Organization:International Agency for Research on Cancer

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Short description: Intergovernmental agency
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Emblem of the United Nations.svg
World Health Organization Logo.svg
TypeAgency
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersLyon, France
Websitewww.iarc.who.int

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; French: Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization of the United Nations . Its role is to conduct and coordinate research into the causes of cancer.[1] It also collects and publishes surveillance data regarding the occurrence of cancer worldwide.[2]

Its IARC monographs programme identifies carcinogenic hazards and evaluates environmental causes of cancer in humans.[3][4]

IARC has its own governing council, and in 1965 the first members were West Germany, France , Italy, the United Kingdom , and the United States of America .[1] Today, IARC's membership has grown to 27 countries.[5]

History

Exterior of the main building of the headquarters for the International Agency of Research on Cancer

In late February 1963, after he experienced his spouse suffering and dying of cancer, journalist and peace activist Yves Poggioli sent a letter to Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vignerie relating his story, and urging support for the creation of an international center to fight against cancer, whose funding where to be directly debited from the national budgets allocated to nuclear weaponry. Touched by the letter, d'Astier assembled a group of French prominent figures, among which Pierre Auger, Francis Perrin, Jean Hyppolite, François Perroux, Pierre Massé, Louis Armand, François Bloch-Lainé [fr], Jean Rostand, François Mauriac, Antoine Lacassagne, Ambroise-Marie Carré and Le Corbusier, to reach for French president Charles de Gaulle[6] in national newspaper Le Monde on the 8 November 1963. de Gaulle answered positively to the call and reached for the World Health Organization director Marcolino Gomes Candau on the 11 November. The project rapidly gained momentum, and IARC was created on 20 May 1965, by a resolution of the World Health Assembly, as the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization.[1] The Agency's headquarters building was provided by its host in Lyon, France.[7]

The first IARC Director was John Higginson (1966–1981), who was followed by Lorenzo Tomatis (1982–1993), Paul Kleihues (1994–2003), Peter Boyle (2004–2008), Christopher Wild (2009–2018) and Elisabete Weiderpass (2019–present).

Monographs

In 1970, after IARC received numerous requests for lists of known and suspected human carcinogens, its advisory committee recommended that expert groups prepare a compendium on carcinogenic chemicals, which began publishing the IARC Monographs series with this aim in mind.[8][9]

IARC identifies carcinogenic hazards based on qualitative assessment of animal and human evidence.[10] The IARC Working Groups classify agents, mixtures and exposures into one of five categories. The categorization is a matter of scientific judgement that reflects the strength of evidence derived from studies in humans, experimental animals and other relevant data.[11] The classification is based only on the strength of evidence for carcinogenicity, not on the relative increase of cancer risk due to exposure, or on the amount of agent exposure necessary to cause cancer.[12]

  • Group 1: The agent is carcinogenic to humans.

There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. The determination is usually based on epidemiological studies on humans, but can also be based on sufficient evidence in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.[11] Examples of agents classified as Group 1 include tobacco smoke, alcoholic beverages, Chinese-style salted fish and consumption of processed meat.

  • Group 2A: The agent is probably carcinogenic to humans.

There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Occasionally, an agent (or mixture) may be classified here when there is inadequate evidence in humans but sufficient evidence in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (or mixture) may solely be classified under this category if there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, but if it clearly belongs to this category based on mechanistic considerations.[11] Examples of agents classified as Group 2A include emissions from high-temperature frying of food, the occupational exposures as a hairdresser or barber, consumption of red meat and night shift work .

  • Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence in experimental animals. It may also be used if there is inadequate evidence in humans but sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Occasionally, an agent (or mixture) may be placed in group 2B if there is inadequate evidence in humans and less than sufficient evidence in experimental animals but there is supporting evidence of carcinogenicity from mechanistic and other relevant data. An agent or a mixture may also be classified in this category solely on the basis of strong evidence of carcinogenicity from mechanistic and other relevant data.[11] Examples of agents classified as Group 2B include occupational exposures in working in the textile manufacturing industry, printing processes, traditional Asian pickled vegetables, and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.

  • Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

The evidence is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (or mixtures) where evidence is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category only if there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans.

Substances that do not fall into any other group are placed in this category. This is not a determination of non-carcinogenicity or overall safety. It means that further research is needed, especially when exposures are widespread or the cancer data are consistent with differing interpretations.[11]

As of August 2019, roughly 50% of all substances analyzed by IARC fall into this category.[13]

  • Group 4: The agent is probably not carcinogenic to humans.

There is evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity in humans and in experimental animals. In some instances, agents or mixtures for which there is inadequate evidence in humans but evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, consistently and strongly supported by a broad range of mechanistic and other relevant data may be classified group 4.[11] As of 2018, only caprolactam falls under this category.[14]

Controversies

Transparency (1998–2004)

Lorenzo Tomatis, IARC director from 1982 to 1993, was allegedly "barred from entering the building" in 2003 after "accusing the IARC of softpedaling the risks of industrial chemicals"[15] in a 2002 article.[16] In 2003 thirty public-health scientists signed a letter targeting conflicts of interest and the lack of transparency.[15] Tomatis accused the IARC of "highly irregular" voting procedures, alleging industrial interferences, and called for the agency to publish voting procedures and names in details for independent scrutiny.[15]

The IARC rejected these criticisms, highlighting that only 17 of 410 of the working-group participants were consultants to industry and these people never served as chairs, nor were allowed to vote.[15] The reason the details of the voting names were not published was to avoid political pressures on the participating Working Group scientists, and to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.[15]

Glyphosate monograph (2015–2018)

On 20 March 2015, IARC classified glyphosate, the most widely used weed killing substance in the world sold under the brand name of Roundup by Monsanto,[17] as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A).[18][19]

Subsequently, many national regulatory authorities underwent a reevaluation of the risk posed by the exposure to glyphosate. Regulators in Europe (ECHA, EFSA), Canada, Japan and New Zealand reported that the glyphosate was unlikely to pose any carcinogenic risk to humans.[17] California put glyphosate on its list of unsafe chemicals.[20]

Since the publishing, IARC claimed it has suffered unprecedented large-scale attacks on its reputation from the agro-chemical industry.[21]

Industry reactions

The American Chemistry Council (ACC), the trade group for U.S. chemical companies, declared that IARC evaluates how hazardous a substance is based on whether the substance could "cause cancer in humans under any circumstances, including at exposure levels beyond what is typical."[22]

U.S. Congressional reactions

In early 2016, members of the scientific panel that reviewed glyphosate in 2015 were issued legal requests in the U.S. related to their work. In April 2016, internal IARC officials told its experts to not release documents or comply with the legal requests related to its review of glyphosate.[17]

In the fall of 2016, the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a briefing to ask officials from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) about NIH's grant funding to the IARC.[22] The NIH grant database showed that it has given the IARC over $1.2 million in 2016. Jason Chaffetz (Republican) asked the NIH to give his committee details of its standards for awarding grants and vetting grant nominees.[23] Additionally, Congressman Robert Aderholt (Republican), chairman of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, wrote a letter in June 2016 to the head of the NIH questioning the funding of IARC.[23] Republican congressman Jason Chaffetz argued that the IARC is too prone to conclude that substances are carcinogenic.[citation needed] However, IARC respond that the Working Groups methods are "widely respected for their scientific rigor, standardized and transparent process and for freedom from conflicts of interest."[17][23] Director of IARC Chris Wild further added that the IARC only chooses substances to evaluate from which there already exists a body of scientific literature that says there is a carcinogenic risk to humans. Wild said that because IARC does not select substances at random, it has a low rate of determining a substance as not being cancer-causing.[22]

Criticism of monographs methodology

On 26 October 2015, a Working Group of 22 experts from 10 countries evaluated the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat and classified the consumption of red meat as "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A)", mainly related to colorectal cancer, and to pancreatic and prostate cancer. It also evaluated processed meat to be "carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)", due to "sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer".[24][25][26]

Marcel Kuntz, a French director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, criticized the classification because it did not assess the risks associated with exposure (probability of getting a cancer from certain exposure): for example, red meat is qualified as probably carcinogenic, but the quantity of consumed red meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified.[27] Ed Yong, a British science journalist, criticized the agency and its "confusing" category system for misleading the public.[28] IARC answered in a press release their mission was not to evaluate potency or to assess the risks but only to determine scientifically the strength of carcinogenetic evidence of glyphosate.[29]

Some of the items that the IARC classifies, such as mobile phones (Group 2B) and processed meat (Group 1) have caused controversy.[17] The agency has also classified drinking very hot beverages – around 70 °C (158 °F) – as a probable carcinogen (Group 2A).[30]

Toxic tort law firms

In 2019 IARC was accused of cooperation with "toxic tort law firms" who make profit of suing companies for compensation for alleged health issues based on IARC classification. IARC was accused from hiding conflicts of interest impacting a few invited experts, especially those related to large-scale cash flows from US law firms.[31][32]

Aspartame (2023)

In July 2023, an IARC committee concluded that there was "limited evidence" for aspartame causing cancer in humans, classifying the sweetener as possibly carcinogenic.[33][34] The lead investigator of the IARC report stated that the classification "shouldn't really be taken as a direct statement that indicates that there is a known cancer hazard from consuming aspartame. This is really more of a call to the research community to try to better clarify and understand the carcinogenic hazard that may or may not be posed by aspartame consumption."[35]

A WHO expert committee on food additives added that the limited cancer assessment indicated no reason to change the recommended acceptable daily intake level for aspartame of 40 mg per kg of body weight per day, reaffirming the safety of consuming aspartame within this limit.[34]

The US Food and Drug Administration responded to the report by stating:[36]

Aspartame being labeled by IARC as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" does not mean that aspartame is actually linked to cancer. The FDA disagrees with IARC's conclusion that these studies support classifying aspartame as a possible carcinogen to humans. FDA scientists reviewed the scientific information included in IARC's review in 2021 when it was first made available and identified significant shortcomings in the studies on which IARC relied.

Members

The five founding states were the United States , France , Italy, West Germany and the United Kingdom .

They were later joined by 21 other members, of which 3 left:

Countries Entry Exit
Date Resolution Date Resolution
Australia September 1965 GC/1/R1
USSR then Russia September 1965 GC/1/R2
Israel April 1966 GC/2/R1 October 1971 GC/9/R11
Netherlands April 1967 GC/3/R1
Belgium October 1970 GC/8/R10
Japan May 1972 GC/10/R1
Sweden May 1979 GC/18/R1
Canada January 1982 GC/22/R1
Finland April 1986 GC/27/R1
Norway April 1987 GC/28/R1
Denmark May 1990 GC/31/R1
Switzerland May 1990 GC/31/R2
Argentina May 1998 GC/39/R1 May 2001 GC/42/R3
Brazil May 1998 GC/39/R2 May 2001 GC/42/R4
Spain May 2003 GC/44/R1
India May 2006 GC/48/R1
South Korea May 2006 GC/48/R2
Ireland May 2007 GC/49/R2
Austria May 2008 GC/50/R18
Brazil May 2013 GC/55/17
Qatar May 2013 GC/55/19
Morocco May 2015 GC/57/19
China May 2021[5] GC/63/

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Colditz, Graham A., ed (2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society (International Agency for Research on Cancer). SAGE Publications. pp. 1323–. ISBN 978-1-5063-0126-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=mXxZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1323. 
  2. ↑ "Global cancer observatory". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2023. http://www-dep.iarc.fr/. 
  3. ↑ "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2023. http://monographs.iarc.fr/. 
  4. ↑ Caballero, Benjamin, ed (2015). Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Elsevier Science. p. 658. ISBN 978-0-12-384953-3. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "China joins the International Agency for Research on Cancer" (Press release). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  6. ↑ Sohier R., Sutherland A.G.B. (1990). La genèse du CIRC/IARC, Rapport technique du CIRC no 6, p. 1–8
  7. ↑ Payer, Lynn J. (November 24, 1972). "IARC: An Environmental Approach to Cancer Research". Science. New Series 178 (4063): 844–846. doi:10.1126/science.178.4063.844. PMID 17754792. Bibcode: 1972Sci...178..844P. 
  8. ↑ http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/CurrentPreamble.pdf IARC, Preamble
  9. ↑ Obe, Günter; Marchant, Gary E.; Jandrig, Burkhard (2011). Cancer Risk Evaluation: Methods and Trends, Chapter 4: The IARC Monographs Programme. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-63463-7. 
  10. ↑ Klaassen, Curtis (2013). Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-07-176922-8. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "Preamble to the IARC Monographs". IARC Monographs (International Agency for Research on Cancer): 22–23. September 2015. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/CurrentPreamble.pdf. Retrieved 13 April 2018. 
  12. ↑ "Evaluations of the strength of the evidence for carcinogenicity". International Programme on Chemical Safety. January 1999. http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/monoeval/eval.html. 
  13. ↑ "IARC Monographs – Classifications". https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/. 
  14. ↑ "Agents classified by the IARC Monographs". International Agency for Research on Cancer. July 2018. https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/List_of_Classifications.pdf. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Ferber D (July 2003). "Carcinogens. Lashed by critics, WHO's cancer agency begins a new regime". Science 301 (5629): 36–37. doi:10.1126/science.301.5629.36. PMID 12843372. 
  16. ↑ Tomatis L (2002). "The IARC monographs program: changing attitudes towards public health". Int J Occup Environ Health 8 (2): 144–152. doi:10.1179/107735202800338993. PMID 12019681. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Kelland, Kate (2016-10-25). "Exclusive: WHO cancer agency asked experts to withhold weedkiller documents". Reuters (London). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cancer-iarc-exclusive-idUSKCN12P2FW. 
  18. ↑ "IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides" (PDF) (Press release). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  19. ↑ International Agency for Research on Cancer (2017). IARC Monographs, Volume 112. Glyphosate, in: Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. Lyon: IARC/WHO. pp. 321–412. https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/mono112.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "Glyphosate Listed Effective July 7, 2017, as Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer". https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/glyphosate-listed-effective-july-7-2017-known-state-california-cause-cancer. 
  21. ↑ "IARC response to criticisms of the Monographs and the glyphosate evaluation". January 2018. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/IARC_response_to_criticisms_of_the_Monographs_and_the_glyphosate_evaluation.pdf. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Träger, Rebecca (2016-10-21). "Congress probes NIH backing of cancer agency". Chemistry World (The Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain)). https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/congress-probes-nih-backing-of-cancer-agency/1017582.article. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Kelland, Kate (2016-10-06). "Exclusive: U.S. lawmakers to investigate funding of WHO cancer agency". Reuters (London). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cancer-iarc-idUSKCN1261WS. 
  24. ↑ Staff (26 October 2015). "World Health Organization – IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat". International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf. 
  25. ↑ Hauser, Christine (26 October 2015). "W.H.O. Report Links Some Cancers With Processed or Red Meat". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html. 
  26. ↑ Staff (26 October 2015). "Processed meats do cause cancer – WHO". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34615621. 
  27. ↑ "Pourquoi les fausses sciences gouvernent le monde (et pourquoi il faut mettre un terme à ce règne)" (in fr-FR). Slate.fr. https://www.slate.fr/story/126602/pourquoi-fausses-sciences-gouvernent-monde. 
  28. ↑ Ed Yong (26 October 2015). "Why is the World Health Organization so bad at communicating cancer risk?". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/why-is-the-world-health-organization-so-bad-at-communicating-cancer-risk/412468/. 
  29. ↑ "IARC response to criticisms of the Monographs and the glyphosate evaluation". IARC. January 2018. pp. 8–9. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/IARC_response_to_criticisms_of_the_Monographs_and_the_glyphosate_evaluation.pdf. 
  30. ↑ "IARC Monographs evaluate drinking coffee, maté, and very hot beverages". IARC. 2016-06-15. https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr244_E.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "Predatort Part II: How predatory lawyers, activist scientists hijacked IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer – for personal profit and ideological vanity" (in en). 2019-03-01. https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2019/03/01/predatort-part-ii-how-predatory-lawyers-activist-scientists-hijacked-iarc-international-agency-for-research-on-cancer-for-personal-profit-and-ideological-vanity/. 
  32. ↑ "American Tort Lawyers and IARC: A Toxic Mutual Interest" (in en-US). 2019-04-12. https://european-seed.com/2019/04/american-tort-lawyers-and-iarc-a-toxic-mutual-interest/. 
  33. ↑ "Carcinogenicity of aspartame, methyleugenol, and isoeugenol". The Lancet Oncology 24 (8): 848–850. 2023. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00341-8. PMID 37454664. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(23)00341-8/fulltext. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released (news release)". World Health Organization. 13 July 2023. https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released. 
  35. ↑ Naddaf, Miryam (14 July 2023). "Aspartame is a possible carcinogen: the science behind the decision". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02306-0. PMID 37452160. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02306-0. 
  36. ↑ "Aspartame and Other Sweeteners in Food". US Food and Drug Administration. 14 July 2023. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/aspartame-and-other-sweeteners-food. 

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