Finance:Slush fund
A slush fund is a fund or account used for miscellaneous income and expenses, particularly when these are corrupt or illegal.[1] Such funds may be kept hidden and maintained separately from money that is used for legitimate purposes. Slush funds may be employed by government or corporate officials in efforts to pay influential people discreetly in return for preferential treatment, advance information (such as non-public information in financial transactions), and other services.[2] The funds themselves may not be kept secret but the source of the funds or how they were acquired or for what purposes they are used may be hidden. Use of slush funds to influence government activities may be viewed as subversive of the democratic process.
A slush fund can also be a reserve account used to reduce fluctuations in an organization's earnings by withholding them when they are high and supplementing them when they are low. This type of slush fund is not inherently corrupt, but is nonetheless a form of earnings management that tends to mislead the public about the organization's financial condition.[3]
Examples
Richard Nixon's "Checkers speech" of 1952 was a somewhat successful effort to dispel a scandal concerning a slush fund of campaign contributions.[4] Years later, Nixon's presidential re-election campaign used slush funds to buy the silence of the "White House Plumbers".[5]
Financial derivative traders for Enron employed a slush fund system called "prudency reserves," in which the department reported part of each trade's profit or loss to the company and withheld the remainder. This system was originally used to regulate the trading department's profits, but also enabled the company to conceal large profits during the 2000–01 California electricity crisis.[6]
Etymology
"Slush fund" was originally a nautical term for the cash that a ship's crew raised by selling fat (slush) scraped from cooking pots to tallow makers. This cash was kept separate from the ship's accounts and used to make small purchases for the crew.[7][8]
See also
- ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
- Group of States Against Corruption
- International Anti-Corruption Academy
- United Nations Convention against Corruption
- OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
References
- ↑ "Slush fund". http://www.dictionary.com/browse/slush-fund?s=t.
- ↑ Law, Jonathan. A Dictionary of Finance and Banking, 5 ed. ed., 2014. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199664931.001.0001/acref-9780199664931-e-3516
- ↑ Wherry, Frederick F., ed (2015). "The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society". The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society.
- ↑ LaGesse, David (January 17, 2008). "The 1952 Checkers Speech: The Dog Carries the Day for Richard Nixon". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/01/17/the-dog-carries-the-day-for-nixon.
- ↑ Weiner, Tim (October 31, 1997). "Transcripts of Nixon Tapes Show the Path to Watergate". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/31/us/transcripts-of-nixon-tapes-show-the-path-to-watergate.html.
- ↑ Fox, Lauren (2004). Enron: The Rise and Fall.
- ↑ "slush fund, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Web. 8 September 2016.
- ↑ Garg, Anu. A.Word.A.Day mailing list, 2017-Mar-01. http://wordsmith.org/words/slush_fund.html
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