Parallelogon

From HandWiki
A parallelogon is constructed by two or three pairs of parallel line segments. The vertices and edges on the interior of the hexagon are suppressed.
There are five Bravais lattices in two dimensions, related to the parallelogon tessellations by their five symmetry variations.

A parallelogon is a polygon such that images of the polygon will tile the plane when fitted together along entire sides, without rotation.[1]

A parallelogon must have an even number of sides and opposite sides must be equal in length and parallel (hence the name). A less obvious corollary is that all parallelogons have either four or six sides;[1] a four-sided parallelogon is called a parallelogram. In general a parallelogon has 180-degree rotational symmetry around its center.

The faces of a parallelohedron are parallelogons.

Two polygonal types

Quadrilateral and hexagonal parallelogons each have varied geometric symmetric forms. In general they all have central inversion symmetry, order 2. Every convex parallelogon is a zonogon, but hexagonal parallelogons enable the possibility of nonconvex polygons.

Sides Examples Name Symmetry
4 Parallelogon parallelogram.png Parallelogram Z2, order 2
Parallelogon rectangle.png 60px Rectangle & rhombus Dih2, order 4
Parallelogon square.png Square Dih4, order 8
6 Hexagonal parallelogon.png 50px 60px Concave hexagonal parallelogon2.png Elongated
parallelogram
Z2, order 2
Elongated hexagonal parallelogon.png50px 50pxBow-tie hexagon2.png Elongated
rhombus
Dih2, order 4
Regular hexagonal parallelogon.png Regular
hexagon
Dih6, order 12

Geometric variations

A parallelogram can tile the plane as a distorted square tiling while a hexagonal parallelogon can tile the plane as a distorted regular hexagonal tiling.

Parallelogram tilings
1 length 2 lengths
Right Skew Right Skew
Isohedral tiling p4-56.png
Square
p4m (*442)
Isohedral tiling p4-55.png
Rhombus
cmm (2*22)
Isohedral tiling p4-54.png
Rectangle
pmm (*2222)
Isohedral tiling p4-50.png
Parallelogram
p2 (2222)
Hexagonal parallelogon tilings
1 length 2 lengths 3 lengths
Isohedral tiling p6-13.png Isohedral tiling p6-12.png Isohedral tiling p4-22-concave.png Isohedral tiling p6-7.png Isohedral tiling p4-22-concave2.png
Regular hexagon
p6m (*632)
Elongated rhombus
cmm (2*22)
Elongated parallelogram
p2 (2222)


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Aleksandr Danilovich Alexandrov (2005) [1950]. Convex Polyhedra. Springer. p. 351. ISBN 3-540-23158-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=R9vPatr5aqYC&pg=PA351.