Organization:Open Whisper Systems

From HandWiki
Open Whisper Systems
Open WhisperSystems logo.png
AbbreviationOWS
FormationJanuary 21, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-01-21)[1]
FounderMoxie Marlinspike[2]
PurposeSoftware development[2]
Location
ProductsSignal, Signal Protocol
FieldsFree and open-source software, Cryptography, Mobile software
Staff
6[4]
Websitewhispersystems.org

Open Whisper Systems (abbreviated OWS[5]) is a software organization[6] that was founded by Moxie Marlinspike in 2013. Its main focus is the development of the Signal Protocol.[7] It also maintains an encrypted communications application called Signal. The organization is funded by a combination of donations and grants, and all of its products are published as free and open-source software.

History

Background

Security researcher Moxie Marlinspike and roboticist Stuart Anderson co-founded a startup company called Whisper Systems in 2010.[8][9] The company produced proprietary enterprise mobile security software. Among these were an encrypted texting program called TextSecure and an encrypted voice calling app called RedPhone.[10] They also developed a firewall and tools for encrypting other forms of data.[8]

In November 2011, Whisper Systems announced that it had been acquired by Twitter. The financial terms of the deal were not disclosed by either company.[11] The acquisition was done "primarily so that Mr. Marlinspike could help the then-startup improve its security".[12] Shortly after the acquisition, Whisper Systems' RedPhone service was made unavailable.[13] Some criticized the removal, arguing that the software was "specifically targeted [to help] people under repressive regimes" and that it left people like the Egyptians in "a dangerous position" during the events of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.[14]

Twitter released TextSecure as free and open-source software under the GPLv3 license in December 2011.[8][15][16][17] RedPhone was also released under the same license in July 2012.[18] Marlinspike later left Twitter and founded Open Whisper Systems as a collaborative open source project for the continued development of TextSecure and RedPhone.[19][1]

2013–present

Marlinspike launched Open Whisper Systems' website in January 2013.[2][1]

In February 2014, Open Whisper Systems introduced the second version of their TextSecure Protocol (now Signal Protocol), which added end-to-end encrypted group chat and instant messaging capabilities to TextSecure.[20] Toward the end of July 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced plans to unify its RedPhone and TextSecure applications as Signal.[21] These announcements coincided with the initial release of Signal as a RedPhone counterpart for iOS. The developers said that their next steps would be to provide TextSecure instant messaging capabilities for iOS, unify the RedPhone and TextSecure applications on Android, and launch a web client.[22] Signal was the first iOS app to enable easy, strongly encrypted voice calls for free.[19][23] TextSecure compatibility was added to the iOS application in March 2015.[24][25]

On November 18, 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption by incorporating the Signal Protocol into each WhatsApp client platform.[26] Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after.[27] WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.[28] On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.[29][30] In September 2016, Google launched a new messaging app called Allo, which features an optional "incognito mode" that uses the Signal Protocol for end-to-end encryption.[31][32] In October 2016, Facebook deployed an optional mode called "secret conversations" in Facebook Messenger which provides end-to-end encryption using an implementation of the Signal Protocol.[33][34][35]

In November 2015, the TextSecure and RedPhone applications on Android were merged to become Signal for Android.[36] A month later, Open Whisper Systems announced Signal Desktop, a Chrome app that could link with a Signal client.[37] At launch, the app could only be linked with the Android version of Signal.[37] On September 26, 2016, Open Whisper Systems announced that Signal Desktop could now be linked with the iOS version of Signal as well.[38] On October 31, 2017, Open Whisper Systems announced that the Chrome app was deprecated.[39] At the same time, they announced the release of a standalone desktop client for certain Windows, MacOS and Linux distributions.[39][40]

On October 4, 2016, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Open Whisper Systems published a series of documents revealing that OWS had received a subpoena requiring them to provide information associated with two phone numbers for a federal grand jury investigation in the first half of 2016.[41][42][43] Only one of the two phone numbers was registered on Signal, and because of how the service is designed, OWS was only able to provide "the time the user’s account had been created and the last time it had connected to the service".[42][41] Along with the subpoena, OWS received a gag order requiring OWS not to tell anyone about the subpoena for one year.[41] OWS approached the ACLU, and they were able to lift part of the gag order after challenging it in court.[41] OWS said it was the first time they had received a subpoena, and that they were committed to treat "any future requests the same way".[43]

Funding

Open Whisper Systems is funded by a combination of donations and grants. In May 2014, Moxie Marlinspike said that "Open Whisper Systems is a project rather than a company, and the project's objective is not financial profit."[44] News media outlets have later described Open Whisper Systems as a "nonprofit software group".[19][2] However, Open Whisper Systems is not registered as a nonprofit organization, and therefore its finances are obscured.[6][needs update?] The following table lists organizations that Open Whisper Systems has received grants from:

Organization Time period Amount
Shuttleworth Foundation 2013–2014 $308,976[45]
Knight Foundation 2014–2015 $416,000[46]
Open Technology Fund 2013–2016 $2,955,000[47]

Open Whisper Systems has received donations through the Freedom of the Press Foundation,[6][48] which has acted as Open Whisper Systems' fiscal sponsor since December 2016.[49][50]

From December 2013 to November 2017,[51] Open Whisper Systems used a system called BitHub to distribute small donations appropriately among contributors. The system automatically paid a percentage of Bitcoin funds for every submission to one of Open Whisper Systems' GitHub repositories.[23][52]

On February 21, 2018, Moxie Marlinspike and WhatsApp co-founder Brian Acton announced the formation of the Signal Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is "to support, accelerate, and broaden Signal’s mission of making private communication accessible and ubiquitous."[53][54] The foundation was started with an initial $50 million in funding from Acton, who had left WhatsApp's parent company Facebook in September 2017.[54] According to the announcement, Acton is the foundation's Executive Chairman and Marlinspike continues as CEO.[53] The Freedom of the Press Foundation has agreed to continue accepting donations on behalf of Open Whisper Systems while the Signal Foundation's non-profit status is pending.[53]

Reception

Former NSA contractor Edward Snowden has endorsed Open Whisper Systems' applications on multiple occasions. In his keynote speech at SXSW in March 2014, he praised TextSecure and RedPhone for their ease-of-use.[55] During an interview with The New Yorker in October 2014, he recommended using "anything from Moxie Marlinspike and Open Whisper Systems".[56] During a remote appearance at an event hosted by Ryerson University and Canadian Journalists for Free Expression in March 2015, Snowden said that Signal is "very good" and that he knew the security model.[57] Asked about encrypted messaging apps during a Reddit AMA in May 2015, he recommended “Signal for iOS, Redphone/TextSecure for Android”.[58][59] In November 2015, Snowden tweeted that he used Signal "every day".[60]

In October 2014, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) included TextSecure, RedPhone, and Signal in their updated Surveillance Self-Defense (SSD) guide.[61] In November 2014, all three received top scores on the EFF's Secure Messaging Scorecard, along with Cryptocat, Silent Phone, and Silent Text.[62] They received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the providers don't have access to (end-to-end encryption), making it possible for users to independently verify their correspondent's identities, having past communications secure if the keys are stolen (forward secrecy), having their code open to independent review (open source), having their security designs well-documented, and having recent independent security audits.[62]

On December 28, 2014, Der Spiegel published slides from an internal NSA presentation dating to June 2012 in which the NSA deemed RedPhone on its own as a "major threat" to its mission, and when used in conjunction with other privacy tools such as Cspace, Tor, Tails, and TrueCrypt was ranked as "catastrophic," leading to a "near-total loss/lack of insight to target communications, presence..."[63][64]

Projects

Active

Open Whisper Systems' active projects include:[65]

Signal
Signal
An instant messaging, voice calling and video calling[66] application for iOS and Android. It uses end-to-end encryption protocols to secure all communications to other Signal users.[25][62] Signal can be used to send end-to-end encrypted group messages, attachments and media messages to other Signal users. All calls are made over a Wi-Fi or data connection and are free of charge, including long distance and international.[23] Signal has a built-in mechanism for verifying that no man-in-the-middle attack has occurred. Open Whisper Systems has set up dozens of servers to handle the encrypted calls in more than 10 countries around the world to minimize latency.[19] The clients are published under the GPLv3 license.[67][68][69]
Signal Desktop
A standalone desktop client for certain Windows, MacOS and Linux distributions that can link with a Signal mobile client.[40] Previously a Chrome app.[37] The software is published under the GPLv3 license.[69]
Signal Protocol
A non-federated cryptographic protocol that combines the Double Ratchet Algorithm, prekeys, and a 3-DH handshake.[70] Open Whisper Systems maintains the following Signal Protocol libraries:
  • libsignal-protocol-c: A library written in C and published under the GPLv3 license with additional permissions for Apple's App Store.[71]
  • libsignal-protocol-java: A library written in Java and published under the GPLv3 license.[72]
  • libsignal-protocol-javascript: A library written in JavaScript and published under the GPLv3 license.[73]
Signal Server
The software is published under the AGPLv3 license.[74]
Contact Discovery Service
A microservice that "allows clients to discover which of their contacts are registered users, but does not reveal their contacts to the service operator or any party that may have compromised the service."[75] The software is published under the AGPLv3 license.[75] (As of September 2017), the service is in beta.[76][77]

Discontinued

Open Whisper Systems' discontinued or merged projects include:

BitHub
A service that would automatically pay a percentage of Bitcoin funds for every submission to a GitHub repository.[78][79][51]
Flock
A service that synced calendar and contact information on Android devices. Users had the ability to host their own server. The developer cited technological choices that lead to high server costs as a reason for discontinuing the service.[80] Flock was discontinued October 1, 2015, but its source code is still available on GitHub under the GPLv3 license.[81]
RedPhone
RedPhone
A stand-alone application for encrypted voice calling on Android. RedPhone integrated with the system dialer to make calls, but used ZRTP to set up an end-to-end encrypted VoIP channel for the actual call. RedPhone was designed specifically for mobile devices, using audio codecs and buffer algorithms tuned to the characteristics of mobile networks, and used push notifications to preserve the user's device's battery life while still remaining responsive.[82] RedPhone was merged into TextSecure on November 2, 2015.[36] TextSecure was then renamed as Signal for Android.[36] RedPhone's source code was available under the GPLv3 license.[82]
TextSecure
TextSecure
A stand-alone application for encrypted messaging on Android.[83][84] TextSecure could be used to send and receive SMS, MMS, and instant messages.[85] It used end-to-end encryption with forward secrecy and deniable authentication to secure all instant messages to other TextSecure users.[62][84][86][87] TextSecure was merged with RedPhone to become Signal for Android.[36] The source code is available under the GPLv3 license.[83]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "A New Home". Open Whisper Systems. 2013-01-21. https://whispersystems.org/blog/welcome/. Retrieved 2014-03-01. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (18 November 2014). "WhatsApp messages now have Snowden-approved encryption on Android". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2014/11/18/whatsapp-encryption-textsecure/. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  3. ↑ Lee, Micah (22 June 2016). "Battle of the Secure Messaging Apps: How Signal Beats WhatsApp". First Look Media. https://theintercept.com/2016/06/22/battle-of-the-secure-messaging-apps-how-signal-beats-whatsapp/. Retrieved 17 July 2016. 
  4. ↑ Marlinspike, Moxie (18 September 2017). "Moxie Marlinspike: Trust No One". TechCrunch Disrupt SF 2017 (Interview). Interviewed by Devin Coldewey. San Francisco, CA: Oath Inc. 3:50. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  5. ↑ "Signal Privacy Policy". Open Whisper Systems. https://signal.org/signal/privacy/. Retrieved 31 January 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 O'Neill, Patrick (3 January 2017). "How Tor and Signal can maintain the fight for freedom in Trump’s America". Scoop News Group. https://www.cyberscoop.com/tor-signal-funding-donald-trump-steve-bannon-encryption/. Retrieved 25 January 2017. 
  7. ↑ Perrin, Trevor (9 June 2015). TextSecure Protocol: Present and Future (Video). NorthSec. Event occurs at 0:21. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Garling, Caleb (2011-12-20). "Twitter Open Sources Its Android Moxie | Wired Enterprise". Wired.com. https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/12/twitter-open-sources-its-android-moxie/. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  9. ↑ "Company Overview of Whisper Systems Inc.". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=141104009. Retrieved 2014-03-04. 
  10. ↑ Andy Greenberg (2010-05-25). "Android App Aims to Allow Wiretap-Proof Cell Phone Calls". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/firewall/2010/05/25/android-app-aims-to-allow-wiretap-proof-cell-phone-calls/. Retrieved 2014-02-28. 
  11. ↑ Tom Cheredar (November 28, 2011). "Twitter acquires Android security startup Whisper Systems". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2011/11/28/twitter-buys-whisper-systems/. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  12. ↑ Yadron, Danny (9 July 2015). "Moxie Marlinspike: The Coder Who Encrypted Your Texts". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/moxie-marlinspike-the-coder-who-encrypted-your-texts-1436486274. Retrieved 10 July 2015. 
  13. ↑ Andy Greenberg (2011-11-28). "Twitter Acquires Moxie Marlinspike's Encryption Startup Whisper Systems". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/11/28/twitter-acquires-moxie-marlinspikes-encryption-startup-whisper-systems/. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  14. ↑ Garling, Caleb (2011-11-28). "Twitter Buys Some Middle East Moxie | Wired Enterprise". Wired.com. https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/11/twitter-buys-moxie/. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  15. ↑ Chris Aniszczyk (20 December 2011). "The Whispers Are True". Twitter. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141024130437/https://blog.twitter.com/2011/whispers-are-true. Retrieved 22 January 2015. 
  16. ↑ "TextSecure is now Open Source!". Whisper Systems. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120106024504/http://www.whispersys.com/updates.html. Retrieved 22 January 2015. 
  17. ↑ Pete Pachal (2011-12-20). "Twitter Takes TextSecure, Texting App for Dissidents, Open Source". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2011/12/20/textsecure-open-source/. Retrieved 2014-03-01. 
  18. ↑ "RedPhone is now Open Source!". Whisper Systems. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120731143138/http://www.whispersys.com/updates.html. Retrieved 22 January 2015. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Andy Greenberg (29 July 2014). "Your iPhone Can Finally Make Free, Encrypted Calls". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/07/free-encrypted-calling-finally-comes-to-the-iphone/. Retrieved 18 January 2015. 
  20. ↑ Donohue, Brian (24 February 2014). "TextSecure Sheds SMS in Latest Version". https://threatpost.com/textsecure-sheds-sms-in-latest-version/104456. Retrieved 14 July 2016. 
  21. ↑ "Free, Worldwide, Encrypted Phone Calls for iPhone". Open Whisper Systems. 29 July 2014. https://whispersystems.org/blog/signal. 
  22. ↑ Michael Mimoso (29 July 2014). "New Signal App Brings Encrypted Calling to iPhone". Threatpost. http://threatpost.com/new-signal-app-brings-encrypted-calling-to-iphone/107491. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Jon Evans (29 July 2014). "Talk Private To Me: Free, Worldwide, Encrypted Voice Calls With Signal For iPhone". TechCrunch. AOL. https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/29/talk-private-to-me-free-worldwide-encrypted-voice-calls-with-signal/. 
  24. ↑ Micah Lee (2015-03-02). "You Should Really Consider Installing Signal, an Encrypted Messaging App for iPhone". The Intercept. https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/03/02/signal-iphones-encrypted-messaging-app-now-supports-text/. Retrieved 2015-03-03. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Megan Geuss (2015-03-03). "Now you can easily send (free!) encrypted messages between Android, iOS". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/03/now-you-can-easily-send-free-encrypted-messages-between-android-ios/. Retrieved 2015-03-04. 
  26. ↑ Jon Evans (2014-11-18). "WhatsApp Partners With Open Whisper Systems To End-To-End Encrypt Billions Of Messages A Day". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/18/end-to-end-for-everyone/. Retrieved 2014-11-19. 
  27. ↑ "Open Whisper Systems partners with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption". Open Whisper Systems. November 18, 2014. https://whispersystems.org/blog/whatsapp/. Retrieved November 18, 2014. 
  28. ↑ "Facebook’s messaging service WhatsApp gets a security boost". Forbes. 18 Nov 2014. https://fortune.com/2014/11/18/facebooks-messaging-service-whatsapp-gets-a-security-boost/. Retrieved 21 Nov 2014. 
  29. ↑ Metz, Cade (5 April 2016). "Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/. Retrieved 5 April 2016. 
  30. ↑ Lomas, Natasha (5 April 2016). "WhatsApp completes end-to-end encryption rollout". AOL Inc.. https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/05/whatsapp-completes-end-to-end-encryption-rollout/. Retrieved 5 April 2016. 
  31. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (18 May 2016). "With Allo and Duo, Google Finally Encrypts Conversations End-to-End". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2016/05/allo-duo-google-finally-encrypts-conversations-end-end/. Retrieved 14 July 2016. 
  32. ↑ Gibbs, Samuel (21 September 2016). "Google launches WhatsApp competitor Allo – with Google Assistant". https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/21/google-whatsapp-allo-google-assistant. Retrieved 21 September 2016. 
  33. ↑ Isaac, Mike (8 July 2016). "Facebook to Add ‘Secret Conversations’ to Messenger App". The New York Times Company. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/technology/facebook-messenger-app-encryption.html. Retrieved 14 July 2016. 
  34. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (8 July 2016). "‘Secret Conversations:’ End-to-End Encryption Comes to Facebook Messenger". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2016/07/secret-conversations-end-end-encryption-facebook-messenger-arrived/. Retrieved 14 July 2016. 
  35. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (4 October 2016). "You Can All Finally Encrypt Facebook Messenger, So Do It". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2016/10/facebook-completely-encrypted-messenger-update-now/. Retrieved 5 October 2016. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Greenberg, Andy (2 November 2015). "Signal, the Snowden-Approved Crypto App, Comes to Android". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2015/11/signals-snowden-approved-phone-crypto-app-comes-to-android/. Retrieved 22 March 2016. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (2 December 2015). "Snowden’s Favorite Chat App Is Coming to Your Computer". Vice Media LLC. http://motherboard.vice.com/read/signal-snowdens-favorite-chat-app-is-coming-to-your-computer. Retrieved 4 December 2015. 
  38. ↑ Marlinspike, Moxie (26 September 2016). "Desktop support comes to Signal for iPhone". Open Whisper Systems. https://whispersystems.org/blog/signal-desktop-ios/. Retrieved 26 September 2016. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Nonnenberg, Scott (31 October 2017). "Standalone Signal Desktop". Open Whisper Systems. https://signal.org/blog/standalone-signal-desktop/. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Coldewey, Devin (31 October 2017). "Signal escapes the confines of the browser with a standalone desktop app". Oath Tech Network. https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/31/signal-escapes-the-confines-of-the-browser-with-a-standalone-desktop-app/. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Perlroth, Nicole; Benner, Katie (4 October 2016). "Subpoenas and Gag Orders Show Government Overreach, Tech Companies Argue". The New York Times Company. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/technology/subpoenas-and-gag-orders-show-government-overreach-tech-companies-argue.html. Retrieved 4 October 2016. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Kaufman, Brett Max (4 October 2016). "New Documents Reveal Government Effort to Impose Secrecy on Encryption Company". American Civil Liberties Union. https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-future/new-documents-reveal-government-effort-impose-secrecy-encryption-company. Retrieved 4 October 2016. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Grand jury subpoena for Signal user data, Eastern District of Virginia". Open Whisper Systems. 4 October 2016. https://whispersystems.org/bigbrother/eastern-virginia-grand-jury/. Retrieved 4 October 2016. 
  44. ↑ Marlinspike, Moxie (6 May 2014). "What is TextSecure's business model?". https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7701666. Retrieved 4 February 2017. 
  45. ↑ "Moxie Marlinspike". Shuttleworth Foundation. https://www.shuttleworthfoundation.org/fellows/moxie-marlinspike/. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  46. ↑ "TextSecure". Knight Foundation. http://www.knightfoundation.org/grants/201499909/. Retrieved 17 October 2016. 
  47. ↑ "Open Whisper Systems". Open Technology Fund. https://www.opentechfund.org/project/open-whisper-systems. Retrieved 4 September 2017. 
  48. ↑ Kolenkina, Masha. "How can I donate?". Open Whisper Systems. https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/212940158-How-can-I-donate-. Retrieved 31 January 2018. 
  49. ↑ Timm, Trevor (8 December 2016). "Freedom of the Press Foundation's new look, and our plans to protect press freedom for 2017". https://freedom.press/news/freedom-press-foundations-new-look-and-our-plans-protect-press-freedom-2017/. Retrieved 25 January 2017. 
  50. ↑ "Signal". Freedom of the Press Foundation. https://freedom.press/crowdfunding/signal/. Retrieved 25 January 2017. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Marlinspike, Moxie; Rizzio, Nicholas (11 November 2017). "Remove the last references to BitHub and Coinbase". https://github.com/signalapp/Signal-Android/commit/99ea6f98126ed502915ab377c13af422647915de. Retrieved 31 January 2018. 
  52. ↑ Marlinspike, Moxie (16 December 2013). "BitHub = Bitcoin + GitHub. An experiment in funding privacy OSS.". Open Whisper Systems. https://www.whispersystems.org/blog/bithub/. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Marlinspike, Moxie; Acton, Brian (21 February 2018). "Signal Foundation". https://signal.org/blog/signal-foundation/. Retrieved 21 February 2018. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Greenberg, Andy (21 February 2018). "WhatsApp Co-Founder Puts $50M Into Signal To Supercharge Encrypted Messaging". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/story/signal-foundation-whatsapp-brian-acton/. Retrieved 21 February 2018. 
  55. ↑ Max Eddy (11 March 2014). "Snowden to SXSW: Here's How To Keep The NSA Out Of Your Stuff". PC Magazine: SecurityWatch. http://securitywatch.pcmag.com/security/321511-snowden-to-sxsw-here-s-how-to-keep-the-nsa-out-of-your-stuff. Retrieved 2014-03-16. 
  56. ↑ "The Virtual Interview: Edward Snowden - The New Yorker Festival". The New Yorker. Oct 11, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fidq3jow8bc. Retrieved May 24, 2015. 
  57. ↑ Dell Cameron (Mar 6, 2015). "Edward Snowden tells you what encrypted messaging apps you should use". The Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/politics/edward-snowden-signal-encryption-privacy-messaging/. Retrieved May 24, 2015. 
  58. ↑ Alan Yuhas (May 21, 2015). "NSA surveillance powers on the brink as pressure mounts on Senate bill – as it happened". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2015/may/21/nsa-surveillance-rand-paul-senate-live. Retrieved May 24, 2015. 
  59. ↑ Zack Beauchamp (May 21, 2015). "The 9 best moments from Edward Snowden's Reddit Q&A". Vox Media. https://www.vox.com/2015/5/21/8638251/snowden-reddit. Retrieved May 24, 2015. 
  60. ↑ Barrett, Brian (25 February 2016). "Apple Hires Lead Dev of Snowden’s Favorite Messaging App". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2016/02/apple-hires-lead-dev-snowdens-favorite-messaging-app/. Retrieved 2 March 2016. 
  61. ↑ "Surveillance Self-Defense. Communicating with Others". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2014-10-23. https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/communicating-others. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 "Secure Messaging Scorecard. Which apps and tools actually keep your messages safe?". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2014-11-04. https://www.eff.org/secure-messaging-scorecard. 
  63. ↑ SPIEGEL Staff (28 December 2014). "Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA's War on Internet Security". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  64. ↑ "Presentation from the SIGDEV Conference 2012 explaining which encryption protocols and techniques can be attacked and which not" (PDF). Der Spiegel. 28 December 2014. http://www.spiegel.de/media/media-35535.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  65. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "Open Whisper Systems". https://github.com/whispersystems. Retrieved 2 December 2015. 
  66. ↑ Mott, Nathaniel (14 March 2017). "Signal's Encrypted Video Calling For iOS, Android Leaves Beta". Purch Group, Inc.. http://www.tomshardware.com/news/signal-encrypted-video-calling-ios-android,33898.html. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  67. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "Signal-iOS". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Signal-iOS. Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  68. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "Signal-Android". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Signal-Android. Retrieved 8 July 2016. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Open Whisper Systems. "Signal-Desktop". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Signal-Desktop. Retrieved 8 July 2016. 
  70. ↑ Unger et al. 2015, p. 241
  71. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "libsignal-protocol-c". https://github.com/whispersystems/libsignal-protocol-c. Retrieved 13 June 2016. 
  72. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "libsignal-protocol-java". https://github.com/whispersystems/libsignal-protocol-java. Retrieved 6 April 2016. 
  73. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "libsignal-protocol-javascript". https://github.com/whispersystems/libsignal-protocol-javascript. Retrieved 25 September 2016. 
  74. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "Signal-Server". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Signal-Server. Retrieved 21 November 2016. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Contact Discovery Service". Open Whisper Systems. https://github.com/whispersystems/ContactDiscoveryService/. Retrieved 28 September 2017. 
  76. ↑ Marlinspike, Moxie (26 September 2017). "Technology preview: Private contact discovery for Signal". Open Whisper Systems. https://signal.org/blog/private-contact-discovery/. Retrieved 28 September 2017. 
  77. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (26 September 2017). "Signal Has a Fix for Apps' Contact-Leaking Problem". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/story/signal-contact-lists-private-secure-enclave. Retrieved 28 September 2017. 
  78. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "BitHub". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/BitHub. Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  79. ↑ Finley, Klint (17 December 2013). "Love Child of Bitcoin and GitHub Pays Cash for Code". Condé Nast. https://www.wired.com/2013/12/bithub/. Retrieved 22 September 2015. 
  80. ↑ rhodey (16 July 2015). "RE: Flock shutting down". https://gist.github.com/rhodey/873ae9d527d8d2a38213. Retrieved 8 September 2015. 
  81. ↑ Open Whisper Systems. "Flock". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Flock. Retrieved 4 October 2015. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Open Whisper Systems. "RedPhone". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191050/https://github.com/WhisperSystems/RedPhone. Retrieved 11 November 2015. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Open Whisper Systems. "TextSecure". https://github.com/WhisperSystems/TextSecure/. Retrieved 26 February 2014. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Molly Wood (19 February 2014). "Privacy Please: Tools to Shield Your Smartphone". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/technology/personaltech/privacy-please-tools-to-shield-your-smartphone-from-snoopers.html. Retrieved 26 February 2014. 
  85. ↑ DJ Pangburn (3 March 2014). "TextSecure Is the Easiest Encryption App To Use (So Far)". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140314165046/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/textsecure-is-the-easiest-encryption-app-to-use-so-far. Retrieved 14 March 2014. 
  86. ↑ Moxie Marlinspike (24 February 2014). "The New TextSecure: Privacy Beyond SMS". Open Whisper Systems. https://whispersystems.org/blog/the-new-textsecure/. Retrieved 26 February 2014. 
  87. ↑ Martin Brinkmann (24 February 2014). "TextSecure is an open source messaging app with strong security features". Ghacks Technology News. http://www.ghacks.net/2014/02/24/textsecure-open-source-messaging-app-strong-security-features/. Retrieved 26 February 2014. 

Literature

External links




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