according to the UNCTAD at 2015 constant prices and exchange rates, 2021[3]
Economy
Top 10 countries by GDP in 2021 (millions in 2015 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  United States
20,621,847
(02)  China
15,802,052
(03)  Japan
4,435,431
(04)  Germany
3,553,247
(05)  United Kingdom
3,036,532
(06)  India
2,782,322
(07)  France
2,584,045
(08)  Italy
1,861,557
(09)  Brazil
1,829,902
(10)  South Korea
1,693,643

Economic sectors of nations using real GDP

Nations by industrial sector output at 2005 constant prices
20 largest countries by industrial output according to the UNCTAD at 2015 constant prices and exchange rates, 2021[3]
Economy
Top 20 countries by industrial output in 2021 (millions in 2015 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  China
6,278,120
(02)  United States
3,747,722
(03)  Japan
1,282,424
(04)  Germany
948,804
(05)  India
741,772
(06)  United Kingdom
586,343
(07)  South Korea
577,653
(08)  Russia
449,916
(09)  France
429,354
(10)  Italy
421,859
(11)  Indonesia
406,252
(12)  Canada
391,590
(13)  Mexico
363,409
(14)  Brazil
317,538
(15)  Turkey
304,962
(16)  Australia
293,296
(17)  Saudi Arabia
277,097
(18)  Taiwan
264,189
(19)  Spain
239,160
Largest countries by agricultural output according to the UNCTAD at 2015 constant prices and exchange rates, 2021 [3]
Economy
Countries by agricultural output in 2021 (millions in 2015 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  China
1,225,193
(02)  India
453,267
(03)  United States
170,409
(04)  Indonesia
139,182
(05)  Nigeria
119,864
Largest countries by tertiary (services) output according to the UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015 [3]
Economy
Countries by tertiary (services) output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  United States
16,763,257
(02)  China
8,307,397
(03)  Japan
2,992,158
(04)  Germany
2,214,261
(05)  United Kingdom
2,124,106

Relationship with nominal GDP

Real GDP is an example of the distinction between real vs. nominal values in economics. Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the market value of all final goods produced in a geographical region, usually a country. That market value depends on the quantities of goods and services produced, and their respective prices.

If a set of real GDPs from various years are calculated, each using the quantities from its own year, but all using the prices from the same base year, the differences in those real GDPs will reflect only differences in volume.

An index called the GDP deflator can be obtained by dividing, for each year, the nominal GDP by the real GDP, so that the GDP deflator for the base year will be 100. It gives an indication of the overall level of price change (inflation or deflation) in the economy.

GDP deflator for year [math]\displaystyle{ t=\frac{Nominal\;GDP_t}{Real\;GDP_t}\times100 }[/math]

Real GDP growth on an annual basis is the nominal GDP growth rate adjusted for inflation. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

Nomenclature: "GDP" may refer to "nominal" or "current" or "historical" GDP, to distinguish it from the real GDP. The real GDP is sometimes called "constant" GDP because it is expressed in terms of constant prices. Depending on context, "GDP" may also refer to real GDP...

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Kenton, Will. "Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)". https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realgdp.asp. 
  2. ↑ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (1 January 1947). "Real Gross Domestic Product". https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPC1. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "UNCTADstat - Table view". https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95. 
  4. ↑ "GDP (constant 2010 US$) - Data". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?year_high_desc=false. 

List of countries by real GDP growth rate

External links



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