Necessary condition analysis

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Short description: Quantitative data analytical technique

Necessary condition analysis (NCA) is a research approach and tool employed to discern "necessary conditions" within datasets.[1] These indispensable conditions stand as pivotal determinants of particular outcomes, wherein the absence of such conditions ensures the absence of the intended result. Illustratively, the admission of a student into a Ph.D. program necessitates an adequate GMAT score; the progression of AIDS mandates the presence of HIV; and the realization of organizational change will not occur without the commitment of management. Singular in nature, these conditions possess the potential to function as bottlenecks for the desired outcome. Their absence unequivocally guarantees the failure of the intended objective, a deficiency that cannot be offset by the influence of other contributing factors. It is noteworthy, however, that the mere presence of the necessary condition does not ensure the assured attainment of success. In such instances, the condition demonstrates its necessity but lacks sufficiency. To obviate the risk of failure, the simultaneous satisfaction of each distinct necessary condition is imperative. NCA serves as a systematic mechanism, furnishing the rationale and methodological apparatus requisite for the identification and assessment of necessary conditions within extant or novel datasets. It is a powerful method for investigating causal relationships and determining the minimum requirements that must be present for an outcome to be achieved.

Overview

Necessary condition analysis originated in the field of management research and has since found applications in various disciplines, including social sciences, economics, marketing, management, and engineering. It provides a unique perspective on causality by focusing on the identification of necessary conditions rather than sufficient conditions.[1]

Traditional statistical methods often emphasize the identification of factors that are sufficient to produce an outcome.[2] In contrast, NCA aims to uncover conditions that must be present for a specific outcome to occur.[1] By isolating these necessary conditions, researchers gain insights into the core factors that are indispensable for achieving the desired outcome.[3][4]

NCA acts as stand-alone method or as a complement to other analytical techniques such as regression-based analysis,[5] structural equation modelling,[6][2] or qualitative comparative analysis.[3][7] Recent research showed that NCA can be successfully used in combination with PLS-SEM and fsQCA to identify and characterize significant factors by using different causal logics.[8][9][4]

Methodology

NCA allows researchers to analyse how predictor variables constrain the outcome variable by revealing which predictor variables are considered to be necessary, and to what degree they constrain the outcome variable.[1] This is done by evaluating the effect size d of each necessary condition, and examining the statistical significance of the necessary condition (permutation test), and by having theoretical justification for this type of a relationship[10]

Necessary condition analysis follows a step-by-step approach to identify necessary conditions. The key steps involved in conducting NCA are as follows:

  1. Formulation of a necessity hypothesis: The first step in NCA is to clearly define the theoretical expectation specifying the condition(s) that may be necessary for the outcome of interest. The outcome could be a specific event, achievement, or outcome that researchers want to understand better.
  2. Data collection: Relevant data about the conditions and the outcome are collected as the input to NCA. This data could be obtained through surveys, experiments, observations, or existing datasets, depending on the nature of the research.
  3. Identification of necessary conditions: NCA employs specific techniques to identify necessary conditions. These techniques include i) selection of ceiling line(s) in an XY plot and an evaluation of effect size d. ii) Performing a resampling procedure for examining the statistical significance of the necessary condition (permutation test). iii) Examination of the bottleneck table to specify the levels of the condition(s) that are necessary for particular levels of the outcome.
  4. Interpretation and validation: Once the necessary conditions are identified, researchers interpret the findings and validate them against existing theories or expert knowledge.[11] This step helps ensure the robustness and reliability of the results.

Applications

Necessary condition analysis has found applications in a wide range of research areas. Some notable applications include:

  1. Business and management: NCA is used to identify the essential factors that are necessary for the success of a business, such as effective leadership, customer satisfaction, or employee engagement.
  2. Social sciences: In social sciences, NCA helps researchers understand the crucial conditions for various social phenomena, such as educational attainment, poverty reduction, or political stability.
  3. Engineering and manufacturing: NCA is employed to identify the minimum requirements for optimal performance or quality in engineering and manufacturing processes. It aids in determining the critical factors that must be met to achieve desired outcomes.[11]

Limitations

While necessary condition analysis offers valuable insights into necessary conditions, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. NCA does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the data, nor does it allow for an analysis of sufficiency or provide a detailed description of the empirical cases. Like other methods, it relies on a researcher's theoretical understanding of the studied phenomenon to formulate relevant hypotheses and meaningful interpretations.[9]

Conclusion

Necessary condition analysis is a valuable method for identifying necessary conditions in research and data analysis. By focusing on the core factors that must be present for an outcome to occur, NCA provides unique insights into causality and helps researchers understand the essential requirements for achieving desired outcomes. Despite its limitations, NCA offers a powerful approach to uncovering the minimum conditions necessary for success in various domains of inquiry.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dul, Jan (January 2016). "Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA): Logic and Methodology of "Necessary but Not Sufficient" Causality" (in en). Organizational Research Methods 19 (1): 10–52. doi:10.1177/1094428115584005. ISSN 1094-4281. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115584005. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Richter, Nicole Franziska; Schubring, Sandra; Hauff, Sven; Ringle, Christian M.; Sarstedt, Marko (2020-01-01). "When predictors of outcomes are necessary: guidelines for the combined use of PLS-SEM and NCA". Industrial Management & Data Systems 120 (12): 2243–2267. doi:10.1108/IMDS-11-2019-0638. ISSN 0263-5577. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-11-2019-0638. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dul, Jan (2016-04-01). "Identifying single necessary conditions with NCA and fsQCA" (in en). Journal of Business Research. Set-Theoretic research in business 69 (4): 1516–1523. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.134. ISSN 0148-2963. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296315005573. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sukhov, Alexandre; Olsson, Lars E.; Friman, Margareta (April 2022). "Necessary and sufficient conditions for attractive public Transport: Combined use of PLS-SEM and NCA". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 158: 239–250. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.012. ISSN 0965-8564. 
  5. ↑ "NCA and regression". https://www.erim.eur.nl/fileadmin/centre_content/necessary_condition_analysis/Supplementary_Material_NCA_and_regression_20210604.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Sukhov, Alexandre; Olsson, Lars E.; Friman, Margareta (April 2022). "Necessary and sufficient conditions for attractive public Transport: Combined use of PLS-SEM and NCA" (in en). Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 158: 239–250. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.012. 
  7. ↑ Vis, Barbara; Dul, Jan (November 2018). "Analyzing Relationships of Necessity Not Just in Kind But Also in Degree: Complementing fsQCA With NCA" (in en). Sociological Methods & Research 47 (4): 872–899. doi:10.1177/0049124115626179. ISSN 0049-1241. PMID 30443090. 
  8. ↑ Richter, Nicole F.; Hauff, Sven; Ringle, Christian M.; Gudergan, Siegfried P. (2022-07-19). "The Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling and Complementary Methods in International Management Research". Management International Review 62 (4): 449–470. doi:10.1007/s11575-022-00475-0. ISSN 0938-8249. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sukhov, Alexandre; Friman, Margareta; Olsson, Lars E. (2023-09-01). "Unlocking potential: An integrated approach using PLS-SEM, NCA, and fsQCA for informed decision making" (in en). Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 74: 103424. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103424. ISSN 0969-6989. 
  10. ↑ Dul, Jan; van der Laan, Erwin; Kuik, Roelof (2018-08-23). "A Statistical Significance Test for Necessary Condition Analysis". Organizational Research Methods 23 (2): 385–395. doi:10.1177/1094428118795272. ISSN 1094-4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428118795272. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dul, Jan; Hauff, Sven; Bouncken, Ricarda B. (2023-03-22). "Correction: Necessary condition analysis (NCA): review of research topics and guidelines for good practice". Review of Managerial Science 17 (4): 1535–1537. doi:10.1007/s11846-023-00634-z. ISSN 1863-6683. 



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