Gender Parity Index

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Short description: Socioeconomic index
Percentage of countries that have achieved gender parity in the gross enrolment ratio, by education level, 2000 and 2017

Released by UNESCO, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a socioeconomic index usually designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females. It is used by international organizations, particularly in measuring the progress of developing countries. For example, some UNESCO documents consider gender parity in literacy.[1]

UNESCO describes attempts to eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education and emphasizes the plight of girls in unequal access in third world countries.[2]

GPI is often used in order to identify nations and regions that are in need of economic development and equality.[3]

The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2022 allows users to look at and compare country GPI data, calculate their own country's gender parity, and explore global patterns.[3]

World GPI has consistently increased toward parity since 1980.[4]

Definition and calculation

The Institute for Statistics of UNESCO also uses a more general definition of GPI: for any development indicator one can define the GPI relative to this indicator by dividing its value for females by its value for males.[2]

In its simplest form, GPI is calculated as the quotient of the number of females by the number of males enrolled in a given stage of education (primary, secondary, etc.).

A GPI value less than one is an indication that gender parity favors males while a GPI value greater than one designates that gender parity is in favor of females.[5] The closer a GPI is to one, the closer a country is to achieving equality of access between males and females.[6] A nation is said to have achieved gender parity when its GPI value falls within the range of 0.97 and 1.03.[7]

Application

Economics

The utilization of Gender Parity Index (GPI) by economists enables comprehensive monitoring and assessment of a nation's economic progress from a gender equality perspective.[3] It is believed by many economists that gender inequality results in economic consequences such as increased unemployment, decreased output, and vast income inequality.[8] As such, the monitoring of GPI by international organizations, such as UNESCO and the World Bank, serves the purpose of discerning the economic development deficiencies in nations and regions that are caused by gender inequality.

There is a present link between low-income countries a low GPI, particularly in secondary education and tertiary education.[9] For example, many low-income, sub-Saharan countries have large gaps between male and female access to education.[9]

Household income level is also a determining factor in secondary and tertiary GPI.[9] In underdeveloped countries such as Cameroon, Guinea, Pakistan , and Yemen, gender parity existed among the top 20% of earners; yet low GPI levels were present among the bottom 20% of earners.[9] As such, policymakers and other stakeholders utilize GPI in order to target regions in which economic development is a primary cause of gender disparity.

Education

In the education space, GPI is used to measure gender equality in education access.[2] Governments and international organizations such as UNESCO and the United Nations monitor the gender gap in education access, using GPI to identify sectors where intervention is needed to address gender disparities.[2]

A low GPI at the primary education level is an indication of economic, cultural, or other structural barriers that prevent women from receiving education, and a low GPI at the tertiary education level is an indication of structural barriers preventing women from breaking into specialized, advanced career fields.[9]

GPI is also used to measure literacy equality, particularly by UNESCO.[2] Gender disparities, specifically in primary education, have a drastic effect on literacy rates. For example, a low primary GPI is an indication that women in a particular nation or region are restricted from acquiring basic literacy skills.[10]

World gender parity index (1970-2020)

World gender parity index (as reported by World Bank)[4]
Year World GPI
1970 0.8
1971 0.8
1972 0.8
1973 0.8
1974 0.8
1975 0.82
1976 0.84
1978 0.85
1979 0.84
1980 0.85
1981 0.85
1982 0.85
1983 0.84
1984 0.85
1985 0.85
1986 0.87
1987 0.87
1988 0.87
1989 0.88
1990 0.88
1991 0.89
1992 0.9
1993 0.9
1994 0.91
1995 0.91
1996 0.91
1997 0.92
1998 0.92
1999 0.92
2000 0.92
2001 0.93
2002 0.93
2003 0.95
2004 0.95
2005 0.95
2006 0.96
2007 0.96
2008 0.97
2009 0.97
2010 0.97
2011 0.98
2012 0.98
2013 1
2014 1
2015 1
2016 1.01
2017 1
2018 0.98
2019 0.98
2020 0.98

Gender parity index by country

Gender parity index by country (as reported by World Bank)[4]
Country Most recent year of calculation Most recent value
Afghanistan 2019 0.67
Albania 2021 1.02
Algeria 2020 0.97
Andorra 1983 0.96
Angola 2018 0.94
Antigua and Barbuda 2019 0.98
Argentina 2020 1.01
Armenia 2021 1.01
Austria 2020 0.99
Azerbaijan 2021 1.01
Bahrain 2019 0.99
Bangladesh 2021 1.02
Barbados 2021 0.97
Belarus 2021 1
Belgium 2020 1.01
Belize 2021 0.96
Benin 2021 0.93
Bhutan 2021 1.04
Bolivia 2020 1
Bosnia and Herzegovina N/A No Data
Botswana 2021 0.98
Brazil 2020 0.95
Brunei 2020 1
Bulgaria 2020 0.99
Burkina Faso 2021 1.02
Burundi 2020 1.01
Cabo Verde 2019 0.94
Cambodia 2021 0.98
Cameroon 2019 0.9
Canada 2020 0.97
Central African Republic 2017 0.77
Chad 2021 0.8
Channel Islands N/A No Data
Chile 2020 0.97
China 2021 1.01
Colombia 2020 0.97
Comoros 2018 1
Congo 2018 0.97
Costa Rica 2021 0.99
Côte d'Ivoire 2021 0.95
Croatia 2020 1
Cuba 2021 0.98
Cyprus 2020 0.99
Czech Republic 2020 1
Denmark 2020 1
Djibouti 2021 0.92
Dominica 2021 0.95
Dominican Republic 2021 0.97
DR Congo 2020 0.95
Ecuador 2021 1.02
Egypt 2019 1.01
El Salvador 2014 0.96
Equatorial Guinea 2015 0.99
Eritrea 2019 0.86
Estonia 2020 1
Eswatini 2019 0.92
Ethiopia 2021 0.91
Fiji 2021 0.96
Finland 2020 1
France 2020 0.99
French Guiana No Data No Data
Gabon 2019 0.97
Gambia 2021 1.13
Georgia 2021 1.01
Germany 2020 1.01
Ghana 2020 1.02
Gibraltar 2021 1.07
Greece 2020 1.01
Grenada 2018 0.98
Guatemala 2021 0.98
Guinea 2020 0.85
Guinea-Bissau 2010 0.93
Guyana 2012 0.96
Haiti 1998 0.97
Holy See No Data No Data
Honduras 2012 1
Hong Kong 2021 1.04
Hungary 2020 0.98
Iceland 2020 1.01
India 2021 1.02
Indonesia 2018 0.97
Iran 2020 1.06
Iraq 2007 0.84
Ireland 2020 1
Isle of Man No Data No Data
Israel 2020
Italy 2020 1
Jamaica 2007 1
Japan 2019 1
Jordan 2021 0.99
Kazakhstan 2020 1
Kenya 2019 0.97
Kuwait 2021 1.15
Kyrgyzstan 2021 1
Laos 2021 0.97
Latvia 2020 1
Lebanon 1985 0.91
Lesotho 2019 0.95
Liberia 2020 1
Libya 2006 0.96
Liechtenstein 2020 0.97
Lithuania 2020 1
Luxembourg 2020 0.99
Macao 2021 0.98
Madagascar 2019 1.02
Malawi 2019 1.03
Malaysia 2020 1.01
Maldives 2020 1
Mali 2020 0.91
Malta 2020 1
Mauritania 2020 1.07
Mauritius 2021 1.02
Mayotte No data No data
Mexico 2020 1.01
Moldova 2021 0.99
Monaco No Data No Data
Mongolia 2021 0.98
Montenegro 2021 1
Morocco 2021 0.97
Mozambique 2020 0.94
Myanmar 2018 0.96
Namibia 2021 0.97
Nepal 2021 0.96
Netherlands 2020 1
Nicaragua 2020 0.99
Niger 2021 0.91
Nigeria 2019 1.01
North Korea No Data No Data
North Macedonia 2020 1
Norway 2020 1
Oman 2021 1
Pakistan 2019 0.88
Panama 2021 0.99
Paraguay 2015 0.97
Peru 2021 0.97
Philippines 2021 0.98
Poland 2020 0.96
Portugal 2020 0.99
Qatar 2021 1.02
Réunion No Data No Data
Romania 2020 0.99
Russia 2019 0.99
Rwanda 2021 0.99
Saint Helena No Data No Data
Saint Kitts and Nevis No Data No Data
Saint Lucia No Data No Data
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No Data No Data
San Marino 2021 0.99
São Tomé and Príncipe 2017 0.97
Saudi Arabia 2021 1.01
Senegal 2021 1.16
Serbia 2021 1
Seychelles 2021 1.03
Sierra Leone 2021 1.04
Singapore 2020 1
Slovakia 2020 1
Slovenia 2020 1
Somalia 2007 0.55
South Africa 2020 0.96
South Korea
South Sudan 2015 0.71
Spain 2020 1.01
Sri Lanka 2020 1

See also

Indices

Other


References

  1. "Education for All (EFA) in least developed countries". UNESCO. 2006. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001472/147259M.pdf. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Koronkiewicz, Michael. "Gender Parity Index". UNESCO Bangkok. http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/aims/Pattaya_SCB_Jun05/Gender_Parity_Index_-_Michael_Koronkiewicz.pdf. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 "The Global Gender Gap Report 2022". https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 World Bank. “School Enrollment, Primary (Gross), Gender Parity Index (GPI).” World Bank Open Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ENR.PRIM.FM.ZS?name_desc=false .
  5. "unstats | Millennium Indicators". https://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=9. 
  6. Baudot, Ana (10 February 2017). "IATE Term of the week: Gender Parity Index". http://termcoord.eu/2017/02/iate-term-of-the-week-gender-parity-index/. 
  7. "Education". UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 2023-04-17.. "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". 
  8. "The economic benefits of gender parity | McKinsey". https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/the-economic-benefits-of-gender-parity. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "Progress towards gender parity in education is undeniable" (in en-US). https://gem-report-2020.unesco.org/gender-report/progress-towards-gender-parity-in-education-is-undeniable/. 
  10. Koronkiewicz, Michael. "Gender Parity Index". UNESCO Bangkok. http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/aims/Pattaya_SCB_Jun05/Gender_Parity_Index_-_Michael_Koronkiewicz.pdf.