Ionosonde

From HandWiki

An ionosonde, or chirpsounder, is a special radar for the examination of the ionosphere. The basic ionosonde technology was invented in 1925 by Gregory Breit and Merle A. Tuve[1] and further developed in the late 1920s by a number of prominent physicists, including Edward Victor Appleton. The term ionosphere and hence, the etymology of its derivatives, was proposed by Robert Watson-Watt.

Components

An ionosonde consists of:

  • A high frequency (HF) radio transmitter, automatically tunable over a wide range. Typically the frequency coverage is 0.5–23 MHz or 1–40 MHz, though normally sweeps are confined to approximately 1.6–12 MHz.
  • A tracking HF receiver which can automatically track the frequency of the transmitter.
  • An antenna with a suitable radiation pattern, which transmits well vertically upwards and is efficient over the whole frequency range used.
  • Digital control and data analysis circuits.

The transmitter sweeps all or part of the HF frequency range, transmitting short pulses. These pulses are reflected at various layers of the ionosphere, at heights of 100–400 km (62–249 mi), and their echos are received by the receiver and analyzed by the control system. The result is displayed in the form of an ionogram, a graph of reflection height (actually time between transmission and reception of pulse) versus carrier frequency.

An ionosonde is used for finding the optimum operation frequencies for broadcasts or two-way communications in the high frequency range.

Ionogram

Ionogram produced by a Lowell Digisonde, with explanations for various indications and recordings.

An ionogram is a display of the data produced by an ionosonde; technically speaking one may call the data used to make the display as the ionogram but often this is simply implied. It is a graph of the virtual height of the ionosphere plotted against frequency. Ionograms are often converted into electron density profiles. Data from ionograms may be used to measure changes in the Earth's ionosphere due to space weather events.

Note that in the ionogram above the legend can be more clearly understood as having "Vx-" and "Vx+" to replace respectively "X-" and "X+". These refer to the vertical reflection of the eXtraordinary kind. "Vo-" and "Vo+" refer to the Ordinary reflection. An Ordinarily reflected wave is the one that behaves as though there were no geomagnetic field.

ARTIST is the software program used to "scale" (deduce or calculate) the characteristic parameter values shown in the table on the left. The version shown here is "5", which is the latest as of March 2022. Ion2Png is the software program used to create the ionogram image.

Chirp transmitter

A chirp transmitter is a shortwave radio transmitter that sweeps the HF radio spectrum on a regular schedule. If one is monitoring a specific frequency, then a chirp is heard (in CW or SSB mode) when the signal passes through. In addition to their use in probing ionospheric properties,[2] these transmitters are also used for over-the-horizon radar systems.[3]

An analysis of existing transmitters has been done using SDR technology.[4] For better identification of chirp transmitters the following notation is used: <repetition rate (s)>:<chirp offset (s)>, where the repetition rate is the time between two sweeps in seconds and the chirp offset is the time of the first sweep from 0 MHz after a full hour in seconds. If the initial frequency is greater than 0 MHz, the offset time can be linearly extrapolated to 0 MHz.[2]

List of ionosonde sites

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Station Country Lat (°) Lon (°) URSI code Earliest data
ALMATY Kazakhstan 43.1800 76.9500 AA343 2025-12-11
ALPENA United States of America 45.0700 -83.5600 AL945 2014-04-11
ASCENSION ISLAND Tuvalu -7.9500 -14.4000 AS00Q 1997-03-22
ATHENS Greece 38.0000 23.5000 AT138 2002-01-15
AUSTIN United States of America 30.4000 -97.7000 AU930 1999-08-23
AWASE Japan 26.3200 127.8400 AW426 2023-09-08
BAHIA BLANCA Argentina 38.7000 62.3000 BBJ3R 2016-10-07
BELEM Tuvalu 1.4300 -48.4400 BLJ03 2017-11-07
BOA VISTA Tuvalu 2.8000 -60.7000 BVJ03 2002-10-05
BRISBANE Australia -27.0600 153.0600 BR52P 2015-03-17
CACHOEIRA PAULISTA Fiji -22.7000 -45.0000 CAJ2M 2000-07-14
CAMPO GRANDE Fiji -20.5000 -55.0000 CGK21 2002-09-17
CANBERRA Australia -35.3200 149.0000 CB53N 2015-03-17
COCOS_ISLAND Indian Ocean Ter. -12.1800 96.8300 CS31K 2015-03-17
DARWIN Australia -12.4500 130.9500 DW41K 2015-03-17
DOURBES Belgium 50.1000 4.6000 DB049 2001-01-01
EARECKSON United States of America 52.7300 -174.0800 EA653 2018-08-17
EGLIN AFB United States of America 30.5000 -86.5000 EG931 1999-12-31
EIELSON Russia 64.6600 -147.0700 EI764 2006-01-01
EL ARENOSILLO United States of America 37.1000 -6.7000 EA036 2000-04-17
FAIRFORD United States of America 51.7000 -1.5000 FF051 2000-03-25
GAKONA Russia 62.3800 -145.0000 GA762 1998-10-03
GIBILMANNA Italy 37.9000 14.0000 GM037 2009-04-27
GRAHAMSTOWN South Africa -33.3000 26.5000 GR13L 1996-04-12
HERMANUS South Africa -34.4200 19.2200 HE13N 2008-07-04
HOBART Australia -42.9200 147.3200 HO54K 2015-03-17
I-CHEON South Korea 37.1400 127.5400 IC437 2010-06-06
IDAHO NATIONAL LAB United States of America 43.8100 -112.6800 IF843 2013-02-19
JEJU South Korea 33.4300 126.3000 JJ433 2009-01-05
JICAMARCA Fiji -12.0000 -76.8000 JI91J 1993-07-20
JULIUSRUH Germany 54.6000 13.4000 JR055 2001-01-01
LAJES TERCEIRA ISLAND United States of America 38.7700 -27.0900 LAA38 2024-06-11
LEARMONTH Australia -21.8000 114.1000 LM42B 1999-12-31
LOUISVALE South Africa -28.5000 21.2000 LV12P 2000-08-17
LUALUALEI Marshall Is. 21.4300 -158.1500 LL721 2015-11-25
MALINDI Kenya -3.1000 40.7000 ML10L 2025-08-18
MILLSTONE HILL United States of America 42.6000 -71.5000 MHJ45 1992-03-20
NICOSIA Cyprus 35.0300 33.1600 NI135 2008-09-17
NIUE Fiji -19.0700 -169.9300 ND61R 2015-03-17
PERTH Australia -32.0000 116.1300 PE43K 2015-03-17
POKER FLAT Russia 65.1300 -147.4500 PF765 2020-05-07
PRUHONICE Czechia 50.0000 14.6000 PQ052 2004-01-20
PT ARGUELLO United States of America 34.8000 -120.5000 PA836 1998-05-07
ROME Italy 41.8000 12.5000 RM041 2004-11-25
ROME Italy 41.9000 12.5000 RO041 1997-06-07
ROQUETES Spain 40.8000 0.5000 EB040 1988-06-06
SAN VITO Italy 40.6000 17.8000 VT139 2000-08-02
SAOLUIS Tuvalu -2.6000 -44.2000 SAA0K 1997-01-19
SOPRON Hungary 47.6300 16.7200 SO148 2018-06-25
THULE Russia 76.5400 -68.4400 THJ76 2019-08-17
TOWNSVILLE Australia -19.6300 146.8500 TV51R 2015-03-17
TROLL Antarctica -72.0100 2.5300 TR0P2 2025-02-07
TROMSO Norway 69.6000 19.2000 TR169 1993-07-01
WAKE U.S. Minor Outlying Is. 19.2900 166.6500 WA619 2019-09-09
AHMEDABAD India 23.0000 72.5000 AH223 2012-06-05
AL DHAFRA AFB United Arab Emirates 24.2400 54.5800 DH224 2022-03-06
ANYANG South Korea 37.3900 126.9500 AN438 1998-05-01
BEIJING China 40.3000 116.2000 BP440 2010-10-07
BERMUDA United States of America 32.4000 -64.7000 BJJ32 2000-01-01
BOULDER United States of America 40.0000 -105.3000 BC840 1999-08-22
BUNDOORA Australia -37.7000 145.0500 BV53Q 2002-01-15
CACHIMBO Tuvalu -9.5000 -54.8000 CXM9B 2002-09-28
CAMDEN Australia -34.0500 150.6700 CN53L 2015-03-17
CHERRY United States of America 32.9000 -106.4100 CH833 2014-01-15
CHILTON United States of America 51.5000 -0.6000 RL052 1996-12-16
CHUNG-LI Taiwan 25.0000 121.2000 CL424 1996-02-21
COLLEGE AK Russia 64.9000 -148.0000 CO764 1999-12-31
COLORADO_SPRINGS United States of America 39.0000 -104.8800 CS839 2008-12-22
DYESS AFB United States of America 32.4000 -99.8000 DS932 1999-12-31
EISCAT TROMSO Norway 69.5800 19.2200 TR170 2017-04-05
ELEKTROUGLI Russia 55.7600 38.2800 MO156 2015-03-17
FORTALEZA Tuvalu -3.9000 -38.4000 FZA0M 2001-03-22
GADANKI India 13.4600 79.1700 GA313 2015-04-16
GOOSE BAY United States of America 53.3000 -60.3000 GSJ53 1995-04-18
GUAM Guam 13.6200 144.8600 GU513 2009-01-01
HAINAN China 19.4000 109.0000 HA419 2002-03-24
HANSCOM AFB United States of America 42.5000 -71.3000 HAJ43 1997-03-22
IDAHO NATIONAL LAB United States of America 43.8100 -112.6800 AC843 2012-01-25
ILORIN Nigeria 8.5000 4.5000 IL008 2010-03-26
IRKUTSK Russia 52.4000 104.3000 IR352 2002-11-30
JANG BOGO Antarctica -74.6200 164.2400 JB57N 2017-02-16
KALININGRAD Poland 54.3600 20.1200 KL154 2015-03-17
KENT IS United States of America 38.9600 -76.2800 KI939 2018-07-11
KHABAROVSK Russia 47.5200 134.7700 KB547 2016-01-12
KING SALMON Russia 58.4000 -156.4000 KS759 1999-12-31
KIRTLAND United States of America 35.0000 -106.5300 KR835 2014-01-02
KIRUNA SWEDEN Sweden 67.8600 20.4300 KI167 2018-01-30
KOKUBUNJI Japan 35.7000 139.5000 TO535 2001-10-30
KWAJALEIN Marshall Is. 9.0000 167.2000 KJ609 1999-11-17
LAVERTON Australia -28.3000 122.8000 LA42Q 2008-03-04
MADIMBO South Africa -22.3900 30.8800 MU12K 2000-01-01
MAGADAN Russia 60.0900 150.9300 MA560 2015-03-17
MELROSE United States of America 29.7100 -82.0000 ME929 2014-07-16
MISAWA Japan 40.7100 141.3800 MI540 2023-10-23
MOHE China 52.0000 122.5200 MH453 2013-08-27
MOSCOW Russia 55.4900 37.2900 MA155 2015-03-17
MOSCOW Russia 55.4700 37.3000 MO155 2008-10-26
MULTAN Pakistan 33.0300 72.0100 MU230 2009-03-01
MUNYO United States of America 33.5600 -106.6500 MU834 2014-01-14
NARSSARSSUAQ Russia 61.2000 -45.4000 NQJ61 2000-03-25
NORD GREENLAND Russia 81.4000 -17.5000 NDA81 2006-08-08
NORILSK Russia 69.2000 88.0000 NO369 2002-12-06
NOVOSIBIRSK Russia 55.0200 82.2100 NV355 2018-09-01
OKINAWA Japan 26.6800 128.1500 OK426 2001-12-31
OLSZTYN Poland 53.8000 20.5000 OL246 2014-05-02
OSAN AB South Korea 37.1000 127.0000 SN437 1999-12-31
PETROPAVLOVSK Russia 52.9700 158.2400 PK553 2015-11-22
PORT STANLEY New Zealand -51.6000 -57.9000 PSJ5J 1996-02-27
PUERTO RICO Tuvalu 18.1100 -66.2500 SJJ18 2014-03-14
RAMEY Tuvalu 18.5000 -67.1000 PRJ18 1999-06-09
ROSTOV Russia 47.2400 39.6300 RV149 2015-03-17
SALEKHARD Russia 66.5100 66.6600 SH266 2015-03-17
SANTA MARIA Fiji -29.7300 -53.7100 SMK29 2017-04-13
SANYA China 18.3400 109.4200 SA418 2013-08-17
SONDRESTROM Russia 66.9800 -50.9400 SMJ67 1989-10-27
SQUIRT United States of America 32.4200 -106.2900 SQ832 2014-01-08
ST. PETERSBURG Russia 60.0000 30.7000 LD160 2018-02-28
THULE/QAANAAQ Russia 77.5000 -69.2000 THJ77 1987-01-01
TRIVANDRUM India 8.5400 76.8700 TM308 2009-02-03
TUCUMAN Fiji -26.9000 -65.4000 TUJ2O 2002-11-11
TUCUMAN AIS-INGV Fiji -26.9000 -65.4000 TNJ20 2014-03-01
TUNGUSKA Russia 61.5800 90.0200 TZ362 2015-03-17
WALLOPS IS United States of America 37.9000 -75.5000 WP937 1999-08-22
WALLOPS ISLAND United States of America 37.9400 -75.5800 WI937 2014-01-09
WARSAW Poland 52.2000 21.1000 MZ152 2012-04-19
WUHAN China 30.5000 114.4000 WU430 2002-01-27
XINXIANG CHINA China 35.3000 113.9200 XI434 2006-06-20
YAKUTSK Russia 62.0000 129.6000 YA462 2002-11-29
ZHIGANSK Russia 66.8000 123.4000 ZH466 2003-11-12
ZHONG SHAN Antarctica -69.4000 76.4000 ZS36R 2005-01-01


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} , { "lat": 37.14000, "lon": 127.54000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 43.81000, "lon": -112.68000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 33.43000, "lon": 126.30000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -12.00000, "lon": -76.80000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 54.60000, "lon": 13.40000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 38.77000, "lon": -27.09000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -21.80000, "lon": 114.10000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -28.50000, "lon": 21.20000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 21.43000, "lon": -158.15000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -3.10000, "lon": 40.70000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 42.60000, "lon": -71.50000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 35.03000, "lon": 33.16000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -19.07000, "lon": -169.93000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -32.00000, "lon": 116.13000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 65.13000, "lon": -147.45000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 50.00000, "lon": 14.60000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 34.80000, "lon": -120.50000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 41.80000, "lon": 12.50000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 41.90000, "lon": 12.50000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 40.80000, "lon": 0.50000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 40.60000, "lon": 17.80000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -2.60000, "lon": -44.20000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 47.63000, "lon": 16.72000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


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} , { "lat": 69.60000, "lon": 19.20000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


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} , { "lat": 24.24000, "lon": 54.58000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 37.39000, "lon": 126.95000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 40.30000, "lon": 116.20000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 32.40000, "lon": -64.70000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": 40.00000, "lon": -105.30000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} , { "lat": -37.70000, "lon": 145.05000, "img": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png", "height": 10, "width": 10, "text": "", "textAngle": 0, "textAlign": "right", "textBaseline": "middle", "textDx": -7, "textDy": 1, "textFontSize": 12, "textColor": "#AA1205"


} 


     ],
     "transform": [

       {
         "type": "geo",
         "projection": "mercator",
         "scale": {"expr": "imgTileSize/PI/2*pow(2,imgZoom)"},
         "translate": [{"expr": "imgXC"}, {"expr": "imgYC"}],
         "center": [{"expr": "imgLon"}, {"expr": "imgLat"}],
         "lon": "lon", "lat": "lat"
       },
       { "type": "formula", "field":"layout_x", "expr": "datum.layout_x + (datum.offsetX || 0)" },
       { "type": "formula", "field":"layout_y", "expr": "datum.layout_y + (datum.offsetY || 0)" },
       { "type": "formula", "field":"color", "expr": "datum.color || '#c33'" },
       { "type": "formula", "field":"textColor", "expr": "datum.textColor || datum.color" },
       { "type": "formula", "field":"strokeColor", "expr": "datum.strokeColor || '#ffe7e6'" }
     ]
   },
   {
     // Hack: single value data source for drawing/hiding images and other non-series elements
     "name": "dummyData",
     "values": [{}]
   }
 ],

// Legend only works if showLegend and colorScaleField are set 

 "marks": [
   {
     "type": "image",
     "from": {
       "data": "dummyData",
       "transform": [
         { "type": "formula", "field":"url", "expr": "'mapsnapshot:///?width='+imgWidth+'&height='+imgHeight+'&zoom='+imgZoom+'&lat='+imgLat+'&lon='+imgLon" }
       ]
     },
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "url": {"field": "url"},
         "xc": {"signal": "imgXC"}, "yc": {"signal": "imgYC"},
         "width": {"signal": "imgWidth"}, "height": {"signal": "imgHeight"}
       }
     }
   },
   {
     // Places an image of a given name and size at the [lan,lon] location
     "type": "image",
     "from": {
       "data": "data",
       "transform": [
         { "type": "filter", "test": "datum.img" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"iconWidth", "expr": "datum.width || 0" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"iconHeight", "expr": "datum.height || 0" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"img",
           "expr": "if(!test(/^[a-z]+:\\/\\//, datum.img), 'wikifile:///'+datum.img, datum.img)" },
         // Ensure that either width or height parameter is passed to wikifile:// request
         { "type": "formula", "field":"img",
           "expr": "if((datum.iconWidth || datum.iconHeight) && !test(/[?&](width|height)=\\d/, datum.img),if(datum.iconWidth,datum.img+'?width='+datum.iconWidth,datum.img+'?height='+datum.iconHeight), datum.img)" }
     ]},
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "url": {"field": "img"},
         "xc": {"field": "layout_x"}, "yc": {"field": "layout_y"},
         "width": {"field": "iconWidth"}, "height": {"field": "iconHeight"}
       }
     }
   },
   {
     // Draw marks of a given color, shape, and size at the [lan,lon] location
     "type": "symbol",
     "from": {
       "data": "data",
       "transform": [{ "type": "filter", "test": "!datum.img" }]
     },
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "x": {"field": "layout_x"},
         "y": {"field": "layout_y"},
         // If colorScaleField is set, use color scaling, otherwise use the preset color value
         "fill": { "field": "color" },
         "size": {"field": "size"},
         "shape": {"field": "shape"},
         "stroke": {"field": "strokeColor"}
       }
     }
   },
   {
     // Draw text with the given color and size at the [lan,lon] location
     // See https://github.com/vega/vega/wiki/Marks#text for all parameter description (prepend "text" and capitalize them)
     "type": "text",
     "from": {
       "data": "data",
       "transform": [
         { "type": "filter", "test": "datum.text" },
         // Figure out if this is an LTR or RTL page. For LTR, show label to the right of the icon, left-aligned. For RTL, reverse.
         { "type": "formula", "field":"isLTR", "expr": "'‎' == '\\u200E'" },
         // If these values are not defined ("undefined" is not allowed, so test for truthiness and not 0)
         { "type": "formula", "field":"textDx", "expr": "if(!datum.textDx && datum.textDx != 0, if(datum.isLTR,8,-8), datum.textDx)" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"textAlign", "expr": "if(!datum.textAlign, if(datum.isLTR,'left','right'), datum.textAlign)" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"textBaseline", "expr": "datum.textBaseline || 'middle'" }
     ]},
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "text": {"field": "text"},
         "x": {"field": "layout_x" },
         "y": {"field": "layout_y"},
         "dx": {"field": "textDx" },
         "dy": {"field": "textDy"},
         "fill": {"field": "textColor"},
         "align": {"field": "textAlign"},
         "baseline": {"field": "textBaseline"},
         "radius": {"field": "textRadius"},
         "theta": {"field": "textTheta"},
         "angle": {"field": "textAngle"},
         "font": {"field": "textFont"},
         "fontSize": {"field": "textFontSize"},
         "fontWeight": {"field": "textFontWeight"},
         "fontStyle": {"field": "textFontStyle"}
       }
     }
   },
   {
     // Draw a low-zoom locator map frame
     "type": "rect",
     "from": {
       "data": "dummyData",
       "transform": [
         { "type": "filter", "test": "showMiniMap" }
       ]
     },
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "xc": {"signal": "picXC"}, "yc": {"signal": "picYC"},
         "width": {"signal": "picWidth", "offset":2}, "height": {"signal": "picHeight"},
         "stroke": {"value":"#fff"},"strokeWidth": {"value":6}
       }
     }
   },
   {
     // Draw a low-zoom locator map by using a premade world map image
     "type": "image",
     "from": {
       "data": "dummyData",
       "transform": [
         { "type": "filter", "test": "showMiniMap" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"url", "expr": "1" }
       ]
     },
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "url": {"value": "wikirawupload:https://handwiki.org/wiki/images/thumb/a/ac/Earthmap1000x500.jpg/180px-Earthmap1000x500.jpg"},
         "xc": {"signal": "picXC"}, "yc": {"signal": "picYC"},
         "width": {"signal": "picWidth"}, "height": {"signal": "picHeight"}
       }
     }
   },
   {
     // Draw a zoom-out mark at the [lan,lon] location
     "type": "symbol",
     "from": {
       "data": "dummyData",
       "transform": [
         { "type": "filter", "test": "showMiniMap" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"lat", "expr": "imgLat" },
         { "type": "formula", "field":"lon", "expr": "imgLon" },
         {
           "type": "geo",
           "projection": "equirectangular",
           "scale": {"expr": "180/2/PI"},
           "translate": [{"expr": "picXC"}, {"expr": "picYC"}],
           "center": [{"expr": "0"}, {"expr": "0"}],
           "lon": "lon", "lat": "lat"
         }
       ]
     },
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "x": {"field": "layout_x"}, "y": {"field": "layout_y"},
         "fill": {"value": "#c33"},
         "stroke": {"value": "#ffe7e6"},
         "size": {"value": 40}
       }
     }
   }
 ]

} </graph>

<maplink zoom="2" latitude="20" longitude="10" text="[Interactive fullscreen map]">

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, { "type": "Feature", 

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   "description": "Greece 38.00000,23.50000",
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  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [23.50000,38.00000] }
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, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
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   "description": "United States of America 30.40000,-97.70000",
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  "properties": {
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   "description": "Japan 26.32000,127.84000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [127.84000,26.32000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BELEM", 
   "description": "Tuvalu 1.43000,-48.44000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-48.44000,1.43000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BOA VISTA", 
   "description": "Tuvalu 2.80000,-60.70000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-60.70000,2.80000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BRISBANE", 
   "description": "Australia -27.06000,153.06000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [153.06000,-27.06000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "CACHOEIRA PAULISTA", 
   "description": "Fiji -22.70000,-45.00000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-45.00000,-22.70000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "CAMPO GRANDE", 
   "description": "Fiji -20.50000,-55.00000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-55.00000,-20.50000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "CANBERRA", 
   "description": "Australia -35.32000,149.00000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [149.00000,-35.32000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "COCOS_ISLAND", 
   "description": "Indian Ocean Ter. -12.18000,96.83000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [96.83000,-12.18000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "DARWIN", 
   "description": "Australia -12.45000,130.95000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.95000,-12.45000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "DOURBES", 
   "description": "Belgium 50.10000,4.60000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [4.60000,50.10000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "EARECKSON", 
   "description": "United States of America 52.73000,-174.08000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-174.08000,52.73000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "EGLIN AFB", 
   "description": "United States of America 30.50000,-86.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-86.50000,30.50000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "EIELSON", 
   "description": "Russia 64.66000,-147.07000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-147.07000,64.66000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "EL ARENOSILLO", 
   "description": "United States of America 37.10000,-6.70000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-6.70000,37.10000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "FAIRFORD", 
   "description": "United States of America 51.70000,-1.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-1.50000,51.70000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "GAKONA", 
   "description": "Russia 62.38000,-145.00000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-145.00000,62.38000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "GIBILMANNA", 
   "description": "Italy 37.90000,14.00000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.00000,37.90000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "GRAHAMSTOWN", 
   "description": "South Africa -33.30000,26.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [26.50000,-33.30000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "HERMANUS", 
   "description": "South Africa -34.42000,19.22000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [19.22000,-34.42000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "HOBART", 
   "description": "Australia -42.92000,147.32000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [147.32000,-42.92000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "I-CHEON", 
   "description": "South Korea 37.14000,127.54000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [127.54000,37.14000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "IDAHO NATIONAL LAB", 
   "description": "United States of America 43.81000,-112.68000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-112.68000,43.81000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "JEJU", 
   "description": "South Korea 33.43000,126.30000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [126.30000,33.43000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "JICAMARCA", 
   "description": "Fiji -12.00000,-76.80000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-76.80000,-12.00000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "JULIUSRUH", 
   "description": "Germany 54.60000,13.40000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [13.40000,54.60000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "LAJES TERCEIRA ISLAND", 
   "description": "United States of America 38.77000,-27.09000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-27.09000,38.77000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "LEARMONTH", 
   "description": "Australia -21.80000,114.10000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [114.10000,-21.80000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "LOUISVALE", 
   "description": "South Africa -28.50000,21.20000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [21.20000,-28.50000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "LUALUALEI", 
   "description": "Marshall Is. 21.43000,-158.15000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-158.15000,21.43000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "MALINDI", 
   "description": "Kenya -3.10000,40.70000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [40.70000,-3.10000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "MILLSTONE HILL", 
   "description": "United States of America 42.60000,-71.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-71.50000,42.60000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "NICOSIA", 
   "description": "Cyprus 35.03000,33.16000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [33.16000,35.03000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "NIUE", 
   "description": "Fiji -19.07000,-169.93000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-169.93000,-19.07000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "PERTH", 
   "description": "Australia -32.00000,116.13000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [116.13000,-32.00000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "POKER FLAT", 
   "description": "Russia 65.13000,-147.45000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-147.45000,65.13000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "PRUHONICE", 
   "description": "Czechia 50.00000,14.60000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.60000,50.00000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "PT ARGUELLO", 
   "description": "United States of America 34.80000,-120.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-120.50000,34.80000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "ROME", 
   "description": "Italy 41.80000,12.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.50000,41.80000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "ROME", 
   "description": "Italy 41.90000,12.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.50000,41.90000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "ROQUETES", 
   "description": "Spain 40.80000,0.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [0.50000,40.80000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "SAN VITO", 
   "description": "Italy 40.60000,17.80000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [17.80000,40.60000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "SAOLUIS", 
   "description": "Tuvalu -2.60000,-44.20000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-44.20000,-2.60000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "SOPRON", 
   "description": "Hungary 47.63000,16.72000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.72000,47.63000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "THULE", 
   "description": "Russia 76.54000,-68.44000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-68.44000,76.54000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "TOWNSVILLE", 
   "description": "Australia -19.63000,146.85000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [146.85000,-19.63000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "TROLL", 
   "description": "Antarctica -72.01000,2.53000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [2.53000,-72.01000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "TROMSO", 
   "description": "Norway 69.60000,19.20000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [19.20000,69.60000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "WAKE", 
   "description": "U.S. Minor Outlying Is. 19.29000,166.65000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [166.65000,19.29000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "AHMEDABAD", 
   "description": "India 23.00000,72.50000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.50000,23.00000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "AL DHAFRA AFB", 
   "description": "United Arab Emirates 24.24000,54.58000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [54.58000,24.24000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "ANYANG", 
   "description": "South Korea 37.39000,126.95000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [126.95000,37.39000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BEIJING", 
   "description": "China 40.30000,116.20000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [116.20000,40.30000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BERMUDA", 
   "description": "United States of America 32.40000,-64.70000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-64.70000,32.40000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BOULDER", 
   "description": "United States of America 40.00000,-105.30000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-105.30000,40.00000] }
}

, { "type": "Feature", 

  "properties": {
   "title": "BUNDOORA", 
   "description": "Australia -37.70000,145.05000",
   "marker-symbol": "-number", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#AA1205" },
  "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [145.05000,-37.70000] }
}

] }

]</maplink>
Map of ionosonde stations (GIRO/DIDB)


See also

References

  1. ↑ F.C. Judd, G2BCX (1987). Radio Wave Propagation (HF Bands). London: Heinemann. pp. 12–20, 27–37. ISBN 978-0-434-90926-1. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Peter Martinez, G3PLX: Chirps and HF Propagation http://jcoppens.com/radio/prop/g3plx/index.en.php
  3. ↑ Radar Handbook (M. Skolnik) http://www.helitavia.com/skolnik/Skolnik_chapter_24.pdf
  4. ↑ Pieter-Tjerk de Boer, PA3FWM: Chirp Signals analyzed using SDR http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/chirps/

Further reading

  • Davies, Kenneth (1990). Ionospheric Radio. IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series #31. London, UK: Peter Peregrinus Ltd/The Institution of Electrical Engineers. pp. 93–111. ISBN 978-0-86341-186-1. 
  • Gwyn Williams, G4FKH (May 2009). "Interpreting Digital Ionograms". RadCom 85 (5): 44–46. 
  • Breit, G.; Tuve, M.A. (1926). "A Test of the Existence of the Conducting Layer". Physical Review 28 (3): 554–575. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.28.554. Bibcode: 1926PhRv...28..554B. 
  • Appleton, E. V. (January 1931). "The Timing of Wireless Echoes, the use of television and picture transmission". Wireless World (14): 43–44. 
  • ngdc.noaa.gov National Geophysical Data Center
  • Gwyn Williams, G4FKH (May 2009). "Interpreting Digital Ionograms". RadCom 85 (5): 44–46. 



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