Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science

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Short description: Research University in Kolkata

Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Logo.svg
TypePublic research university
Establishedc. 1876; 148 years ago (1876)
FounderMahendralal Sarkar
Academic affiliation
  • UGC
  • AIU
Budget₹162.49 crore (US$23 million)
(FY2023–24 est.)[1]
PresidentVinod K. Singh
DirectorRanjan Sen
Location
Kolkata
,
West Bengal
,
India

[ ⚑ ] : 22°29′56.09″N 88°22′7.76″E / 22.4989139°N 88.3688222°E / 22.4989139; 88.3688222
CampusLarge city
LanguageEnglish
NewspaperIndian Journal of Physics
Website{{{1}}}
University and College rankings
Global – Overall
CWUR World[citation needed]1092 (2021)[2]
National – Overall
CWUR National[citation needed]19 (2021)[3]
Indian Association for the Cultivation Of Science (Raman Gate)

Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) is a public, deemed, research university for higher education and research in basic sciences under the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.[4] Established on 29 July 1876 by Mahendralal Sarkar, a private medical practitioner, it focuses on fundamental research in basic sciences.[5] It is Asia's oldest research institute[6][7] located at Jadavpur, South Kolkata near Jadavpur University, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute and Indian Institute of Chemical Biology. It is spread over a limited area of 9.5 acres[8] and currently in the process of building an advanced SMART campus at Baruipur.[9]

The association is engaged in research in various fields of physics, chemistry, biological sciences, mathematical and computational sciences, materials sciences and various interdisciplinary areas.[10]

Indian Journal of Physics (IJP)

Indian Journal of Physics was founded in 1926. It is published monthly.[11] Springer distributes print version of the Journal worldwide. The present chief editor of the journal is Prof. Subham Majumdar, who is a senior professor in the School of Physical Sciences, IACS.[12]

Second Campus (Offshore Campus at Baruipur)

Union Minister of Science and Technology, Dr. Harsha Vardhan unveiled the foundation stone of the Syamaprasad Mukherjee Advanced Research and Training (SMART)[9] campus of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science(IACS) at Baruipur. It will have the facilities for cutting-edge research in multiple disciplines such as fundamental sciences, engineering sciences and medical sciences.[13][14]

Institutions merged with IACS

On 2017 Ratan Wattal led NITI Aayog high-level committee advice Finance Ministry recommended premier research institutes, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences and Bose Institute would be merged with Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata.[15]

Academic Divisions

Starting from 2018, after being declared as a deemed university by MHRD, for academic purposes, departments and centres in the Institute are broadly assigned to six major schools, each headed by a Chairperson (School Chair):

  1. School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (SAIS)
  2. School of Biological Sciences (SBS)
  3. School of Chemical Sciences (SCS)
  4. School of Materials Sciences (SMS)
  5. School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences (SMCS)
  6. School of Physical Sciences (SPS)

Apart from these six major schools, there are a few centers, designed to perform specific and cutting-edge research, by the institute administration:

  1. Centre for Computer Research, Education and Services (CCRES)
  2. Director's Research Unit (DRU)
  3. Technical Research Center (TRC)
  4. Central Scientific Services (CSS)
  5. Raman Centre of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Sciences
  6. Polymer Structural Unit
  7. Energy Research Unit

Administration

Office c. 1907

At its inception, the IACS was headed by a President, with the Honorary Secretary responsible for the day-to-day running of the Society. Until 1911, the office of President was de facto held by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, when the Lieutenant-Governor (Governor from 1912) became the co-patron of the Society alongside the Viceroy of India, whose office-holders were automatically Patrons of the Society until 1947.[16][note 1] Following India's independence in 1947, the administration of the IACS was reconstituted, with the designation of "Honorary Director" substituted for "Honorary Secretary."[17] The Director's prefix of "Honorary" was dropped in 1953.[18]

Presidents of the IACS (1876-present)

  • Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet FRS (1876-1877)
  • Mahendra Sarobar, IACS
    The Hon. Sir Ashley Eden FASB (1877-1882)
  • Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson (1882-1887)
  • Sir Steuart Bayley (1887-1890)
  • Prof. Meghnad Saha, first director of IACS
    Sir Charles Alfred Elliott FASB (1890-1895)
  • Sir Alexander Mackenzie (1895-1898)
  • Sir John Woodburn (1898-1903)
  • Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser FASB (1903-1909)
  • Sir Edward Norman Baker (1909-1911)
  • Raja Pyare Mohan Mukherjee FASB (1911-1922)[19]
  • Hon. Justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee FASB, FRSE, FRAS, MRIA (1922-1924)[20]
  • Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee FASB (1924-1934?)[21]
  • Sir Nilratan Sircar (1934-1942)[22]
  • Prof. Rai Bahadur Sir Upendranath Brahmachari FNI, FASB (1942-1946)[23][24]
  • Prof. Meghnad Saha FNI, FASB, FRS (1946-1951)[24][25]
  • Prof. Sir Jnan Chandra Ghosh FNI (1951-1954)[26][27]
  • Hon. Justice Charu Chandra Biswas (1954-1957)[28]
  • Hon. Chief Justice Phani Bhusan Chakravartti (1957-1958)[29]
  • Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose FNI, FRS (1958-1962)[30][31]
  • Hon. Justice Rama Prasad Mookerjee (1962-1965)[31]
  • Prof. Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee FNI, FCS (1965-1968)[32]
  • Prof. Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri FNA (first term, 1968–1970)[33][note 2]
  • Prof. Sushil Kumar Mukherjee FNA (first term, 1970–1973)[34][35]
  • Prof. Sukumar Chandra Sirkar FNA (1973-1974)[35]
  • Prof. Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri FNA (second term, 1974–1977)[36][37]
  • Prof. Bimal Kumar Bachhawat FNA (1977-1983)[37]
  • Prof. Sushil Kumar Mukherjee FNA (second term, 1983–1997)[38][39]
  • Prof. Arun Kumar Sharma FNA, FASc (1997-2000)[39]
  • Prof. M. M. Chakraborty (2000-2003)[40][41]
  • Independence Day celebration at IACS (15 August 2019)
    Prof. Ashesh Prosad Mitra FNA, FASc, FRS (2003-2007)[42]
  • Prof. Shri Krishna Joshi FNA, FASc (2007-2014)[43]
  • Prof. Man Mohan Sharma FNA, FASc, FRS, FREng (2014–2021)[44]
  • Prof. Srivari Chandrasekhar, FNA, FASc (2021 – 2022)
  • Prof. Vinod K. Singh, FNA, FASc, FNASc, FTWAS (2022–present)

Secretaries and Directors of the IACS

Honorary Secretaries of the IACS (1876-1947)

Name Period in office Duration in office
Mahendralal Sarkar (Founder) 15 January 1876 – 23 February 1904[45] 28 years, 1 month and 8 days
Amritalal Sarkar 16 June 1904 – 8 September 1919[45][22] 15 years, 2 months and 23 days
C. V. Raman 18 September 1919 – 31 March 1933[22][46][47] 13 years, 6 months and 13 days
K. S. Krishnan 31 March 1933 – 19 June 1934[22] 1 year, 2 months and 19 days
Sisir Kumar Mitra 19 June 1934–November 1935[22] 1 year, 5 months
Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee November 1935–31 December 1943[22][48] 8 years, 1 month
Meghnad Saha 31 December 1943–October 1944[48][49] 9 months
Priyadaranjan Ray (acting) October–31 December 1944[48][50] 2 months
Priyadaranjan Ray 1 January 1945 – 1 October 1947[51][52] 2 years and 9 months
Front garden, IACS.jpg

Honorary Directors of the IACS (1947-1953)

Name Period in office Duration in office
Priyadaranjan Ray 1 October 1947 – 1 January 1953[52][18] 5 years and 3 months

Directors of the IACS (1953-present)

Name Period in office Duration in office
Meghnad Saha 1 January 1953 – 16 February 1956[18][53] 3 years, 1 month and 15 days
Priyadaranjan Ray (officiating) 4 March 1956 – 2 December 1958[53][54] 2 years, 8 months and 28 days
Sukumar Chandra Sirkar (acting) 8 December 1958 – 10 December 1959[54][55] 1 year and 2 days
Kedareswar Banerjee 11 December 1959 – 1 October 1965[55][56] 5 years, 9 months and 20 days
Bishwambhar Nath Srivastava (acting) 1 October 1965 – 31 December 1968[56][57] 3 years, 2 months and 30 days
Debidas Basu 1 January 1969 – 31 August 1980[57][58] 11 years, 7 months and 30 days
G. S. Banerjee IAS (acting) 19 September 1980 – 8 March 1981[58] 5 months and 17 days
Sadhan Basu 9 March 1981 – 14 July 1982[note 3][58][59] 1 year, 4 months and 5 days
G. S. Banerjee IAS (acting) 14 July–8 December 1982[58][59] 4 months and 24 days
Asok Kumar Barua (acting) 9–30 December 1982[59] 21 days
Asok Kumar Barua 31 December 1982 – 1989[59][60] 6 years
Usha Ranjan Ghatak 1989–1993[60] 4 years
Dipankar Chakravorty 1993–9 September 1999[61][62] 6 years
Debashis Mukherjee 10 September 1999 – 31 March 2009[62] 9 years, 6 months and 21 days
Kankan Bhattacharyya 1 April 2009 – 10 February 2013[63][64] 3 years, 10 months and 9 days
Subhas Chandra Roy (acting) 10 February–11 September 2013[64][65] 7 months and 1 day
Deb Shankar Ray (acting) 11 September 2013 – 21 April 2015[65][66] 1 year, 7 months and 10 days
Santanu Bhattacharya 22 April 2015 – 23 April 2021[66] 6 years and 1 day
Tapas Chakraborty (acting, additional charge) 24 April 2021–6 April 2023[67] 1 year, 11 months and 14 days
Ranjan Sen 6 April 2023 – present 1 year, 3 months and 10 days

Notable alumni and associates[68]

Nobel Laureate[69]

Bharat Ratna (Highest Civil Honor in India)

  • Sir C.V. Raman, FRS, Former Faculty of IACS
  • Prof. C.N.R. Rao, FRS, Former Chairman of Review Committee of IACS

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), London

  • Sir J. C. Bose, former faculty of IACS
  • Sir C. V. Raman, former faculty of IACS
  • Prof. Meghnad Saha, former faculty and Director of IACS
  • K. S. Krishnan, alumnus, former faculty of IACS
  • S. N. Bose, former faculty of IACS
  • A. P. Mitra, former Chairman of the IACS Council
  • C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
  • M. M. Sharma, former Chairman of the IACS Governing Council and IACS Fellow
  • TV Ramakrishnan (IACS Fellow)
  • Ajay Sood (IACS Fellow)

Padma Vibhushan (Civil Honor in India)

  • C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
  • M. M. Sharma, former Chairman of the IACS Governing Council and IACS Fellow

Padma Bhusan (Civil Honor in India)

Padma Shri (Civil Honor in India)

  • Vinod K. Singh, Chairman of Governing Council, IACS

TWAS Prize[70]

  • C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
  • Animesh Chakravorty, former faculty of IACS
  • Kankan Bhattacharyya, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
  • Santanu Bhattacharya, former Director of IACS
  • D. D. Sharma, former faculty member, IACS

Alexander von Humboldt Research Award

  • D. Mukherjee, former student, faculty and Director of IACS

Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS)

  • C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
  • D. Mukherjee, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
  • Kankan Bhattacharyya, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
  • Santanu Bhattacharya, former Director of IACS
  • T. Saha-Dasgupta, former Faculty of IACS

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize

  • K. S. Krishnan, alumnus, former faculty of IACS
  • S. Basu, received in 1965, former faculty of IACS
  • C. N. R. Rao, former Chairman of the Review Committee of IACS and IACS Fellow
  • U. R. Ghatak, former Director and faculty of IACS
  • Animesh Chakravorty, former faculty of IACS
  • Mihir Chowdhury, former faculty of IACS
  • D. Mukherjee, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
  • Kankan Bhattacharyya, former student, faculty and Director of IACS
  • Akhil R. Chakravarty, former Student of IACS
  • D. S. Ray, former student and faculty of IACS
  • Sourav Pal, former student of IACS
  • Santanu Bhattacharya, former Director of IACS
  • Samaresh Bhattacharya, former Student of IACS
  • Krishnendu Sengupta, present faculty member, IACS
  • Pradyut Ghosh, present faculty member, IACS
  • P. S. Mukherjee, former Student of IACS
  • Jyotirmayee Dash, present faculty member, IACS[71]

Notable research works

Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman conducted his work on the Raman effect in this institute.[72] His work was first published in the Indian Journal of Physics, which is published by IACS.[73]

At the university, Debashis Mukherjee developed the Mk-MRCC method to account for electron correlations in molecular systems.[citation needed] Another important discovery has been in the area of solvation dynamics of molecules and in particular the dynamics of water molecules around the surfaces of membranes. These experiments performed by Professor Kankan Bhattacharyya provided an insight into the behavior of water near biological surfaces and led to his coining of the phrase "biological water".[citation needed]

Notes

  1. ↑ With the exceptions of Sir (later Lord) Antony MacDonnell (Lieutenant-Governor 1893-1895), Sir Charles Cecil Stevens (Lieutenant-Governor 1897-1898), James Bourdillon (Lieutenant-Governor 1902-1903), Sir Lancelot Hare (Lieutenant-Governor 1906) and Francis Slacke (Lieutenant-Governor 1906-1908).
  2. ↑ Prior to 1970, the Indian National Science Academy was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.
  3. ↑ On medical leave from 14 July 1982, resigned with effect from 24 August.

References

  1. ↑ "DETAILED DEMANDS FOR GRANTS OF MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2023-2024". April 26, 2023. https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/DDG%202023-2024.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2021–2022 Ranking". https://cwur.org/2021-22/Indian-Association-for-the-Cultivation-of-Science.php. 
  3. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2021–2022 Ranking". https://cwur.org/2021-22/Indian-Association-for-the-Cultivation-of-Science.php. 
  4. ↑ Bernhard Joseph Stern (1978). Science and Society. p. 84. https://books.google.com/books?id=IQZ2ni_Bn5sC&q=Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&pg=PA85. 
  5. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata". dst.gov.in. http://www.dst.gov.in/autonomous/iacs.htm. 
  6. ↑ "saha.ac.in". http://www.saha.ac.in/web/founder/founder-life-works?showall=&start=10. 
  7. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science". twas.org. http://twas.org/partner/indian-association-cultivation-science. 
  8. ↑ "About IACS". iacs.res.in. http://iacs.res.in/about-us.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Dr.Harsh Vardhan unveils foundation stone of shyamaprasad mookerjee advance research and training campus". United News of India. 13 September 2018. http://www.uniindia.com/dr-harsh-vardhan-unveils-foundation-stone-of-shyamaprasad-mookerjee-advance-research-and-training-campus/states/news/1350018.html. 
  10. ↑ Lourdusamy, John Bosco (2003). "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Tortuous Tryst with Modern Science". Journal of Science Education and Technology 12 (4): 381–396. ISSN 1059-0145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40188743. 
  11. ↑ "Indian Journal of Physics" (in en). https://www.springer.com/journal/12648. 
  12. ↑ "Indian Journal of Physics". http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html. 
  13. ↑ "Second campus for science hub". The Telegraph. 14 September 2018. https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/second-campus-for-science-hub/cid/1668467. 
  14. ↑ "Union Minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan unveils the foundation stone of the Shyamaprasad Mookerjee advance research and training campus of IACS in Kolkata". https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1546078. 
  15. ↑ Koshy, Jacob (April 29, 2023). "Centre plans an 'overhaul' of its research institutions" (in English). The Hindu April 29, 2023 10:13 pm IST (New Delhi). https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/science-and-technology-ministrys-autonomous-bodies-undergoing-restructure/article66793396.ece. 
  16. ↑ Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1915. Anglo-Sanskrit Press. 1915. pp. 144. 
  17. ↑ The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1947-1948. 1948. pp. 25–26. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1952–53". IACS. 31 March 1953. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/462. 
  19. ↑ Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1923. Anglo-Sanskrit Press. 1923. pp. 11. 
  20. ↑ "IACS - Annual Report for the Year 1924". http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/434/1/ANNUAL%20REPORT-1924.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1935. 1935. pp. 1. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 "Raman, Krishnan and the IACS Episodes of the 1930s". http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_1_3_AKBiswas.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1942. 1942. pp. 20. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1946. 1946. pp. 1. 
  25. ↑ "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1950-51". http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/459/1/ANNUAL%20REPORT-1950-51.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1951-52". http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/464/1/ANNUAL%20REPORT-1951-52.pdf. 
  27. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1953-54". Nature 174 (4428): 495–496. 1954. doi:10.1038/174495a0. Bibcode: 1954Natur.174..495.. 
  28. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1955-56. 1956. pp. 2. 
  29. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1957-58. 1958. pp. 2. 
  30. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1958-59. 1959. pp. 2. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1961-62. 1962. pp. 2. 
  32. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1965-66. 1966. pp. 2–4. 
  33. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1968-69. 1969. pp. 1. 
  34. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1970-71. 1971. pp. 1. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1973-74. 1974. pp. 1. 
  36. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1974-75. 1975. pp. 1. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1977-78. 1978. pp. 1. 
  38. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1982-83. 1983. pp. 1–4. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1997-98. IACS. 1998. pp. 3. 
  40. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2000-2001. IACS. 2001. pp. 3. 
  41. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2002-2003. IACS. 2003. pp. 6. 
  42. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2003-2004. IACS. 2004. pp. 1. 
  43. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2007-2008. IACS. 2008. pp. 8–11. 
  44. ↑ Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 2014-15. IACS. 2015. pp. 11. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Report of the Twenty Seventh Annual Meeting of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1904". IACS. June 1904. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/610. 
  46. ↑ The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1920. 1920. pp. 21. 
  47. ↑ Viswamitra, M. A. (November 1988). "Professor C. V. Raman and the Department of Physics, IISc, 1933-1948". J. Indian Inst. Sci. 68: 445–447. http://hdl.handle.net/2289/6268. Retrieved 15 April 2022. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1943". IACS. 31 December 1943. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/458. 
  49. ↑ "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1943". IACS. 31 December 1943. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/458. 
  50. ↑ "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1944". IACS. 31 December 1944. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/461. 
  51. ↑ "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1945". IACS. 31 December 1945. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/455. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Report of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science for the Year 1947–48". IACS. 31 March 1948. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/463. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1955-56". IACS. 1 April 1956. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/611. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1958-59". IACS. 1 April 1959. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/613. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1959-60". IACS. 1 April 1960. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/614. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1965-66". IACS. 1 April 1966. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/621. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1968-69". IACS. 1 April 1969. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/622. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1980-81". IACS. 1 April 1981. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/970. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1982-83". IACS. 1 April 1983. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/972. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1989-90". IACS. 1 April 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/978. 
  61. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1992-93". IACS. 1 April 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/981. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1999-2000". IACS. 1 April 2000. https://hdl.handle.net/10821/987. 
  63. ↑ "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2008-2009". IACS. 1 April 2009. http://iacs.res.in/waterways/admin/ckeditor/ckfinder/userfiles/files/IACS_ANNUAL_REPORT_2008-2009.pdf. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2012-2013". IACS. 1 April 2013. http://iacs.res.in/waterways/admin/ckeditor/ckfinder/userfiles/files/IACS_Annual_Report_Eng_2012-2013.pdf. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2013-2014". IACS. 1 April 2014. http://iacs.res.in/waterways/admin/ckeditor/ckfinder/userfiles/files/IACS_Annual_Report_Eng_2013-2014.pdf. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report 2014-2015". IACS. 1 April 2015. http://iacs.res.in/waterways/admin/ckeditor/ckfinder/userfiles/files/IACS_ANNUAL_REPORT_English-2014-15.pdf. 
  67. ↑ "Director". http://iacs.res.in/directors.html. 
  68. ↑ Annual Report, 2019-'20. 2020. http://iacs.res.in/waterways/admin/ckeditor/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Annual%20report%20Eng-2019-20(1).pdf. 
  69. ↑ "Nobel Prize". http://iacs.res.in/nobel-prize.html. 
  70. ↑ "TWAS Prize". http://iacs.res.in/twas-prize.html. 
  71. ↑ "SS Bhatnagar Prize". http://iacs.res.in/ss-bhatnagar-prize.html. 
  72. ↑ "Sir Venkata Raman - Biographical". nobelprize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/raman-bio.html. 
  73. ↑ "Indian Journal of Physics". springer.com. https://www.springer.com/physics/journal/12648. 

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