Organization:University of Toledo

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Short description: Public university in Toledo, Ohio, US
The University of Toledo
UT Hortz.svg
Logo of University of Toledo
Former name
Toledo University of Arts & Trades (1872–1884)
Toledo Manual Training School (1884–1914)
Toledo University (1914–1967)
MottoCoadyuvando El Presente, Formando El Porvenir
Motto in English
Guide to the Present, Moulder of the Future
TypePublic research university
EstablishedOctober 12, 1872; 151 years ago (October 12, 1872)
Parent institution
University System of Ohio
Academic affiliations
Endowment$551.5 million (2021)[1]
PresidentGregory Postel
ProvostScott Molitor (interim)
Academic staff
2,232
Students15,621[2]
Undergraduates12,002[2]
Postgraduates3,619[2]
Location
Toledo
,
Ohio
,
United States

[ ⚑ ] 41°39′28″N 83°36′49″W / 41.657716°N 83.61366°W / 41.657716; -83.61366
CampusUrban
Main, 813 acres (329 ha)
Health Science, 450 acres (180 ha)
Scott Park, 160 acres (65 ha)
NewspaperThe Independent Collegian
|u}}rsMidnight blue and gold[3]
         
NicknameRockets
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FBS – MAC
MascotRocky the Rocket & Rocksy the Rockette[4]
Websitewww.utoledo.edu

The University of Toledo (UToledo or UT) is a public research university in Toledo, Ohio. It is the northernmost campus of the University System of Ohio.[5] The university also operates a 450-acre (180 ha) Health Science campus, which includes the University of Toledo Medical Center, in the West Toledo neighborhood of Toledo; a 160-acre (65 ha) satellite campus in the Scott Park neighborhood of Toledo; the Center for the Visual Arts is located in downtown Toledo at the Toledo Museum of Art; and a research and education facility, known as the Lake Erie Center, at Maumee Bay State Park.

The university was founded in 1872 in downtown Toledo as the Toledo University of Arts and Trades. It closed after six years. The city of Toledo took it over, reopening it in 1884 as the Toledo Manual Training School. The vocational school was developed as a university through the late 1800s.[6]

In 1931 the university moved to its current location in the Ottawa neighborhood. Since its establishment, the university has physically expanded to include more than 100 major buildings with a combined area of more 1,400 acres (570 ha) and transformed its academic program from one for vocational and secondary education into a comprehensive research university. It is known for its curriculum in the science, engineering, and medical fields. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[7]

The University of Toledo has over 100,000 living alumni and a current enrollment of more than 15,000 students. The university has more than 300 student organizations. Its athletic teams, called the Rockets, are members of the Mid-American Conference.

History

University Hall
University Hall was completed in 1931.
Ritter Observatory

19th century

The University of Toledo began in 1872 as a private arts and trades school, offering subjects such as painting and architectural drawing.[8] Jesup Wakeman Scott, a local newspaper editor, published a pamphlet in 1868 entitled "Toledo: Future Great City of the World."[8] He believed that the center of world commerce was moving westward, and by 1900 would be located in Toledo. To prepare for such growth of industry and commerce, Scott donated 160 acres of land as an endowment for a university. The Toledo University of Arts and Trades was incorporated on October 12, 1872.[9] The university's original mission was to "furnish artists and artisans with the best facilities for a high culture in their professions...."[8] Scott died in 1874, a year before the university opened in an old church building downtown Toledo.[8]

By the late 1870s, the school was in financial trouble and the school closed in 1878.[8] On January 8, 1884, the assets of the school became property of the city of Toledo. The school reopened under city control as the Toledo Manual Training School. It offered a three-year program for students at least 13 years old who received both academic and manual instruction in the trades.[8]

20th century

Horton International House and Parks Tower
Horton International House was part of the building boom of the 1980s and 1990s

Jerome Raymond, the university's first president, expanded its offerings in the early 1900s by affiliating with the Toledo Conservatory of Music, the YMCA College of Law, and the Toledo Medical College. Raymond also created the College of Arts and Sciences.[8] Despite the expansion, the school struggled financially and had various legal battles over control.[8]

A. Monroe Stowe became president in 1914, and helped organize and stabilize the college. On January 30, 1914, the college became known as Toledo University.[9] Stowe added to its offerings, founding the College of Commerce and Industry (later the College of Business Administration) in 1914, and the College of Education in 1916.[8] During this period, enrollment grew from 200 students to around 1,500.[8]

Along with the expanded academic offerings, extracurricular activities increased with the university's first intercollegiate athletic programs forming in 1915. Football was added in 1917. Other organizations formed, such as a student council and the university's first student newspaper, The Universi-Teaser, in 1919.[8] The athletic programs received their nickname, the Rockets, in 1923 from a newspaper writer. He thought this name expressed the teams' playing style.[8]

By the 1920s, Toledo University was a growing institution, limited only by the buildings that housed it. Classes were held in two downtown buildings, but both were too small.[8] In 1922, the university moved into an automobile mechanics training facility that had been constructed for training of troops in World War I on the original Scott land. It had outgrown its first two downtown buildings.[8]

Although twice the size of the old buildings, the location on the Scott land quickly became outdated after a 32 percent increase in enrollment created a shortage in classroom space.[8] In 1928, Henry J. Doermann became president and initiated plans for a new campus. Doermann received his funding after a city bond levy passed by 10,000 votes.[8] Doermann worked with a local architectural firm to design the new campus, using design elements of the universities of Europe. He and others hoped that the architecture would inspire students.[8] Less than a year later, University Hall and the Field House were completed in the Collegiate Gothic style.[8] Although enrollments remained stable during the Great Depression, Philip C. Nash, who became president following Doermann's sudden death, instituted drastic measures to cut costs, and made use of New Deal funds from President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration to help pay for new construction and scholarships.[8]

The entry of the United States into World War II dramatically affected the university, adding funding for new, expanded programs.[8] The military contracted with university to offer war-training programs for both military and civilian personnel.[8] Areas of study for civilians included: Engineering, Science and Management War Training program classes, and Civilian Pilot Training classes.[8]

The military used the university to house and train a detachment of the 27th Army Air Crew. The U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps trained nurses for army field hospitals.[8] The enrollment of women grew during the war and many student organizations reflected the changes. For instance, intercollegiate basketball and football were suspended while the university's Red Cross chapter, the first of its kind at a university, sponsored knitting sessions for students to make sweaters for soldiers.[8]

After the war, the GI Bill of Rights helped veterans pay for college tuition following the war and over 3,000 veterans took advantage of the program at UT.[8] In 1945, the university purchased surplus military housing for the veterans and moved it to campus. The complex, known as "Nashville", transitioned into married student housing until 1974 after the peak of veterans decreased.[8]

In 1947, Wilbur W. White replaced Nash. White proposed a progressive ten-year development plan, but he died in 1950 before the new development was completed.[8] The university, under new president Dr. Asa Knowles, continued White's plan and completed a new men's dormitory in 1952 and the new library in 1953. Educational programming for adult students was expanded and created the Greater Toledo Television Foundation to utilize television for educational purposes.[8]

In 1958, Knowles met with Toledo City Council to secure a new plan for the future financing of the university, during the 1940s the 12 percent of the city's budget was allocated to the university and this percentage proved unsustainable.[8] Council suggested that the university acquire financial assistance from the state of Ohio to relieve the city's financial burden.[8]

Asa Knowles resigned the presidency that same year but William S. Carlson pursued the issue and three bills were introduced into the state legislature in 1959 to propose a student subsidy for the states three largest municipal universities, University of Toledo, along with the University of Akron and University of Cincinnati.[8] The bills stalled but a $2 million levy was passed that same year to help sustain the university.[8] Ohio's three largest municipal universities continued to push for financial assistance from the state and finally succeeded on July 1, 1967. The decision made the university a state university, after operating as a municipal university for over 80 years.[8] In addition to subsidy for students, state support provided capital improvement money for campus building construction,[8] the university changed its name to the University of Toledo.[9]

The 1960s saw an increase of political and social activism on the UT campus. Like many universities, UT campus experienced frequent student protests.[8] Students protested a variety of issues, ranging from a peaceful food riot in 1968 over the quality of food, to protests by students opposing the Vietnam War that lead to several arrests.[8] In 1970, UT students remained peaceful following the Kent State shootings of protesters. UT experienced racial tension when a protest by African American students in May 1970 in response to Jackson State killings temporarily closed University Hall.[8] Again, the UT protest ended peacefully when the university president met with the students.[8]

UT celebrated its centennial in 1972 with a year of celebrations. Also that year, President Carlson retired, and Glen R. Driscoll was selected as new university president and began further expansion of the university with the addition of the Center for Performing Arts and Centennial Hall in 1976, the Center for Continuing Education in 1978, and Stranahan Hall in 1984.[8] Centennial Hall was renamed

John F. Savage Hall from 1988–2008, and John F. Savage Arena thereafter. Savage was an alum (Class of 1952) who was instrumental in the arena's construction. The university replaced parking lots and the aging army barracks with Centennial Mall, a nine-acre landscaped mall in the center of campus.[8] Construction began in 1985 on SeaGate Center in downtown Toledo as part of downtown's revitalization efforts.[8] McMaster Hall was completed in 1987 and plans for the Student Recreation Center were made in 1990. That same year, the Greek Village and the Larimer Athletic Complex was completed and the Glass Bowl underwent renovations.[8]

Frank E. Horton, former president of the University of Oklahoma, was selected thirteenth president in October 1988 and continued the growth of the university, fostered by the previous presidents.[8] Horton began a large strategic planning effort and organized the growth of the university.[8] To help achieve the plans, in 1993 the university launched a $40 million fund-raising campaign called UT40.[8] During the mid-1990s, UT renovated commercial buildings at Dorr Street and Secor Road for classrooms.[8] A new Academic Center and Residence Hall was built in 1992 to house the Honors Program.[8] The Center for the Visual Arts at the Toledo Museum of Art was also finished that same year; followed by the International House Residence Hall and Nitschke Hall in 1995.[8] And construction began in 1995 on a Pharmacy, Chemistry and Life Sciences complex on the main campus and a Lake Erie Research Center at Maumee Bay State Park.[8] The 1990s also included significant growth in technology. The university joined OhioLINK, a statewide library network, in 1994. Computer labs and hook-ups in dorms and offices provided Internet access and the university established a homepage on the World Wide Web.[8]

21st century

The University of Toledo Center for the Visual Arts

After a protracted protest by students, staff, faculty and community members, the board of trustees of the university agreed to include domestic partner benefits in the health care portion of the contract for faculty and staff with an effective start date of April 1, 2006. This development made the University of Toledo the first state university to begin covering domestic partners after the passage of Ohio Issue 1, several others had partner benefits before and continued them after the ban. The protest gained momentum after November 2004, when issue 1 was voted into law as an Ohio Constitutional amendment but began over a decade earlier with the work of several faculty members.

On March 31, 2006, Governor Bob Taft signed House Bill 478, which merged the University of Toledo with the Medical University of Ohio.[10] The merger became effective on July 1, 2006. The institution retained the University of Toledo name, and the former Medical University of Ohio facilities are referred to as the Health Science Campus.[11] Toledo became the third largest public university in Ohio in terms of its operating budget, as well as one of only 17 public universities in the country that has colleges of business, education, engineering, law, medicine and pharmacy. As a result of this merger, the College of Pharmacy will be one of only 45 American Colleges of Pharmacy located in an academic health science center. The college's "Future of Pharmacy" campaign (2008–2010) was initiated to raise scholarship and equipment funds for the college's expansion into a new building on the health science campus, an expansion that will increase educational and research opportunities for students and faculty.[12] What used to be called the College of Arts and Sciences was divided into three colleges, including the College of Languages, Literature and Social Sciences, the College of Communications and the Arts, and the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics.

Academics

The University of Toledo offers over 250 academic programs in a diverse and comprehensive range of studies. It is the sixth largest university in Ohio by enrollment, and offers a 20:1 student-to-faculty ratio and a median class size of 25.

National honor societies such as Phi Kappa Phi and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at UT. The university also offers several ways in which students can enrich their academic experience. These include the Honors College, study abroad, service learning, and undergraduate research.

University rankings
National
ARWU[13] 155-175
Forbes[14] 619
THE/WSJ[15] 492
U.S. News & World Report[16] 298-389
Washington Monthly[17] 291
Global
ARWU[18] 601-700
THE[19] 501-600
U.S. News & World Report[20] 834

Toledo is a public university and is governed by a board of trustees, and the Ohio Board of Regents, both appointed by the Governor of Ohio. The board is composed of 14 members, and is currently chaired by Joseph H. Zerbey, IV.[21] The board members, which are unpaid community members, delegates its executive power to the president. The current interim president is Gregory Postel.[22]

The University of Toledo is composed of the following colleges and schools:

  • College of Adult and Lifelong Learning
  • College of Arts and Letters
  • College of Business and Innovation[23]
  • School of Healthcare Business Enterprise and Innovation
  • College of Health and Human Services
  • Judith Herb College of Education
  • College of Engineering
  • College of Graduate Studies
  • College of Health Sciences
  • College of Law
  • College of Medicine and Life Sciences
  • School of Biomarkers and Advanced Simulation
  • College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
  • School of Green Chemistry and Advanced Renewable Energy
  • College of Nursing
  • College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science
  • College of Visual and Performing Arts
  • Jesup W. Scott Honors College
  • UT Online

Research

Fountain and University Hall
University Hall (background) and Centennial Mall (foreground)

The university has the University of Toledo Research Enterprise and a number of research centers and institutes.

Located at Maumee Bay State Park, the Lake Erie Center supports interdisciplinary research involving environmental problems affecting the Great Lakes.

The UT Polymer Institute, part of the College of Engineering, supports research in polymers and plastic technology.

The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization (PVIC) was created in January 2007 with an $18.6 million grant from the Ohio Department of Development and $30 million from federal agencies, universities and industrial partners to perform research involved establishing science and technology platforms, employing second and third generation photovoltaics (PV) materials, and devices tailored for applications in clean electricity generation.[24] The three primary locations of the Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization (PVIC) include The University of Toledo, Ohio State University, and Bowling Green State University.[24]

The center's research is focused on improving large area materials and devices, increasing the efficiency of solar technologies, and lowering production costs – with the ultimate goal of increasing the number of solar-powered electrical generation systems in homes, businesses, and utilities, as well as supporting the nation's defense and aerospace needs for advanced solar energy systems.

In 2012, the University of Toledo joined as partner members of the Lowell Discovery Telescope (formerly Discovery Channel Telescope).[25]

Student body

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity[26] Total
White 69% 69
 
Black 10% 10
 
Other[lower-alpha 1] 7% 7
 
Hispanic 5% 5
 
Foreign national 5% 5
 
Asian 2% 2
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[lower-alpha 2] 34% 34
 
Affluent[lower-alpha 3] 66% 66
 















Athletics

Rocky and Rocksy, the university's mascots, at the 2017 convocation

The University of Toledo's athletic teams play as the Rockets, and uniforms sport the colors midnight blue and gold. The university's sports teams play in the Mid-American Conference. The Rockets football team holds eleven Mid-American Conference championships, in 1967 (co-champion with Ohio) 1969, 1970, 1971, 1981, 1984, 1990 (co-champs with Western Michigan), 1995, 2001, 2004, 2017, and 2022.

Toledo Rockets football played in the 2010 Little Caesars Pizza Bowl on December 26, 2010, against Florida International. Toledo lost the game 34–32. Toledo played in the 2015 Go Daddy Bowl against Arkansas State on Jan 5, 2015. The Rockets won 63–44.

In the season of 2009, the men's tennis team finished 2nd in regular season with a 17–10 record, and reached the finals of the MAC tournament for the first time in 35 years.

The Toledo Rockets men's basketball team was the 2006–07 Mid-American Conference champion under Head Coach Stan Joplin, a former star player for the Rockets during the late 1970s, and was an assistant coach from 1984 to 1990. He was fired after slumping to an 11–19 record in 2007–08. The team received an NCAA Award For High Academic Performance Toledo tied for third-best APR mark in nation and MAC for second straight year.[when?] The University of Toledo men's basketball program ranks at the top of the Mid-American Conference for a second straight year in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Academic Performance Rating (APR).[when?] Toledo's 994 rating was tied for third place among all NCAA Division I men's basketball programs and trails only Columbia and Davidson.[when?]

In Spring 2011, the University of Toledo women's basketball team won the WNIT, becoming the first MAC team in any sport to win a National Championship in modern times.

The women's cross country has won four MAC Championships (2001, 2002, 2010, 2011) and three MAC Runner-up finishes (2003, 2005, 2009). The women's cross country team finished 21st at the NCAA Championships in 2011 and 28th at the NCAA Championships in 2010. The women's track team also finished as the 2012 MAC Indoor and Outdoor Runner-up.

The University of Toledo has two official mascots, Rocky the Rocket and Rocksy the Rockette. Rocky was introduced in 1966, and Rocksy was introduced in 2011. UT also has an official spirit crew known as Blue Crew. The University of Toledo Rocket Marching Band performs a pre-game show and halftime show at all home football games in the Glass Bowl.

Bowling Green rivalry

Toledo's principal football rivals are the Falcons of Bowling Green State University. The two teams formerly played for a trophy each year known as the Peace Pipe, a prize that originated in basketball but progressed to football in 1980. Due to NCAA regulations[why?] and an agreement between the two schools, new to the rivalry will be the "Battle of I-75" trophy, a bronze trophy awarded to the winner of the game. Toledo now leads the series, and Toledo currently has been dominating the series going 10-1 in the last eleven meetings, recently including a 66–37 blowout win at Bowling Green's home field, Doyt Perry Stadium.[27][28]

Club sports

The University of Toledo also has a number of club sports under the direction of the university's Division of Student Affairs. Club sports receive funding from the university as student organizations, associated expenses in the sports are often supplemented by students' pay-to-play dues and fundraising activities. Club sports offered by UT include: football, bowling, women's basketball, crew, cross country, men's ice hockey, men's and women's lacrosse, quidditch, sailing, men's soccer, table tennis, tennis, track and field, men's and women's ultimate disc, fencing, men's and women's volleyball, water polo, and wrestling.[29]

A few recent accomplishments of the University of Toledo Sport Clubs include three straight individual wrestling national championships from 2006 to 2008; three Midwest-Collegiate Sailing Association Championships in 1950, 2008, and 2009; 2 Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Championship appearances in 2008 and 2009; 2 Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Keelboat Championship appearances in 2021 and 2022; a NIRSA Open Division Soccer National Championship in 1996; and an American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division I National Championship in 1992.

Ice hockey

The Toledo Rockets men's ice hockey team is a member of the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division II. Besides belonging to the ACHA, the team is also an original member of a conference known as the Tri-State Collegiate Hockey League (TSCHL) which was established in 2010.[30] The team plays a 30–35 game schedule against other club teams in the region.

Notable alumni, faculty and staff

Notes

  1. ↑ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ↑ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ↑ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.utfoundation.org/financials/annual-report/pdfs/UTF2021-annual-report.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 As of fall 2022. "Headcount Enrollment by Race & Ethnicity, by Campus (2022)". Ohio Department of Higher Education. https://highered.ohio.gov/wps/wcm/connect/gov/d85abb82-aa9e-4e5f-aad0-d58ecf73e62d/headcount_level_race_ethnicity_fall_term_CY2022_06022023.xlsx. 
  3. ↑ "The University of Toledo Brand Guide". https://www.utoledo.edu/offices/marketing/brand-guide/guide.html. 
  4. ↑ "UToledo Mascots". https://www.utoledo.edu/mascot/. 
  5. ↑ "Carnegie Classifications – University of Toledo". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=206084. 
  6. ↑ Kern, Kevin F.; Wilson, Gregory S. (2013). Ohio: A History of the Buckeye State. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118548325. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfz1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT436. Retrieved September 14, 2015. 
  7. ↑ "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". Center for Post-secondary Education. https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=206084. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.49 "The University of Toledo – History". University of Toledo. http://www.utoledo.edu/index.asp?id=71. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "History of the University of Toledo". University of Toledo. http://www.utoledo.edu/graduate/prospectivestudents/about/indepthhistory.html. 
  10. ↑ "UT - MUO Merger". https://www.utoledo.edu/campus/merger/. 
  11. ↑ McManus, Tracey (January 5, 2012). "Most U.S. medical schools affliated [sic] with universities". Augusta Chronicle. http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/education/2012-01-05/most-us-medical-schools-affliated-universities. 
  12. ↑ Raghuveer, Amulya (September 11, 2009). "UT breaks ground on new health science facility". WNWO. http://www.northwestohio.com/news/story.aspx?id=349054. 
  13. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020: National/Regional Rank". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html. 
  14. ↑ "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/. 
  15. ↑ "U.S. College Rankings 2020". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/united-states/2020#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats. 
  16. ↑ "2021 Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities. 
  17. ↑ "2020 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2020college-guide/national. 
  18. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2020. http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html. 
  19. ↑ "World University Rankings 2021". THE Education Ltd.. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats. 
  20. ↑ "Best Global Universities Rankings: 2020". U.S. News & World Report LP. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings. 
  21. ↑ "Joseph H. Zerbey, IV (2018)". Utoledo.edu. https://www.utoledo.edu/offices/trustees/members/images_with_bios/zerbey.html. 
  22. ↑ "UTOLEDO INTERIM PRESIDENT - DR. GREGORY POSTEL". Utoledo.edu. https://www.utoledo.edu/offices/president/. 
  23. ↑ Networks, Edumaritime. "Top Ohio Maritime, Logistics & Supply Chain Management Programs". http://www.edumaritime.com/usa/ohio. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "About". Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization. http://pvic.org/Default.aspx. 
  25. ↑ "Arizona partnership lets UT study the stars". Toledo Blade. 2012-07-23. http://www.toledoblade.com/Education/2012/07/23/Arizona-partnership-lets-UT-study-the-stars.html. 
  26. ↑ "College Scorecard: University of Toledo". United States Department of Education. https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?206084-University-of-Toledo. 
  27. ↑ "Toledo vs. Bowling Green – Game Summary – November 15, 2017 – ESPN". http://www.espn.com/college-football/game?gameId=400945022. 
  28. ↑ "Rockets Ready to Defend Battle of I-75 Trophy". http://utrockets.com/news/2015/11/13/FB_1113155356.aspx. 
  29. ↑ "University of Toledo Sport Clubs". University of Toledo. http://www.hometeamsonline.com/UTSPORTCLUBS/. 
  30. ↑ "Tri State Collegiate Hockey League". Tschlhockey.com. http://www.tschlhockey.com. 

External links



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