Medicine:Stenosis

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Stenosis (from grc στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).[1]

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, Prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).[2] The term coarctation is another synonym,[3] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.[4][5]

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.[6]

Examples

Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:

Types

Vascular Stenosis

Arterial stenosis

Venous stenosis

  • Jugular venous stenosis
  • Central venous stenosis

Cardiac Valve Stenosis

Animated representation of aortic stenosis

In order from most to least common:

  • Aortic valve stenosis
    • Normal aortic valves are estimated to be less than a millimeter thick.[8] Subsequent fibrosis and calcification of the valve leads to narrowing of the valve and therefore decreased blood flow out of the heart.[8]
  • Mitral valve stenosis
    • thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing
  • Tricuspid valve stenosis
    • thickening of the tricuspid valve (of the right heart), therefore causing narrowing
  • Pulmonary valve stenosis
    • thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing
Animated representation of spinal stenosis

Neurologic/Spine Stenosis

  • Spinal canal stenosis
    • Cervical spinal stenosis
    • Thoracic stenosis
    • Lumbar stenosis
  • Foraminal stenosis
  • Aqueductal stenosis
Animated representation of pyloric stenosis

Gastrointestinal Stenosis

  • Esophageal stenosis
    • A congenital or acquired fixed narrowing of the esophagus.[9]
      • Congenital subtypes
        • Tracheobronchial remnants
        • Fibromuscular thickening / fibromuscular stenosis
        • Membranous webbing or esophageal membrane
      • Acquired [10]
        • Injury (example: swallowing button battery [11])
        • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
        • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
        • Achalasia
  • Pyloric stenosis (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
    • Relatively uncommon disorder of infants, usually between the ages of 2–12 weeks, caused by abnormal thickening of the pylorus muscle in the stomach at the junction between the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum.[12][13]
  • Small-bowel stenosis
  • Colonic stenosis (bowel obstruction)
  • Anal stricture
  • Rectal stricture

Respiratory Stenosis

Genitourinary Stenosis

  • Ureteral stenosis
  • Urethral stenosis
  • Cervical canal stenosis
  • Meatal stenosis
  • Vaginal stenosis
    • Abnormal shortening or tightening of the vaginal canal.[15]

Others

  • Biliary duct stenosis

Causes

Diagnosis

Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. https://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000100588.htm#000100588. 
  2. ↑ "Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis. 
  3. ↑ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  4. ↑ "Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)". American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa. 
  5. ↑ Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). "An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta". Netherlands Heart Journal 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMID 18711614. 
  6. ↑ Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). "Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting". About.com Health. http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/angioplastystents/a/restenosis.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Carotid Artery Stenosis". 15 March 2021. https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/carotid-artery-stenosis/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Goody, Philip Roger; Hosen, Mohammed Rabiul; Christmann, Dominik; Niepmann, Sven Thomas; Zietzer, Andreas; Adam, Matti; Bönner, Florian; Zimmer, Sebastian et al. (April 2020). "Aortic Valve Stenosis". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40 (4): 885–900. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067. PMID 32160774. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067. 
  9. ↑ Brzački, Vesna; Mladenović, Bojan; Jeremić, Ljiljana; Živanović, Dragoljub; Govedarović, Nenad; Dimić, Dragan; Golubović, Mladjan; Stoičkov, Viktor (November 2019). "Congenital esophageal stenosis: a rare malformation of the foregut". Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 81 (4): 535–547. doi:10.18999/nagjms.81.4.535. ISSN 2186-3326. PMID 31849372. 
  10. ↑ Collins, Margaret H.; Alexander, Eileen S.; Martin, Lisa J.; Grotjan, Tommie M.; Mukkada, Vincent A.; Sheil, Amy; Abonia, Juan P.; Putnam, Philip E. et al. (2022). "Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 25 (2): 124–133. doi:10.1177/10935266211041086. ISSN 1615-5742. PMID 34515576. 
  11. ↑ Leinwand, Kristina; Brumbaugh, David E.; Kramer, Robert E. (January 2016). "Button Battery Ingestion in Children: A Paradigm for Management of Severe Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 26 (1): 99–118. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2015.08.003. ISSN 1558-1950. PMID 26616899. 
  12. ↑ Li, Annie; Bhurawala, Habib (October 2021). "Pyloric stenosis in an infant". Australian Journal of General Practice 50 (10): 744–746. doi:10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5667. ISSN 2208-7958. PMID 34590095. 
  13. ↑ Garfield, Karen; Sergent, Shane R. (2025), "Pyloric Stenosis", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 32310391, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/, retrieved 2025-11-17 
  14. ↑ Hanlon, Katherine; Boesch, R. Paul; Jacobs, Ian (April 2018). "Subglottic Stenosis". Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 48 (4): 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.03.007. ISSN 1538-3199. PMID 29801771. 
  15. ↑ Morris, Lucinda; Do, Viet; Chard, Jennifer; Brand, Alison H. (2017). "Radiation-induced vaginal stenosis: current perspectives". International Journal of Women's Health 9: 273–279. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S106796. ISSN 1179-1411. PMID 28496367. 
  16. ↑ Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716. 

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