Medicine:Kneecapping
Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, often as torture, in which the victim is injured in the knee. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the knee pit with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well.[1]
Treatment
The severity of the injury can vary from simple soft tissue damage to a knee joint fracture with neurovascular damage. The latter requires several weeks in hospital and intensive outpatient physiotherapy for recovery.[1] If the damage is too great, amputation may be necessary,[2] but this rarely occurs. In Northern Ireland thirteen people had their legs amputated as a consequence of limb punishment shootings over the duration of the Troubles.[3] In the long term it is estimated that one out of five victims will walk with a limp for the rest of their lives.[4]
History
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland, paramilitaries considered themselves to be law enforcers in their own areas. They used limb shootings to punish drug pushers and child molesters. If the crime was considered to be grave, the victim was also shot in the ankles and elbows, leaving them with six gunshot wounds (colloquially known as a six pack).[5] Approximately 2,500 people were victims of these paramilitary attacks, known as 'punishment shootings' at the time, through the duration of the conflict. Those who were attacked often faced social stigma.[6]
The Red Brigades, an Italian militant organization, employed limb shootings to warn their opponents. They used the method to punish at least 75 people up to December 1978.[7][8]
The Bangladesh Police have started kneecapping in the country since 2009 to punish the opposition and preventing them from participating in protests against the government. Human Rights Watch (HRW) has published a report on kneecapping in Bangladesh.[9]
During the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israeli soldiers have been accused of systematically kneecapping over 100 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank since 2016, primarily teenagers.[10][11]
See also
- Hamstringing
- Tarring and feathering
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barr & Mollan 1989, pp. 740–741.
- ↑ Williams 1997, p. 79.
- ↑ Graham & Parke 2004, p. 229.
- ↑ Conroy 1980.
- ↑ Crawford, Duncan (28 January 2010). "Northern Ireland kneecapping victim 'shot four times'". Newsbeat (BBC News). http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/10056251/northern-ireland-kneecapping-victim-shot-four-times.
- ↑ Williams 1997, pp. 78–80.
- ↑ Orsini 2011.
- ↑ Amnesty International Ireland 2009, p. 3.
- ↑ "Bangladesh: Stop 'Kneecapping' Detainees". 29 September 2016. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/09/29/bangladesh-stop-kneecapping-detainees.
- ↑ Hass, Amira (27 August 2016). "Is the IDF Conducting a Kneecapping Campaign in the West Bank?" (in en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-08-27/ty-article/is-the-idf-conducting-a-kneecapping-campaign-in-the-west-bank/0000017f-f6a8-d887-a7ff-feec4af20000.
- ↑ Glazer, Hilo (6 March 2020). "'42 Knees in One Day': Israeli Snipers Open Up About Shooting Gaza Protesters" (in en). https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-03-06/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/42-knees-in-one-day-israeli-snipers-open-up-about-shooting-gaza-protesters/0000017f-f2da-d497-a1ff-f2dab2520000.
General sources
- "Gaza: Hamas kneecappings, punishment beatings and killings of 'collaborators' revealed in new Amnesty report". Amnesty International UK. 10 February 2009. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/gaza-hamas-kneecappings-punishment-beatings-and-killings-collaborators-revealed-new.
- "Hamas' deadly campaign in the shadow of the war in Gaza". Amnesty International Ireland. February 2009. http://www.amnesty.ie/reports/hamas%E2%80%99-deadly-campaign-shadow-war-gaza.
- Barr, R. J.; Mollan, R. A. B. (1989). "The orthopaedic consequences of civil disturbance in Northern Ireland". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 71 (5): 739–744. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.71B5.2584241. PMID 2584241. http://www.boneandjoint.org.uk/highwire/filestream/14126/field_highwire_article_pdf/0/739.full-text.pdf.
- Conroy, John (1980). "Kneecapping". Alicia Patterson Foundation. http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/kneecapping.
- Graham, L. E.; Parke, R. C. (2004). "The Northern Ireland Troubles and limb loss: a retrospective study". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 28 (3): 225–229. doi:10.3109/03093640409167754. PMID 15658635.
- Orsini, Alessandro (2011). Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-set of Modern Terrorists. Translated from Italian by Sarah J. Nodes. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6139-2.
- Williams, John (1997). "Casualties of Violence in Northern Ireland". International Journal of Trauma Nursing 3 (3): 78–82. doi:10.1016/s1075-4210(97)90033-x. PMID 9295579.
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