Medicine:Kinesiophobia

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Kinesiophobia is the fear of movement.

It is a term used in the context of rehabilitation medicine and physical therapy. Kinesiophobia is a factor that hinders rehabilitation and actually prolongs disability and pain.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Kinesiophobia can be a factor in increased time to return to participation in pre-injury activities. It has been shown that higher levels of kinesiophobia are linked to a lack of re-entry into pre-injury activities.[8] There are a number of variables affecting return to sport following injuries or surgeries that are multifactorial. Psychological factors can influence the rate and ability of a person's return to sport or daily functional living. Psychological measures and tests that are commonly used to properly evaluate return to sport include the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Incredibly Short Profile of Mood States (ISP), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC). These are just a small sample of different tests used to evaluate the mental status of the patient preoperative and postoperative.[9]

Research has been conducted to explore the level of association between kinesiophobia and pain in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). The evidence this study presents reveals that there is a connection between a greater degree of kinesiophobia and greater levels of pain intensity. The study has also found moderate evidence between a greater level of kinesiophobia and higher levels of pain severity and quality of life among people with CMP. These results suggest that clinicians should consider kinesiophobia as an important factor in their preliminary assessment of CMP patients [10] Emerging evidence suggests that kinesiophobia is associated with altered movement patterns, including protective or compensatory strategies that may contribute to persistent dysfunction.[11] Systematic review findings further indicate that interventions combining education with graded exposure to movement can reduce fear-avoidance behaviors and improve motor function during rehabilitation.[11]

Kinesiophobia can be measured by doing multiple tests for fear of falling, fear of pain, fear of movement-related pain, etc. There have been multiple studies for some of these fears and the best instruments that were used. The most common instruments that were used were TSK, PASS, and SAFFE.[12]

Kinesiophobia is very common in chronic fatigue syndrome.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

References

  1. ↑ Vincent, HK (June 2013). "Outpatient rehabilitation outcomes in obese patients with orthopedic conditions". Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 49 (3): 419–29. PMID 23736903. 
  2. ↑ Czuppon, S (March 2014). ""Variables associated with return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction " a systematic review". Br J Sports Med 48 (5): 356–64. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091786. PMID 24124040. 
  3. ↑ Flanigan, DC (September 2015). "Psychological Factors Affecting Rehabilitation and Outcomes Following Elective Orthopaedic Surgery". J Am Acad Orthop Surg 23 (9): 563–70. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00225. PMID 26195567. 
  4. ↑ Monticone, M (2015). "Cognitive-behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010664.pub2. PMID 26006174. 
  5. ↑ Zdziarski, LA (2015). ""Chronic pain management in the obese patient " a focused review of key challenges and potential exercise solutions". J Pain Res 8: 63–77. doi:10.2147/JPR.S55360. PMID 25709495. 
  6. ↑ Smith, BE (2014). "An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis". BMC Musculoskelet Disord 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-416. PMID 25488399. 
  7. ↑ Urquhart, DM (February 2015). "Are cognitive and behavioural factors associated with knee pain? A systematic review". Semin Arthritis Rheum 44 (4): 445–55. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.07.005. PMID 25151034. 
  8. ↑ Flanigan, David C.; Everhart, Joshua S.; Pedroza, Angela; Smith, Tyler; Kaeding, Christopher C. (August 2013). "Fear of reinjury (kinesiophobia) and persisten knee symptoms are common factors for lack of return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction". The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 29 (8): 1322–1329. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.05.015. PMID 23906272. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254263531. Retrieved September 19, 2016. 
  9. ↑ Nwachukwu, Benedict U.; Adjei, Joshua; Rauck, Ryan C.; Chahla, Jorge; Okoroha, Kelechi R.; Verma, Nikhil N.; Allen, Answorth A.; Williams, Riley J. (2019-05-01). "How Much Do Psychological Factors Affect Lack of Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Systematic Review" (in en). Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7 (5): 232596711984531. doi:10.1177/2325967119845313. ISSN 2325-9671. PMID 31205965. 
  10. ↑ Falla, Deborah; Martinez-Calderon, Javier; Luque-Suarez, Alejandro (2019-05-01). "Role of kinesiophobia on pain, disability and quality of life in people suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review" (in en). British Journal of Sports Medicine 53 (9): 554–559. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098673. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 29666064. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/53/9/554. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wlazło, Marika; Szlacheta, Patryk; Grajek, Mateusz; Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Wiktoria; Rozmiarek, Mateusz; Malchrowicz-Mośko, Ewa; Korzonek-Szlacheta, Ilona (2025-02-17). "The Impact of Kinesiophobia on Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review". Applied Sciences 15 (4): 2086. doi:10.3390/app15042086. ISSN 2076-3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042086. 
  12. ↑ Alpalhão, Vanessa; Cordeiro, Nuno; Pezarat-Correia, Pedro (October 2022). "Kinesiophobia and Fear Avoidance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review on Constructs and Related Measures" (in en). Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 45 (4): 207–214. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000354. ISSN 1539-8412. PMID 35939664. https://journals.lww.com/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000354. 
  13. ↑ Nijs, Jo; De Meirleir, Kenny; Duquet, William (October 2004). "Kinesiophobia in chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment and associations with disability". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85 (10): 1586–1592. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.12.033. ISSN 0003-9993. PMID 15468015. 
  14. ↑ Nijs, Jo; Meeus, Mira; Heins, Marianne; Knoop, Hans; Moorkens, Greta; Bleijenberg, Gijs (2012). "Kinesiophobia, catastrophizing and anticipated symptoms before stair climbing in chronic fatigue syndrome: an experimental study". Disability and Rehabilitation 34 (15): 1299–1305. doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.641661. ISSN 1464-5165. PMID 22324510. 
  15. ↑ Nijs, Jo; Vanherberghen, Katrien; Duquet, William; De Meirleir, Kenny (2004-08-01). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Lack of Association Between Pain-Related Fear of Movement and Exercise Capacity and Disability". Physical Therapy 84 (8): 696–705. doi:10.1093/ptj/84.8.696. ISSN 1538-6724. 
  16. ↑ Silver, A.; Haeney, M.; Vijayadurai, P.; Wilks, D.; Pattrick, M.; Main, C. J. (June 2002). "The role of fear of physical movement and activity in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52 (6): 485–493. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00298-7. ISSN 0022-3999. PMID 12069873. 
  17. ↑ Nijs, Jo.; Thielemans, Alice. (2008). "Kinesiophobia and symptomatology in chronic fatigue syndrome: A psychometric study of two questionnaires" (in en). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 81 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1348/147608308X306888. ISSN 2044-8341. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1348/147608308X306888. 
  18. ↑ Malfliet, Anneleen; Van Oosterwijck, Jessica; Meeus, Mira; Cagnie, Barbara; Danneels, Lieven; Dolphens, Mieke; Buyl, Ronald; Nijs, Jo (2017-08-03). "Kinesiophobia and maladaptive coping strategies prevent improvements in pain catastrophizing following pain neuroscience education in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome: An explorative study" (in en). Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 33 (8): 653–660. doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1331481. ISSN 0959-3985. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09593985.2017.1331481. 
  19. ↑ Nijs, Jo; Meeus, Mira; Heins, Marianne; Knoop, Hans; Moorkens, Greta; Bleijenberg, Gijs (July 2012). "Kinesiophobia, catastrophizing and anticipated symptoms before stair climbing in chronic fatigue syndrome: an experimental study" (in en). Disability and Rehabilitation 34 (15): 1299–1305. doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.641661. ISSN 0963-8288. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09638288.2011.641661. 



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