Medicine:Hip-Hop Therapy

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Short description: Therapy technique
Dr. Edgar Tyson, the originator of Hip-Hop Therapy, presenting at the 2016 Coalition of Juvenile Justice's National Disproportionate Minority Contact Conference in Baltimore, Maryland.

Hip-Hop Therapy (HHT) is a contemporary approach in mental health treatment that takes into account the profound impact of Hip-Hop culture and its capacity to promote individual and communal transformation.[1] Dr. Edgar Tyson (1963-2018) coined the term and created the foundational model in 1996,[2] and Hip-Hop Therapy has evolved into a conceptual framework with significant global resonance. HHT refers to the purposeful use of Hip-Hop culture by a mental health professional within the context of the therapeutic relationship. The approach embodies a wide array of interventions that mix the inherently cathartic components of the culture with well-established treatment models, from music therapy, poetry therapy[2] and other expressive therapies[3] to cognitive behavioral therapy[4] and narrative therapy.[5] Hip-Hop Therapy is a culturally relevant remix of therapeutic conceptions that revitalizes the many merits of established forms that have traditionally overlooked disenfranchised populations.[3]

Origins

Hip-Hop Therapy is rooted in the social work tradition as a strengths-based, culturally competent framework focused on fitting the model to the client.[6] Although Hip-Hop has always been therapeutic for the communities that have produced it, Dr. Edgar Tyson founded the approach in attempts to systematically integrate the culture into mental health settings. In the mid-1990s, as a clinical social worker in a residential facility for homeless and justice-involved youth in Miami-Dade county, Tyson was inspired to incorporate Hip-Hop into individual and group therapy sessions.[7] Upon witnessing the results, he decided to formally study the model's implementation, which would later be expounded upon in his pioneering scholarly article in 2002.[2]

After conducting his initial study in 1997, Tyson presented his model at the 30th Annual Conference of the National Association of Black Social Workers in 1998.[2] Tyson (1998) would also present that year at the 20th Annual Symposium for the Association for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups, which would serve as a guide for Ciardiello's (2003)[8] implementation of HHT, where the therapeutic act of creating different aspects of the culture was introduced to the literature base. According to Tyson (2002), the most significant finding of his exploratory study was that most of the youth expressed the desire to create their own songs to share and discuss in group, which he would then go on to facilitate.[2] Ciardiello (2003) effectively built off of this implication for further research, as have several others since.[9]

Although Tyson's (2002) initial intervention focused primarily on Hip-Hop music, he emphasized that it "must be understood as one component and within the larger context of the hip hop culture," which he referred to as the "central mechanism of HHT" (p. 134).[2] Built within his founding model is the understanding that the music is but one artifact of a much larger culture and therefore cannot be analyzed in isolation. This is a key distinction that separates HHT from other rap music interventions, such as Elligan's (2000) contemporary Rap Therapy model.[10] Thus, Hip-Hop Therapy represents the prospective inclusion of each cultural facet into the therapeutic process.[3] Hip-Hop therapy is also a "source of empowerment to counteract the negative impact of hip-hop music on African American women" through their creation of lyrics or discussions around existing music.[11]

Use with children and adolescents

Hip hop can be used throughout high school curriculum to inspire struggling students. Counselors and teachers have derived a variety of different methods related to hip hop in order to assist and connect with their students. They use lyrical writing, mixtape creation, cultural expression through music, and other techniques to help guide adolescents and improve their abilities to overcome emotional issues. One study found that this new style of learning through hip hop helped students improve their ability to manage stress and their overall emotional state.[12] School counselors play a large role in student's life and can help students express their feelings through culturally sensitive and youth-driven counseling processes in schools. Research on hip-hop-based interventions in school counseling is limited.[13]

Robinson et al. has called for more research studies to be done to study the effects of hip hop intervention program for improving health literacy, health behavior, or mental health for children. Research studies on this age group have been inconclusive.[14]

Prevention

According to HIV prevention specialists Carla Boutin-Foster et al.[15] Hip Hop therapy can be used as a tool for HIV prevention in adolescents through an innovative school-based (RHAP) program that uses hip- hop and rap music to raise awareness among high school youth about HIV/AIDS. Half of public school teens have admitted to being sexually active whereas 63% wear protection making those who don’t in danger of a sexually transmitted disease. The RHAP program was implemented into regular school hours through analyzing lyrical content of rap songs and discussing how it affects their views and habits. Students were asked feedback on their thoughts on the program. Students in the program reported that after the program they had a better understanding of the content of the music and how it relates to behaviors that increase the risk of HIV/AIDS.

Clinicians and social work practitioners advocate using culturally sensitive hip-hop interventions among urban African American substance-using youth to increase retention in prevention programs and successful cessation of drugs. Findings show that Hip-hop therapy is an effective tool for clinicians to use, "not only to build rapport but to give their clients a voice.”[16] Social workers are integrating rap based music intervention in social work practice with youth, particularly African-American and Latino youth "to insulate youths from the plethora of pitfalls that occur during adolescence."[17]

Global use

A European based music program called COOL[18] helps young and disadvantaged youth in Scotland. This program works with youth in low-income households, or who have experienced abuse or trauma and encourages them to open up through music, especially Hip Hop. The program helps youth gain confidence in themselves, take part in productive activities, attend school, and overall it offers support to improve their mental well being.

References

  1. ↑ "What is Hip-Hop Therapy?". February 2018. https://www.hiphoptherapy.com/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Tyson, Edgar H. (1 March 2002). "Hip Hop Therapy: An Exploratory Study of a Rap Music Intervention with At-Risk and Delinquent Youth" (in en). Journal of Poetry Therapy 15 (3): 131–144. doi:10.1023/A:1019795911358. ISSN 1567-2344. http://www.jjie.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Tyson-Hip-Hop-Therapy-1.pdf. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Hip-Hop Critical Consciousness Circles and Hip-Hop Expressive Arts Therapy: Innovations in Youth Mental Health Intervention". December 5, 2016. http://juvjustice.org/sites/default/files/ckfinder/files/2016%20DMC%20Conference%20Program%20FINAL%20WEB(1).pdf#page=6. 
  4. ↑ Kobin, Caroline; Tyson, Edgar (January 2006). "Thematic analysis of hip-hop music: Can hip-hop in therapy facilitate empathic connections when working with clients in urban settings?". The Arts in Psychotherapy 33 (4): 343–356. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2006.05.001. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197455606000463. 
  5. ↑ Tillie Allen, Nakeyshaey M. (2005). "Exploring Hip-Hop Therapy with High-Risk Youth". Praxis 5: 30–36. https://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/socialwork/pdfs/praxis/Volume%205.pdf#page=30. 
  6. ↑ Tyson, Edgar H. (6 July 2004). "Rap Music in Social Work Practice with African-American and Latino Youth". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 8 (4): 1–21. doi:10.1300/J137v08n04_01. 
  7. ↑ Sassi, Janet (June 6, 2011). "Social Work Professor Taps into Hip-Hop for Healing". Fordham University. New York, NY: Fordham News. https://news.fordham.edu/inside-fordham/social-work-professor-taps-into-hip-hop-for-healing/?_ga=2.80467991.1871772855.1580086184-859887433.1555605080. 
  8. ↑ Ciardiello, Susan (December 2003). Chapter 9: Meet Them in The Lab: Using Hip-Hop Music Therapy Groups with Adolescents in Residential Settings. New York: Routledge. pp. 103–118. ISBN 9781315043913. http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/book-chapters/21933019/chapter-9-meet-them-lab-using-hip-hop-music-therapy-groups-adolescents-residential-settings. 
  9. ↑ Hadley, Susan; Yancy, George, eds. Therapeutic uses of rap and hip hop. New York. ISBN 9780203806012. https://www.routledge.com/Therapeutic-Uses-of-Rap-and-Hip-Hop-1st-Edition/Hadley-Yancy/p/book/9780415884730. 
  10. ↑ Elligan, Don (December 2000). "Rap therapy: A culturally sensitive approach to psychotherapy with young african american men". Journal of African American Men 5 (3): 27–36. doi:10.1007/s12111-000-1002-y. 
  11. ↑ Snell, Natalie (2018). A Comprehensive Literature Review of the Impact of Hip-Hop Music and Music Therapy on African American Women. Chicago: The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. pp. 1–7. 
  12. ↑ Levy, Ian (2019). "Hip-Hop and Spoken Word Therapy in Urban School Counseling". Professional School Counseling 22 (1b): 2156759X1983443. doi:10.1177/2156759X19834436. 
  13. ↑ Ian P. Levy, Amy L. Cook, and Christopher Emdin (2019). "Remixing the School Counselor's Tool Kit: Hip-Hop Spoken Word Therapy and YPAR". Professional School Counseling 22 (1): 1–11. 
  14. ↑ Cendrine Robinson, Cendrine (June 2018). "A Review of Hip Hop-Based Interventions for Health Literacy, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health". J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 5 (3): 468–484. doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0389-2. PMID 28667501. 
  15. ↑ Carla Boutin-Foster, Nadine McLaughlin, Angela Gray, Anthony Ogedegbe, Ivan Hageman, Courtney Knowlton, Anna Rodriguez, and Ann Beeder (2010). "Reducing HIV and AIDS through Prevention (RHAP): A Theoretically Based Approach for Teaching HIV Prevention to Adolescents through an Exploration of Popular Music". Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 87 (3): 440–451. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9435-7. PMID 20195778. 
  16. ↑ Anthony T. Estreet, Paul Archibald, Sapphire Goodman, and Tracy Cudjoe. "Using a Client-Centered Approach to Guide the Development of a Culturally-Specific Hip-Hop Intervention for African American Adolescent Substance Users". Reflections 23 #4: 48–66. 
  17. ↑ Tyson, Edgar (2003). "Rap Music in Social Work Practice with African- American and Latino Youth". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 8 (4): 1–21. doi:10.1300/J137v08n04_01. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v08n04_01. 
  18. ↑ Stephen R. Millar Artur Steiner, Francesca Caló and Simon Teasdale (2020). "COOL Music: a 'bottom-up' music intervention for hard-to-reach young people in Scotland". British Journal of Music Education 37: 87–98. doi:10.1017/S0265051719000226. 




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