Organization:Alfred University

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Short description: Private university in Alfred, New York, U.S.
Alfred University
Alfredunicrest.gif
MottoFiat Lux (Latin)
Motto in English
"Let There Be Light"
TypePrivate and statutory college[1]
Established1836; 188 years ago (1836)
Academic affiliations
Space-grant
Endowment$136.8 million (2020)[2]
PresidentMark Zupan[3]
Academic staff
164
Students2,300[4]
Undergraduatesapprox. 2,000[4]
Postgraduatesapprox. 300[4]
Location
Alfred
,
New York
,
United States

[ ⚑ ] : 42°15′20″N 77°47′15.1″W / 42.25556°N 77.787528°W / 42.25556; -77.787528
CampusRural, 232 acres (94 ha), plus another 400 acres (160 ha) of nearby recreational land
|u}}rs         Purple & gold[5]
NicknameSaxons
Websitealfred.edu
Alfredunilogo.png

Alfred University is a private university in Alfred, New York. It has a total undergraduate population of approximately 1,600 students.[6] The university hosts the statutory New York State College of Ceramics, which includes The Inamori School of Engineering and the School of Art and Design.

History

Alfred University was founded as a non-sectarian select school by Seventh Day Baptists.[7] In 1836, Bethuel C. Church, a Seventh Day Baptist, was asked to organize a college in Alfred and began teaching, receiving financial assistance from the Seventh Day Baptist Educational Society with resources, in part, from "Female Educational Societies" of local churches.[8] Unusual for the time, the school was co-educational, and within its first 20 years, it also enrolled its first African-American and Native American students.[7] From its founding as a select school, the institution received a charter as Alfred Academy from the New York State Board of Regents in 1842. Focused initially on the education of teachers, the institution continued to grow.[9] In 1855, a curriculum was created for the Academic Department and the Collegiate with courses divided into three areas: the classic, the scientific and one for women involves most subjects in the other areas. There was no theology course in the initial period, however, the desire to organize a theological seminary led the academy, through Jonathan Allen, an early teacher, later second president, to apply for a license for a government-accredited university. After facing difficulties for more than two years, he received his charter as Alfred University from the New York State Legislature in March 1857, so that years later the Department of Theology was created.[8] Although preceded by the short-lived New York Central College, Alfred University is the oldest surviving co-educational college in New York and New England, and the oldest college in the United States to admit women to all its programs of study, rather than having female-specific programs.[9]

In 1900, the New York State Legislature approved the formation of "a State School of Clay-Working and Ceramics" at Alfred University, with the intention of establishing a public college "to serve New York State industry and assist in developing New York State raw materials and assist its ceramic industry."[10] The college has evolved into the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University and contains the School of Engineering and the School of Art and Design. The engineering curriculum includes the study of ceramics and glass, while the School of Art and Design provides art practice instruction in ceramics and glass. The College of Ceramics remains part of the State University of New York system, while Alfred University also maintains a College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and a College of Business in its private sector.

In 1908, the New York State Legislature approved the formation of the New York College of Agriculture at Alfred University. That college became autonomous in 1941 as a junior college, and, in 1948, became a member of the State University of New York system. While a separate and autonomous institution, Alfred State College, located on the opposite side of Main Street in the Village of Alfred, maintains close relations with Alfred University, and both institutions host an annual "Hot Dog Day" in the spring.

The origin of the name "Alfred" is uncertain. Residents of the town and students at the two schools believe that the town received its name in honor of Alfred the Great, king of the Saxons, although the first documented occurrence of this connection was in 1881, 73 years after the first record of the name being used to describe the geophysical area during assignments by the state legislature. State records which might have verified the connection between the Saxon king and the university were lost in a fire in 1911.[11] Regardless of whether the connection is historically accurate, Alfred University has embraced King Alfred as a symbol of the school's educational values, and a statue of the king stands in the center of the campus quad.

Alfred University has hosted guest lecturers, artists and musicians including Frederick Douglas, Ralph Waldo Emerson[12] and Ghostface Killah.[13] In April 2000, Alfred University received national attention when freshman Eric Zuckerman orchestrated a campus visit from then–First Lady, Hillary Clinton, during her campaign for the United States Senate from New York.[14]

In the 1990s, Alfred University, together with Corning Incorporated and the State of New York, began developing the Ceramic Corridor, an incubator project designed to take advantage of the emerging ceramics industry and to create new jobs.[15] This industrial development program has focused on developing start-up industries between Corning, NY and Alfred, NY and includes business incubator facilities in Alfred and Corning. Since its initiation, the incubator facility in Alfred has joined The Western New York Incubator Network.[16]

Aerial view of Alfred University taken in April 2006
Originally built in 1884, Kanakadea Hall served as Alfred's schoolhouse until a large fire destroyed the tower and devastated the second floor in 1907. It was sold to Alfred University and repaired in 1908. The exterior has since been restored to its original appearance, although the interior has been fully modernized. The building now houses the Division of Human Studies.[17]
The statue of King Alfred the Great stands at the center of AU's quad, and is often decorated by students. In this picture, he has a Jack-o'-lantern on his head for Halloween 2019, leading to his temporary renaming as 'Pumpking Alfred'.

In 1971, the village of Alfred, where the university is located, became only the fourth municipality in the U.S. to ban employment discrimination based on sexuality.[18] Amidst the dissolution of the AU Greek System, the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity chapter at Alfred University led a successful effort to ban discrimination based on religion, age, disability, and sexual orientation in the constitution of the 210 chapter international fraternity in 2002.[19]

Alfred University's ranking by U.S. News & World Report in its 2021 edition of Best Colleges is Regional Universities North, #45,[20] while in 2019 the university had an acceptance rate of 66% with the middle 50% of students admitted having an SAT score between 940 and 1180 or an ACT score between 20 and 27.[4][21]

Mascot, events and culture

Alfred University's mascot is the Saxon Lil' Alf, a knight in shining armor.

Hot Dog Day, one of the largest yearly gatherings in Alfred, was first organized in 1972 by Mark O'Meara and Eric Vaughn as a way to bring the community together, raise money for local charities, and improve the reputations of campus Greek life. Since then the event has been organized and run by Alfred University and Alfred State College, alternating between each location every year. The event usually features live music, a soapbox derby, vendors, and carnival games for local children.[22]

Main Street and part of AU during Hot Dog Day

Alfred's Davis Memorial Carillon, erected in 1937 as a tribute to longtime president Boothe C. Davis, can occasionally be heard while on campus. The bells of the carillon, purchased from Antwerp, were thought to be the oldest bells in the western hemisphere. Research later (2004) showed that the bells were of a more recent vintage, and that Alfred had been the victim of a fraud. On the brighter side, the non-historic nature of the bells allows the university to replace those that have poor tonal quality. Besides the resident carillonneur, guest carillonneurs have in the past visited and played during the summer.[23]

The Black Knight[24] has been a part of Alfred University folklore for a long time. The relic was originally part of a parlor stove in a classroom in Kanakadea Hall. When the stove was discarded, the figure was claimed by the Class of 1908 as their mascot. They passed it on to the Class of 1910, thus causing a "war of possession" between the even and odd numbered classes. Many times over the years it disappeared and re-appeared on campus. In 2005 it was transferred to a glass case in the Powell Campus Center, along with a plaque describing its history. However, after only a few months, the glass enclosure was destroyed in the middle of the night and the Black Knight stolen.[25]

Alfred University was mentioned on Saturday Night Live once in 1975 by host and Alfred University alumnus Robert Klein.[26] When Klein hosted SNL again in 1977, he talked at length about Alfred University in his monologue.[27]

Campus

The Miller Performing Arts Center
The Powell Campus Center

Alfred is known in materials engineering for its programs in ceramic art, glass, neon, design, printmaking, painting, sculpture, and interdisciplinary visual arts, ceramic engineering, and glass engineering. It has an astronomy program with the 7-telescope Stull Observatory, which has one of the largest optical telescopes in New York state.[28] Asteroid 31113 Stull was named for physics professor John Stull, who helped establish the observatory in 1966.

There are two libraries on Alfred's campus, the Herrick Memorial Library, which primarily serves the private colleges, and the Scholes Library, which primarily serves the New York State College of Ceramics. The Alfred Ceramic Art Museum has a collection of 8,000 ceramic objects, including both ancient and modern ceramic art and craft.[29]

The Bromley-Daggett Equestrian Center, located at the Maris Cuneo Equine Park, was constructed in 2005. It hosts equine classes, an intramural equestrian team, varsity and JV for both English and Western disciplines, clinics, and horse shows. Stalls are available for boarding by university students. The facility has an indoor arena of 16000 ft² and lighted outdoor arenas of 28,800 and 10,800 sq ft (2,680 and 1,000 m2); the entire property consists of 400 acres (1.6 km2) of land.[30]

The Miller Performing Arts Center was dedicated in 1995.[31]

Alumni Hall

Alumni Hall

Alfred University was once associated with the Seventh Day Baptist Church, until 1945 all presidents were admitted from among the seventh day Baptists,[8] and had a school of theology. Formerly the campus chapel, Alumni Hall is now used primarily to house the Admissions and Financial Aid Departments, and has a place on the National Register of Historic Places. In the 1990s, Alumni Hall was preserved through a restoration effort.

Academics

Colleges and schools

Alfred University has 47 majors across its four colleges and schools. Alfred's four private colleges are The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The College of Professional Studies, The Inamori School of Engineering, and The Graduate School. The School of Business is part of The College of Professional Studies.[32]

The New York State College of Ceramics (NYSCC) consists of the School of Art and Design, with its own dean, and four state-supported materials programs cross-organized within Alfred University's School of Engineering. The College of Ceramics is functioning technically as a "holding entity" for the fiscal support of the state programs and the NYSCC mission. The unit head assists with budget preparation for the two aforementioned AU schools and the NYSCC-affiliated Scholes Library of Ceramics (part of the campuswide, unified AU library system), and acts in a liaison role to SUNY.[33]

The School of Art and Design, technically a sub-unit of the College of Ceramics but autonomously run with its own dean, is further subdivided into divisions. A visit to the school in 2009 led media historian Siegfried Zielinski to state that Alfred is "the center of alchemy for the 21st century."[34] Alfred's School of Engineering (also autonomously run with its own dean) currently has four state-supported programs and two privately endowed programs.

Partnerships

Alfred University maintains a research agreement with the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan.[35][36] Alfred University also hosted a Confucius Institute supported by the China University of Geosciences since 2009.[37][38] The partnerships gained attention in 2023 when the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party announced a probe into them over national security concerns.[37] In June 2023, Alfred University announced that it was closing its Confucius Institute but did not state that it would end its partnership with China University of Geosciences.[39][40]

Rankings

For its 2022-2023 ranking, U.S. News & World Report ranked Alfred University tied for #48 in Regional Universities North.[41]

Museums and galleries

Alfred University and The New York State College of Ceramics (NYSCC) are associated with five galleries: Alfred Ceramic Art Museum, The Cohen Center for the Arts Gallery, The Fosdick-Nelson Gallery, Robert C. Turner Gallery, and Institute for Electronic Art's (IEA) John Woods Studios. Other exhibition spaces for undergraduate and graduate students to show work include the Sculpture Dimensional Studies Exhibition Spaces (the Cube, the Box and the Cell Space), the Printmaking Critique Room, Flex Space, the New Deal, and Rhodes Room.[42]

The Robert C. Turner Gallery

Alfred University's student-run gallery, the Robert C. Turner Gallery, was refurbished in 2011 during a building improvement project. The gallery was once a unique space that hosted undergraduate experimental shows with a loose criteria that encouraged experimentation. The gallery now has two floors; the main space and the catwalk, which also has a "black box" interactive space for expanded (electronic) media. This gallery space is named after internationally acclaimed artist and Alfred University alumnus, Robert C. Turner, a former professor of ceramic art at Alfred University with a sixty-year-long career in ceramics.[43]

IEA John Wood Studios

NYSCC is host to the John Wood Studios of the Institute of Electronic Arts (IEA) within the School of Art and Design (SoAD), NYSCC which offers a residency program for up to two weeks for international artists.[44]

Student life

Current student organizations

As of 2020, Alfred has over 80 student organizations and clubs.[45] There are three main media organizations on campus; AUTV, the Fiat Lux newspaper, and the WALF 89.7FM radio station. The student-run yearbook, the Kanakadea, ceased publication in 2014. Notable extracurricular clubs include the Student Activities Board, Forest People, and Art Force Five.[45]

AU has been granted chapters of a number of honor societies, including Phi Beta Kappa (the Alpha Gamma chapter of New York, granted in 2004[46]), Phi Kappa Phi, and Alpha Lambda Delta; Alfred also has chapters of the service societies Alpha Phi Omega and Omicron Delta Kappa. Other honor societies include Alpha Iota Delta, Beta Gamma Sigma, Delta Mu Delta, Omicron Delta Epsilon, Pi Gamma Mu, Pi Mu Epsilon (the Alpha Iota chapter of New York, chartered in 2002),[47] Pi Sigma Alpha, Sigma Tau Delta, Tau Beta Pi, Phi Alpha Theta, Phi Sigma Iota, Psi Chi, Keramos, and the Financial Management Association.[48]

Greek social organizations

Fraternities and sororities were established at Alfred University for nearly 100 years prior to 2002, when they were discontinued, partially in response to the death of Zeta Beta Tau (ZBT) fraternity member Benjamin Klein under suspicious circumstances and charges of gross negligence on behalf of the fraternity.[49][50]

In 1978, prior to Klein's death, student Chuck Stenzel died in a hazing-related incident at Alfred's Klan Alpine fraternity. After Stenzel's death, his mother, Eileen Stevens, created a lobbying organization to increase awareness of hazing and promote anti-hazing laws, as documented in Hank Nuwer's book "Broken Pledges" and a later TV movie of the same name (in which Alfred was not named for legal reasons). Stevens later served as an advisor to Alfred on hazing-related issues, and received an honorary doctorate from the school in 1999.[51]

During the summer of 2002, all Greek social organizations lost recognition after an in-depth analysis of the Alfred University Greek system by an eight-member task force appointed by the board of trustees. More than 50% of the task force were themselves members of a fraternity or sorority while in college, and 82% of the board of trustees are Alfred University alumni.[50]

While Alfred University has banned fraternities and sororities, Alfred State College has not, and these organizations remain active within the village of Alfred.[52]

Athletics

Alfred teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III, with the exception of alpine skiing which is governed by the USCSA and the equestrian team which is governed by the IHSA. The Saxons are a member of the Empire 8 Athletic Conference (Empire 8). They compete in the following sports: alpine skiing, basketball, cross country, equestrian, football, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and track and field, women's volleyball, and women's softball.[53]

On July 15, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Empire 8 Conference postponed all fall sports.[54] Sports have since resumed operating as normal.

Notable alumni and faculty

See also

  • List of university art museums and galleries in New York State

References

  1. ↑ Alfred administers the New York State College of Ceramics.
  2. ↑ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx. Retrieved February 20, 2021. 
  3. ↑ "Alfred University Board of Trustees names Mark Zupan as institution's 14th president" (Press release). Alfred University. February 11, 2016. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Alfred University". College Board Profiles. College Board. http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?match=true&collegeId=3220&type=qfs&word=alfred%20university. 
  5. ↑ "Alfred University Visual Identity Standards". Alfred University. http://www.alfred.edu/alfred_today/docs/au_visual_identity_standards_5-11.pdf. 
  6. ↑ "Alfred University". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alfred-university-2668. Retrieved August 18, 2022. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Craft in America Craft in America - Alfred University". https://www.craftinamerica.org/artist/alfred-university. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Sanford, Don A. (1992). A Choosing People: The History of Seventh Day Baptists. Nashville: Broadman Press. pp. 214–278. ISBN 0-8054-6055-1. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Strong, Susan (2008). Thought Knows No Sex; Women's Rights at Alfred University. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 57. ISBN 978-0-7914-7513-3. 
  10. ↑ McHale, Anna (2003). Fusion; a Centennial History of the New York State College of Ceramics, 1900-2000. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1-57864-224-8. 
  11. ↑ Strong, Susan (1997). "Alfred's Town Name". Herrick Library Special Collections and Archives. http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/alfreds_town_name.asp. 
  12. ↑ Lewis, E. H. (2007). Allen of Alfred: Some of His Words. Kessinger Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-548-05765-0. 
  13. ↑ "Community: Events: Hot Dog Day 2011". Alfred University Website. AU ITS. http://www.alfred.edu/community/hdd.cfm. 
  14. ↑ http://dspace.alfred.edu/bitstream/handle/10829/3023/20000503.pdf?sequence=1[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  15. ↑ EATON, DICK CHRISTIAN, DICK CHRISTIAN AND ERNA (January 24, 1993). "A SILICON VALLEY IN WESTERN NEW YORK 60-MILE CORRIDOR INCUBATES DEVELOPMENTS IN CERAMICS TECHNOLOGY" (in en). https://buffalonews.com/news/a-silicon-valley-in-western-new-york-60-mile-corridor-incubates-developments-in-ceramics-technology/article_2ce7257f-905f-5f54-b63e-886496ffbc22.html. 
  16. ↑ "Incubator Works | WNY Incubator Network / WNY Innovation Hot Spot". http://www.wnyincubators.com/incubatorworks. 
  17. ↑ Alfred University. "The Edward G. Coll and Carole Hulse Coll Center at Kanakadea". Alfred University Campus Map. http://alfred.edu/map/kanakadea.html. 
  18. ↑ Kihss, Peter (July 10, 1975). "A.C.L.U. Study Finds Wide Easing of Job Bias Against Homosexuals". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/10/archives/aclu-study-finds-wide-easing-of-job-bias-against-homosexuals.html. 
  19. ↑ Windmeyer, Shane L. (1998). Brotherhood: Gay Life in College Fraternities. Alyson Publications. ISBN 1-55583-409-4. https://archive.org/details/outonfraternityr0000unse. 
  20. ↑ "Alfred University". U.S. News & World Report, LP. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alfred-university-2668. 
  21. ↑ "Alfred University". U.S. News & World Report, LP. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alfred-university-2668/applying. 
  22. ↑ "Hot Dog Day". Alfred University Archives. Herrick Memorial Library at Alfred University. April 22, 2014. https://alfredarchives.wordpress.com/2014/04/22/hot-dog-day/. 
  23. ↑ "The Bells of Alfred". Allegany County Historical Society. https://www.alleganyhistory.org/places/towns-and-villages/a-e/alfred/related-articles/2120-the-bells-of-alfred. 
  24. ↑ [1]
  25. ↑ The Black Knight at Alfred University. New York Times. 2013. https://aura.alfred.edu/handle/10829/5331. Retrieved September 5, 2023. 
  26. ↑ "SNL Transcripts: Robert Klein: 11/15/75: Robert Klein". Snltranscripts.jt.org. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/75/75eklein.phtml. 
  27. ↑ "SNL Transcripts: Robert Klein: 01/21/78: Robert Klein's Monologue". Snltranscripts.jt.org. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/77/77jmono.phtml. 
  28. ↑ "Stull Observatory: Campus Map". Alfred University. https://www.alfred.edu/about/map/stull-observatory.cfm. 
  29. ↑ "Alfred Ceramic Art Museum". Alfred University. https://ceramicsmuseum.alfred.edu/. 
  30. ↑ "Bromeley-Daggett Equestrian Center". Alfred University. https://gosaxons.com/facilities/bromeley-daggett-equestrian-center-at-maris-cuneo-equine-park/13. 
  31. ↑ "Miller Performing Arts Center wins international recognition" (Press release). Alfred University. February 5, 2003. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  32. ↑ "Alfred University - Niche". NICHE. https://www.niche.com/colleges/alfred-university/#majors. 
  33. ↑ "NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University". State University of New York. https://www.suny.edu/campuses/ceramics/. 
  34. ↑ Edizel, Gerar (2009). "Process is Concept", p.3. St Vincent Press, Rochester, NY.
  35. ↑ "学院简介-材料与化学学院" (in zh). 2017-09-08. http://www.chxy.cug.edu.cn/xygk/xyjj.htm. 
  36. ↑ Kredo, Adam (2023-06-01). "Pentagon Grant to U.S. University That Feeds China Military Research Comes Under Congressional Microscope" (in en-US). https://freebeacon.com/national-security/pentagon-grant-to-u-s-university-that-feeds-china-military-research-is-under-congressional-microscope/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Quinn, Jimmy (2023-06-01). "House CCP Committee Launches Probe of University's Hypersonic-Research Contract" (in en-US). https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/06/house-ccp-committee-launches-probe-of-universitys-hypersonic-research-contract/. 
  38. ↑ Singleton, Craig (2021-12-09). "The Middle Kingdom Meets Higher Education: How U.S. Universities Support China's Military-Industrial Complex" (in en). https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/12/09/the-middle-kingdom-meets-higher-education/. 
  39. ↑ "University shutting Confucius Institute after US House panel raises concerns" (in en). 2023-06-17. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3224408/university-shutting-its-confucius-institute-after-us-house-panel-raises-concerns-pentagon. 
  40. ↑ Perez, Zamone (2023-06-16). "School researching hypersonic weapons closes China-linked institute" (in en). https://www.federaltimes.com/news/your-military/2023/06/16/school-researching-hypersonic-weapons-closes-china-linked-institute/. 
  41. ↑ "Alfred University". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alfred-university-2668. 
  42. ↑ "About Alfred: Museums and Galleries". Alfred University. https://www.alfred.edu/about/arts-at-alfred/museums-galleries.cfm. 
  43. ↑ "Robert C. Turner Gallery". Alfred University. https://www.alfred.edu/academics/colleges-schools/art-design/robert-turner-gallery.cfm. 
  44. ↑ "Institute for Electronic Arts". Alfred University. https://www.alfred.edu/about/map/institute-for-electronic-arts.cfm. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Student Life: Clubs and Organizations". Alfred University. https://www.alfred.edu/student-life/clubs-organizations.cfm. 
  46. ↑ Phi Beta Kappa at Alfred University, Alfred University, March 2006 
  47. ↑ "Mathematics: Student Organizations". Alfred University. http://las.alfred.edu/math/organizations.html. 
  48. ↑ "Honor Societies". Alfred University. http://alfred.edu/honors/societies.cfm. 
  49. ↑ "Alfred University implements new requirements for Greek organizations" (Press release). Alfred University. February 18, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Alfred University trustees vote to eliminate fraternities and sororities" (Press release). Alfred University. May 20, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  51. ↑ Becque, Fran (February 24, 2016). "Chuck Stenzel, Eileen Stevens, and C.H.U.C.K.". Fran Becque. https://www.franbecque.com/9688/. 
  52. ↑ "Greek Life". Alfred State College. https://www.alfredstate.edu/student-life/clubs-and-organizations/greek-life. 
  53. ↑ "Alfred University Saxons". http://saxons.alfred.edu/. 
  54. ↑ "Empire 8 Conference Announces Postponement of Fall Sports". July 15, 2020. https://athletics.elmira.edu/news/2020/7/15/general-empire-8-conference-announces-postponement-of-fall-sports.aspx. 
  • This article incorporates material from Statutory college.

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