Organization:British Astronomical Association

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Short description: Association of amateur astronomers
British Astronomical Association
AbbreviationBAA
Formation1890
Legal statusNon-profit company
PurposeAmateur astronomy
Location
  • Tonbridge, Kent, TN9
    United Kingdom
Region served
UK and Worldwide
Membership
Amateur astronomers
President
David Arditti
Main organ
BAA Council
WebsiteBAA

The British Astronomical Association (BAA) was formed in 1890 as a national body to support the UK's amateur astronomers.

Throughout its history, the BAA has encouraged observers to make scientifically valuable observations, often in collaboration with professional colleagues. Among the BAA's first presidents was Walter Maunder, discoverer of the seventeenth century dearth in sunspots now known as the Maunder Minimum which he achieved by analysing historical observations. Later, this spirit of observing the night sky scientifically was championed by George Alcock, who discovered five comets and five novae using nothing more than a pair of binoculars.

The BAA continues to contribute to the science of astronomy, even despite modern competition from space-based telescopes and highly automated professional observatories. Modern digital sensors, coupled with techniques such as lucky imaging, mean that even modest amateur equipment can rival what professional observatories could have achieved a few decades ago. The vastness of the night sky, together with the sheer number of amateur observatories, mean that BAA members are often the first to pick up new phenomena. In recent years, the Association's leading supernova hunter, Tom Boles (President 2003–5), has discovered over 150 supernovae. He now holds the world record for the greatest number of such events discovered by any individual in history.[1]

More recently the BAA has worked increasingly with international partners. Modern communications allow astronomers in different time zones around the world to hand over the monitoring of variable stars and planetary weather systems to colleagues on other continents as the Sun comes up, resulting in a 24-hour watch on the sky. For example, the Association's Variable Star Section works closely with the American Association of Variable Star Observers, meanwhile its Jupiter Section works with a global network of planetary observers through the JUPOS collaboration.

Publications

Norman Rogers (1922–2012), a member of the BAA, in his solar observatory.

The Association's longest standing publication is its journal, published six times a year and sent to all members. Once a year, the Association also publishes a handbook which comprises an almanac for the following year. Electronic bulletins are issued to give more immediate notice by email of discoveries, astronomical news and BAA meetings.

Structure

The Association operates a wide range of observing Sections which specialise in particular branches of astronomy, welcoming observers and astronomy enthusiasts of all abilities in a spirit of collaboration and mutual help.

It also founded and supports the Campaign for Dark Skies, a UK-wide campaign against excessive light pollution.

In 2022, after seventy-nine years of leasing office space from the Royal Astronomical Society, in Burlington House, Piccadilly, London the association moved out.[2]

History

In October 1890, the BAA was formed to support amateur astronomers in the UK. In many ways it is a counterpart to the Royal Astronomical Society - which primarily supports professional observers - and the two organisations have long shared the same premises. The idea for this organisation was first publicly proposed by Irish astronomer William H. S. Monck in a letter published in The English Mechanic on 12 July.[3]

Playing a significant role in the founding of the Association was English astronomer E. Walter Maunder, with the help of his brother Frid Maunder and William H. Maw. The first meeting of the Association was held on 24 October 1890, with 60 of the initial 283 members in attendance.[4] Initially it was decided to run the association with a provisional 48-member Council[5] that included four women: Margaret Huggins, Elizabeth Brown, Agnes Clerke and Agnes Giberne.[5][6]

The society formed several observing Sections for specialised topics in astronomy. Elizabeth Brown, possibly the only woman in England at the time to own her own observatory, became Director of the Solar Section.[7] The Association was presented with or bequeathed various astronomical instruments, but lacked the funds to build their own observatory. A total of 477 instruments were acquired during the first 117 years since the Association was founded.[8]

Eclipse Expeditions

In addition to members making independent arrangements there have been several more or less officially organised expeditions to observe several total solar eclipses in various parts of the World. These include:-

  • 1896 to Vadsø, Norway for the eclipse of 9 August.[9]
  • 1898 to India for the eclipse of 22 January.[10]
  • 1900 to the United States, Portugal, Spain, Algeria and at sea (aboard the R.M.S. Austral) for the eclipse of 28 May.[11]
  • 1905 to Burgos (Spain), Labrador (Canada) and at sea (aboard the ss Arcadia) for the eclipse of 30 August.[12]
  • 1914 for eclipse of 21 August.[13][14][15][16]
  • 1922 to Stanthorpe (Queensland) by members of the New South Wales Branch for the eclipse of 21 September.[17]
  • 1936 to the Mediterranean for the eclipse of 19 June.[18]
  • 1973 aboard the cruise ship Monte Umbe 30 June.[19]
  • 1999 to Truro, Cornwall for the eclipse of 11 August.[20]

Branches

The Association held monthly meetings in London, but also established branches to cater for members who could not attend London activities and desired to meet in their own areas.

The first of these was the Northwestern Branch which served members in the Northwest of England, centred on Manchester.[21] The Branch was formed in 1892, in 1903 it seceded from the BAA to form the Manchester Astronomical Society.[22]

  • North Western Branch Presidents
    • Samuel O’Kell 1892–1895
    • Prof. Thomas Hamilton Core 1895–1903

In 1891, a group of amateurs in Australia began discussing the idea of setting up branches of the BAA in their own country. What would become the New South Wales Branch was established in 1895[23] and would be the only one to survive for more than a brief period. This branch became the second oldest astronomy organisation in Australia[24] and is still in existence. It is an affiliate organisation now called Sydney City Skywatchers to better reflect its location and membership.

  • New South Wales Branch Presidents
    • John Tebbutt[25] 1894–1896
    • George Handley Knibbs 1896–1898
    • Rev. Thomas Roseby[26] 1898–1900
    • Walter Frederick Gale[27] 1900-1902
    • William John MacDonnell[28] 1902–1904
    • George Denton Hirst[29] 1904–1906
    • Charles J. Merfield[30] 1906–1907
    • Hugh Wright 1907–1909
    • James Nangle[31][32] 1909–1911
    • Rev. Thomas Roseby 1911–1914
    • Walter Frederick Gale 1914–1923
    • Rev. Edward F. Pigot 1923–1925
    • J. J. Richardson 1925–1927
    • Walter Frederick Gale 1927–1929
    • James Nangle 1929–1930
    • Walter Frederick Gale 1930–1932 and 1932–1933
    • Rev. William O'Leary[33] 1933–1934 and 1934–1935
    • Walter Frederick Gale 1935–1936
    • Alan Patrick Mackerras[34] 1936–1937
    • Walter Frederick Gale 1937–1938 and 1938–1939
    • Henry Herbert Baker[35] 1939-1940
    • Harley Weston Wood[36] 1940–1942
    • Walter Frederick Gale 1942–1943
    • Alan Patrick Mackerras 1943–1945
    • Horace Edgar Frank Pinnock 1945–1946
    • Alan Patrick Mackerras 1946–1947
    • W. H. Robertson 1947–1950
    • D. Coleman-Trainor 1950–1951
    • Alan Patrick Mackerras 1951–1954
    • Harley Weston Wood 1954–1956
    • Rev. Thomas Noël Burke-Gaffney[37] 1956-1958
    • W. Kemp Robertson 1958–1960
    • F. J. Bannister 1960–1962
    • Alan Patrick Mackerras 1962–1964
    • W. H. Robertson 1964–1966
    • Noel James Halsey Bissaker[38] 1966–1968
    • W. Swanston 1968–1971
    • W. E. Moser 1971–1974
    • K. Sims 1974–1976
    • R. Giller 1976–1978
    • T. L. Morgan 1978–1979
    • F. N. Traynor 1979–1981
    • S. J. Elwin 1981–1982
    • F. N. Traynor 1982–1984
    • J. Jackson 1984–1986
    • Colin Bembrick 1986–1988
    • D. Alan Yates 1988–1990
    • George Smith 1990–1994
    • Monty Leventhal 1995–1996
    • Ralph Buttigieg 1996–1998
    • Michael Chapman 1998–2000
    • Dr. Wayne Orchiston 2000–2001
    • Elizabeth Budek 2001–2003
    • Michael Chapman 2003–2016
    • Monty Leventhal OAM 2016–2019
    • Dr Toner Stevenson 2019–2021
    • Ann Cairns 2021–present

A West of Scotland Branch was established by an inaugural meeting held on 23 November 1894, to be based in Glasgow.[39] In 1905 authority was granted to enrol members from the whole of Scotland, but it was not until 1937 that the name was changed to "Scottish Branch". In 1954 the Branch seceded from the BAA to form the Astronomical Society of Glasgow.

  • West of Scotland Branch Presidents
    • Walter C. Bergius 1895–1897
    • John Danskin[40] 1897-1899
    • Rev. Edward Bruce Kirk[41] 1899-1901
    • John Danskin 1901–1903
    • Robert Robertson 1903–1905
    • James Waddell 1905–1907
    • Major John Cassells[42] 1907–1909
    • Archibald Campbell 1909–1911
    • Dr. Alexander D. Ross[43] 1911–1913
    • Archibald A. Young 1913–1915
    • John Johnston Ross[44] 1915–1917
    • Frank C. Thomson 1917–1919
    • Henry McEwan[45] 1919-1921
    • John O. Ross 1921–1923
    • John D. McDougall 1923–1925
    • Charles Cochrane 1925–1927
    • Charles Clelland 1927–1929
    • Thomas L. MacDonald 1929–1931
    • David Buchanan Duncanson[46] 1931–1933
    • William B. Inverarity 1933–1935
    • George Douglas Buchanan[46] 1935-1937
    • Prof. William Marshall Smart[47] 1937–1938
  • Scottish Branch Presidents
    • Prof. William Marshall Smart 1938–1939
    • Prof. William Michael Herbert Greaves[48] 1939–1941
    • Charles T. McIvin 1941–1943
    • Prof. William Marshall Smart 1943–1945
    • Rev. J. Graham 1945–1947
    • W. H. Marshall 1947–1949
    • C. Walmsley 1951–1953
    • Dr. T. R. Tannahill 1953–1954

In 1896 an East of Scotland Branch was formed. This Branch was dissolved due to lack of support on 3 October 1902.

  • East of Scotland Branch Presidents
    • William Peck 1896–1898
    • William Firth 1898–1900
    • John Turner 1900–1902

In 1897 a second Australian Branch was formed by 13 members living in Victoria. At the London AGM of 1907 the President noted that "the Victoria Branch appears to be in a moribund condition".

  • Victoria Branch Presidents
    • Robert Ellery 1897–1900
    • Rev. John Meiklejohn 1900–1901
    • Ernest Frederick John Love[49] 1901–1904
    • Prof. William Charles Kernot 1904–1905
    • Robert James Allman Barnard 1905

The Victoria Branch was re-established in 1951 (as 'The Victorian Branch'), but only lasted until 1963.

  • Victorian Branch Presidents
    • Philip Crosbie Morrison 1951–1952
    • George Anderson[50] 1953–1957
    • H. B. Lewis 1958–1959
    • Dr. G. F. Walker 1959–1960
    • C. S. Middleton 1960–1961
    • George Anderson 1961–1962

In 1901 at a meeting of the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society it was proposed to form a Midland Branch of the BAA. Support proved to be less than had been envisioned and there are no reports of any activity after 1903.

  • Midland Branch Presidents

What would become the BAA Western Australia Branch started as the Western Australian Astronomical Society in 1912. When difficulties were encountered in the mid nineteen-twenties Prof. Ross highlighted the advantages of restarting within the BAA. The inaugural meeting was held on 29 March 1927. However support was still lacking and there is no recorded activity after September 1929.[51]

  • Western Australia Branch President
    • Prof. Alexander David Ross[43] 1927

Presidents

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Amateur British astronomer takes world record for most supernova". Telegraph.co.uk. 11 September 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/6173407/Amateur-British-astronomer-takes-world-record-for-most-supernova.html. "'2009ij' in August 2009 ... number 125 or '2009io' a few nights later" 
  2. ↑ "The BAA at Burlington House: end of an era – British Astronomical Association" (in en-GB). https://britastro.org/2021/the-baa-at-burlington-house-end-of-an-era. 
  3. ↑ Elliott, I. (September 1987), "The Monck Plaque", Irish Astronomical Journal 18 (2): 122, Bibcode: 1987IrAJ...18..122E 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 McKim, R. J. (August 1890), "E.W. Maunder and the formation of the British Astronomical Association", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 100 (4): 166–168, Bibcode: 1990JBAA..100..166M 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Maunder, E. Walter; Maunder, T. Frid (October 1890), "Circulars issued by the Provisional Committee", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 1: 17–19, Bibcode: 1890JBAA....1...17M 
  6. ↑ Bruck, M. T. (September 1991), "Companions in Astronomy- Margaret Lindsay Huggins and Agnes Mary Clerke", Irish Astronomical Journal 20 (2): 75, Bibcode: 1991IrAJ...20...70B 
  7. ↑ Creese, M. (August 1998), "Elizabeth Brown (1830-1899), solar astronomer", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 108 (4): 193–197, Bibcode: 1998JBAA..108..193C 
  8. ↑ Marriott, R. A. (December 2007), "The BAA observatories and the origins of the instrument collection", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 117 (6): 309–313, Bibcode: 2007JBAA..117..309M 
  9. ↑ 1898MmBAA...6....1. Page 1. Bibcode: 1898MmBAA...6....1.. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1898MmBAA...6....1.. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  10. ↑ British Astronomical Association; Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) (1899). The Indian eclipse, 1898 : report of the expeditions organized by the British Astronomical Association to observe the total solar eclipse of 1898 January 22. University of California Libraries. London : Hazell, Watson, and Viney. http://archive.org/details/indianeclipserep00britrich. 
  11. ↑ British Astronomical Association; Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) (1901). The total solar eclipse, 1900; report of the expeditions organized by the British astronomical association to observe the total solar eclipse of 1900, May 28. University of California Libraries. London, "Knowledge" office. http://archive.org/details/eclipstotalsolar00britrich. 
  12. ↑ British Astronomical Association; Levander, Frederick William (1906). The total solar eclipse 1905 : Reports of observations made by members of the British Astronomical Association of the total solar eclipse of 1905, August 30. University of California Libraries. London : British Astronomical Association. http://archive.org/details/totalsolareclips00britrich. 
  13. ↑ 1913JBAA...24...84. Page 84. Bibcode: 1913JBAA...24...84.. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913JBAA...24...84.. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  14. ↑ 1914JBAA...24..204. Page 206. Bibcode: 1914JBAA...24..204.. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1914JBAA...24..204./0000206.000.html. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  15. ↑ 1914JBAA...25...28. Page 28. Bibcode: 1914JBAA...25...28.. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914JBAA...25...28.. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  16. ↑ 1914JBAA...25...76. Page 76. Bibcode: 1914JBAA...25...76.. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914JBAA...25...76.. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  17. ↑ 1924MmBAA..24R..83. Page 83. Bibcode: 1924MmBAA..24R..83.. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1924MmBAA..24R..83.. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  18. ↑ 2016JBAA..126...15M Page 15. Bibcode: 2016JBAA..126...15M. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2016JBAA..126...15M. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  19. ↑ 1973JBAA...83..429C Page 429. Bibcode: 1973JBAA...83..429C. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1973JBAA...83..429C. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  20. ↑ 1999JBAA..109..232J Page 232. Bibcode: 1999JBAA..109..232J. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999JBAA..109..232J. Retrieved 2021-10-17. 
  21. ↑ "North-Western Branch, Manchester", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 (5): 248–252, February 1892, Bibcode: 1892JBAA....2..248. 
  22. ↑ "About Us" (in en). http://manastro.co.uk/about.html. 
  23. ↑ Orchiston, W. (1988). "Illuminating Incidents in Antipodean Astronomy: Formation of the New South Wales Branch of the British Astronomical Association". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 98: 75. Bibcode: 1988JBAA...98...75O. 
  24. ↑ Orchiston, W.; Perdrix, J. (April 2002), "A history of the British Astronomical Association in Australia: the fate of the Branches", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 112 (2): 68–77, Bibcode: 2002JBAA..112...68O 
  25. ↑ Turner, H. H. (1918). "Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Tebbutt, John". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 78: 252. doi:10.1093/mnras/78.4.252. Bibcode: 1918MNRAS..78..252.. 
  26. ↑ "Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Roseby, Thomas". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 80: 354. 1920. doi:10.1093/mnras/80.4.354. Bibcode: 1920MNRAS..80Q.354.. 
  27. ↑ "Obituary". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 56: 18. 1945. Bibcode: 1945JBAA...56...18.. 
  28. ↑ "Obituary Notices : Fellows :- Macdonnell, William John". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 270. 1911. doi:10.1093/mnras/71.4.270b. Bibcode: 1911MNRAS..71R.270.. 
  29. ↑ "Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Hirst, George Denton". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 76: 261. 1916. doi:10.1093/mnras/76.4.261. Bibcode: 1916MNRAS..76R.261.. 
  30. ↑ "Obituary Notices : Fellows :- Merfield, Charles James". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 92: 258. 1932. doi:10.1093/mnras/92.4.258. Bibcode: 1932MNRAS..92..258.. 
  31. ↑ "Obituary Notices : Fellows :- Nangle, James". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 102: 69. 1942. Bibcode: 1942MNRAS.102R..69.. 
  32. ↑ Cobb, Joan E.. "Nangle, James (1868–1941)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nangle-james-7722. 
  33. ↑ "Obituary Notices: Fellows :- Nielsen, Charles". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 100: 255. 1940. doi:10.1093/mnras/100.4.255. Bibcode: 1940MNRAS.100R.255.. 
  34. ↑ Wood, H. (1974). "A. P. Mackerras, 1899 August 28 - 1973 August 20". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 84: 198. Bibcode: 1974JBAA...84..198W. 
  35. ↑ "Obituary". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 51: 66. 1941. Bibcode: 1941JBAA...51...66.. 
  36. ↑ Robertson, W. H. (1985). "Obituary - Wood, Harley-Weston". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 26: 219. Bibcode: 1985QJRAS..26..225R. 
  37. ↑ "Obituaries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 69: 133. 1959. Bibcode: 1959JBAA...69..133.. 
  38. ↑ Centre, The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research. "Bissaker, Noel James Halsey - Biographical entry - Encyclopedia of Australian Science" (in en-gb). http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P002821b.htm. 
  39. ↑ "West of Scotland, Glasgow", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 5 (3): 148, February 1892, Bibcode: 1894JBAA....5..148. 
  40. ↑ "Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Dansken, John". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 66: 174. 1906. Bibcode: 1906MNRAS..66Q.174.. 
  41. ↑ "Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Kirk, Rev. Edward Bruce". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 89: 311. 1929. doi:10.1093/mnras/89.4.311. Bibcode: 1929MNRAS..89Q.311.. 
  42. ↑ "Obituary Notices : Fellows :- Cassells, John". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 70: 297. 1910. Bibcode: 1910MNRAS..70Q.297.. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Alexander David Ross (Obituary)". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 8: 297. 1967. Bibcode: 1967QJRAS...8..297.. 
  44. ↑ "Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Ross, John Johnston". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 109: 149. 1949. doi:10.1093/mnras/109.2.149. Bibcode: 1949MNRAS.109Q.149.. 
  45. ↑ "Obituary". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 65: 363. 1955. Bibcode: 1955JBAA...65..363.. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Report of Branch". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 52: 25. 1941. Bibcode: 1941JBAA...52...25.. 
  47. ↑ Ovenden, M. W. (1977). "William Marshall Smart". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 18: 140. Bibcode: 1977QJRAS..18..140O. 
  48. ↑ "Obituary". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 66: 172. 1956. Bibcode: 1956JBAA...66..172.. 
  49. ↑ Home, R. W.. "Love, Ernest Frederick John (1861–1929)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/love-ernest-frederick-john-7240. 
  50. ↑ Holroyd, J. P.. "Anderson, George (1878–1969)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/anderson-george-9355. 
  51. ↑ Orchiston, W.; Perdrix, J. (2002). "A history of the British Astronomical Association in Australia: The fate of the Branches". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 112: 68. Bibcode: 2002JBAA..112...68O. 
  52. ↑ "Obituary: Captain William Noble". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 65: 342. 1905. doi:10.1093/mnras/65.4.342a. Bibcode: 1905MNRAS..65Q.342.. 
  53. ↑ "Obituary: Arthur Matthew Weld Downing". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 78: 241. 1918. doi:10.1093/mnras/78.4.241a. Bibcode: 1918MNRAS..78R.241.. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Kinder, A. (October 2002), "A meeting of the BAA, 1893 April 26", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 112 (5): 243–244, Bibcode: 2002JBAA..112..243K 
  55. ↑ "Officers and Council for the Year, Oct. 1896, to Oct. 1897", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 7 (1): 9, October 1896, Bibcode: 1896JBAA....7....9. 
  56. ↑ "Officers and Council for the Year, Oct. 1897, to Oct. 1898", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 8 (1): 10, October 1897, Bibcode: 1897JBAA....8....1. 
  57. ↑ "Obituary: Samuel Arthur Saunder". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 73: 214. 1913. doi:10.1093/mnras/73.4.214. Bibcode: 1913MNRAS..73Q.214.. 
  58. ↑ "Obituary: Frederick William Levander". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 77 (4): 302. 1917. doi:10.1093/mnras/77.4.302. Bibcode: 1917MNRAS..77..302.. 
  59. ↑ "Obituary: Henry Park Hollis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 100: 249. 1940. doi:10.1093/mnras/100.4.249a. Bibcode: 1940MNRAS.100R.249.. 
  60. ↑ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 60.10 60.11 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.15 60.16 60.17 60.18 60.19 60.20 60.21 60.22 60.23 60.24 60.25 60.26 60.27 60.28 British Astronomical Association List of Members, 1969 April 30, London: British Astronomical Association, 1969, p. 116 
  61. ↑ Shears, Jeremy (2011). "Biography: "Ernest Elliott Markwick: variable stars and military campaigns" by Jeremy Shears". arXiv:1109.4234 [physics.hist-ph].
  62. ↑ Obituary, BAA Journal, 127, page 58 (2017)

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