Peer support

From HandWiki
Short description: The provision of knowledge, sex, experience, emotional, social or practical help between peers

Peer support occurs when people provide knowledge, experience, emotional, social or practical help to each other.[1] It commonly refers to an initiative consisting of trained supporters (although it can be provided by peers without training), and can take a number of forms such as peer mentoring, reflective listening (reflecting content and/or feelings), or counseling. Peer support is also used to refer to initiatives where colleagues, members of self-help organizations and others meet, in person or online, as equals to give each other connection and support on a reciprocal basis.

Peer support is distinct from other forms of social support in that the source of support is a peer, a person who is similar in fundamental ways to the recipient of the support; their relationship is one of equality. A peer is in a position to offer support by virtue of relevant experience: he or she has "been there, done that" and can relate to others who are now in a similar situation. Trained peer support workers such as peer support specialists and peer counselors receive special training and are required to obtain Continuing Education Units, like clinical staff. Some other trained peer support workers may also be law-enforcement personnel and firefighters as well as emergency medical responders The social peer support also offers an online system of distributed expertise, interactivity, social distance and control, which may promote disclosure of personal problems (Paterson, Brewer, & Leeseberg, 2013).

Underlying theory

Peer support has been shown to be effective in substance use and related behaviour, treatment engagement, and ameliorating risk behaviours associated with HIV and hepatitis C,[2] and empowering people with mental illness and improving their quality of life.[3] Its effectiveness is believed to derive from a variety of psychosocial processes first described by Mark Salzer and colleagues in 2002:[4] social support, experiential knowledge, social learning theory, social comparison theory, the helper-therapy principle, and self-determination theory.[5]

  • Social support is the existence of positive psychosocial interactions with others with whom there is mutual trust and concern.[6] Positive relationships contribute to positive adjustment and buffer against stressors and adversities by offering (a) emotional support[7] (esteem, attachment, and reassurance),[8] (b) instrumental support (material goods and services), (c) companionship[9] and (d) information support (advice, guidance, and feedback).[10]
  • Experiential knowledge is specialized information and perspectives that people obtain from living through a particular experience such as substance abuse, a physical disability, chronic physical or mental illness, or a traumatic event such as combat, a natural disaster, domestic violence or a violent crime, sexual abuse, or imprisonment. Experiential knowledge tends to be unique and pragmatic and when shared contributes to solving problems and improving quality of life.[11][12]
  • Social learning theory postulates that peers, because they have undergone and survived relevant experiences, are more credible role models for others. Interactions with peers who are successfully coping with their experiences or illness are more likely to result in positive behavior change.[13]
  • Social comparison means that individuals are more comfortable interacting with others who share common characteristics with themselves, such as a psychiatric illness, in order to establish a sense of normalcy. By interacting with others who are perceived to be better than them, peers are given a sense of optimism and something to strive toward.[14]
  • The helper-therapy principle proposes that there are four significant benefits to those who provide peer support:[15][16] (a) increased sense of interpersonal competence as a result of making an impact on another person's life; (b) development of a sense of equality in giving and taking between himself or herself and others; (c) helper gains new personally-relevant knowledge while helping; and (d) the helper receives social approval from the person they help, and others.[17]
  • Self-determination means that individuals have the right to determine their own future—people are more likely to act on their own decisions rather than decisions made by others for them.[18]

In schools and education

Peer mentoring

Main page: Social:Peer mentoring

Peer mentoring takes place in learning environments such as schools, usually between an older more experienced student and a new student.[19] Peer mentors appear mainly in secondary schools where students moving up from primary schools may need assistance in settling into the whole new schedule and lifestyle of secondary school life. Peer mentoring is also used in the workplace as a means of orienting new employees. New employees who are paired with a peer mentor are twice as likely to remain in their job than those who do not receive mentorship.[20]

Peer listening

This form of peer support is widely used within schools.[21][22] Peer supporters are trained, normally from within schools or universities, or sometimes by outside organizations, such as Childline's CHIPS (Childline In Partnership With Schools) program,[23] to be "active listeners".[24] Within schools, peer supporters are normally available at break or lunch times.

Peer mediation

Peer mediation is a means of handling incidents of bullying by bringing the victim and the bully together under mediation by one of their peers.[25][26][27][28]

Peer helper in sports

A peer helper in sports works with young adults in sports such as football, soccer, track, volleyball, baseball, cheerleading, swimming, and basketball. They may provide help with game tactics (e.g. keeping your eye on the ball), emotional support, training support, and social support.[29][30]

In health

In mental health

Peer support can occur within, outside or around traditional mental health services and programs, between two people or in groups. Peer support is increasingly being offered through digital health like text messaging and smartphone apps.[31] Peer support is a key concept in the recovery approach[32] and in consumer-operated services programs.[33] Consumers/clients of mental health programs have also formed non-profit self-help organizations,[34] and serve to support each other and to challenge associated stigma and discrimination.[35][36] The role of peer workers in mental health services was the subject of a conference in London in April 2012, jointly organized by the Centre for Mental Health and the NHS Confederation.[37] Research has shown that peer-run self-help groups yield improvement in psychiatric symptoms resulting in decreased hospitalization, larger social support networks and enhanced self-esteem and social functioning.[38][39] There is considerable variety in the ways that peer support is defined and conceptualized as it relates to mental health services. In some cases, clinicians, psychiatrists, and other staff who do not necessarily have their own experiences of receiving psychiatric treatment are being trained, often by psychiatric survivors, in peer support as an approach to building relationships that are genuine, mutual, and non-coercive.[40]

For anxiety and depression

In Canada , the LEAF (Living Effectively with Anxiety and Fear) Program is a peer-led support group for cognitive-behavioral therapy of persons with mild to moderate panic disorders.[41]

In a 2011 meta-analysis of seven randomized trials that compared a peer support intervention to group cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with depression, peer support interventions were found to improve depression symptoms more than usual care alone and results may be comparable to those of group cognitive behavioral therapy. These findings suggest that peer support interventions have the potential to be effective components of depression care, and they support the inclusion of peer support in recovery-oriented mental health treatment.[42]

Several studies have shown that peer support reduces fear during stressful situations such as combat[43][44] and domestic violence[45] and may mitigate post-traumatic stress disorder.[46][47] The 1982 Vietnam-Era Veterans Adjustment Survey showed that PTSD was highest in those men and women who lacked positive social support from family, friends, and society in general.[48][49]

For first responders

Peer support programs have also been implemented to address stress and psychological trauma among law-enforcement personnel[50][51] and firefighters as well as emergency medical responders.[52] Peer support is an important component of the critical incident stress management program used to alleviate stress and trauma among disaster first responders.[53]

For survivors of trauma

Peer support has been used to help survivors of trauma,[54][55] such as refugees, cope with stress[56] and deal with difficult living conditions.[57] Peer support is integral to the services provided by the National Center for Trauma-Informed Care. Other programs have been designed for female survivors of domestic violence[58] and for women in prison.[59]

Survivor Corps defines peer support for trauma survivors as "Encouragement and assistance provided by a colleague who has overcome similar difficulties to engender self-confidence and autonomy and to enable the survivor to make his or her own decisions and implement them."[60] Peer support is a fundamental strategy in the rehabilitation of landmine survivors[61][62] in Afghanistan, Bosnia, El Salvador and Vietnam. A study of 470 amputee survivors of war-related violence in six countries showed that nearly one hundred percent said they had benefited from peer support.[63]

A peer support program operated by the Centre d’Encadrement et de Développement des Anciens Combattants in Burundi with support from the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery and Action on Armed Violence has assisted survivors of war-related violence, including women with disabilities,[64] and female ex-combatants[65] since 2010. A similar program in Rwanda works with survivors of the Rwandan genocide.[66] Peer support has been recommended as a fundamental part of victim assistance programs for survivors of war-related violence.[67]

A 1984 study on the impact of peer support and support groups for victims of domestic violence showed that 146 battered women found women's peer support groups the most helpful source of a range of available treatments. The women in these groups appeared to give direct advice and to act as role models.[68] A 1986 study on 70 adolescent mothers considered to be at risk for domestic violence showed that peer support improved cognitive problem-solving skills, self-reinforcement, and parenting competence.[69]

Pandora's Aquarium,[70] an online support group operating as part of Pandora's Project, offers peer support to survivors of rape and sexual abuse and their friends and family.

In addiction

Twelve-step programs for overcoming substance misuse and other addiction recovery groups are often based on peer support.[71] Since the 1930s Alcoholics Anonymous has promoted peer support between new members and their sponsors: "The process of sponsorship is this: an alcoholic who has made some progress in the recovery program shares that experience on a continuous, individual basis with another alcoholic who is attempting to attain or maintain sobriety through AA."[72] Other addiction recovery programs rely on peer support without following the twelve-step model.[73][74]

In chronic illness

Peer support has been beneficial for many people living with diabetes. Diabetes encompasses all aspects of people's lives, often for decades. Support from peers can offer emotional, social, and practical assistance that helps people do the things they need to do to stay healthy.[75] Peer support groups for diabetics complement and enhance other health care services.[76] J.F. Caro is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of one of such groups named Peer for Progress.[77]

Peer support has also been provided for people with cancer[78] and HIV.[79][80][81] The Breast Cancer Network of Strength trains peer counselors to work with breast cancer survivors.[82]

For people with disabilities

Peer support is considered to be a key component of the independent living movement and has been widely used by organizations that work with people with disabilities, including the Amputee Coalition of America (ACA) and Survivor Corps. Since 1998 the ACA has operated a National Peer Network for survivors of limb loss. The Blinded Veterans Association has recently launched Operation Peer Support (OPS), a program designed to support men and women returning to the US blinded or experiencing significant visual impairment in connection with their military service. Peer support has also benefited survivors of traumatic brain injury and their families.[83] There is also FacingDisability for Families Facing Spinal Cord Injuries [1], which has a peer counseling program in addition to 1,000 videos drawn from interviews of people with spinal cord injuries, their families, caregivers and experts.

For veterans and their families

Several programs exist that provide peer support for military veterans in the US[84][85][86] and Canada.[87][88][89] In 2010 the Military Women to Women Peer Support Group was established in Helena, Montana.[90]

The Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors (TAPS) provides peer support, crisis care, casualty casework assistance, and grief and trauma resources for families of members of the US military. Operation Peer Support (OPS) is a program for US military veterans who were blinded or have significant visual impairment.

In January 2013 Senator Patty Murray, Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, sponsored an amendment of the National Defense Authorization Act (S.3254) that would require peer counseling as part of a comprehensive suicide prevention program for US veterans.[91]

For veterans with PTSD

Peer support outreach for those exposed to traumatic events refers to programs that seek to identify and reach out to those with or at risk for mental health problems following a traumatic event as a means of connecting those people to mental health services. Paraprofessional peers are defined as having a shared background as the target population and work closely with and supplement the services of the mental healthcare team. These peers are trained in certain interventions (such as Psychological First Aid) and are closely supervised by professional mental healthcare personnel.[92] Peer support for recovery from PTSD refers to programs in which someone with lived experience of PTSD, who experienced a significant reduction in symptoms, provides formal services to those who have not yet made significant steps in recovery from his or her condition. The peer support for recovery model focuses on improvement in overall health and wellness, and has long been successful in the treatment of SMI (serious mental illness) but is relatively new for PTSD.[93][94][95]

A further review of existing literature found that carefully recruited, trained, supervised, and supported paraprofessionals can deliver mental health interventions effectively, and may be valuable in communities with fewer resources for mental healthcare.[96]

Researchers at the Palo Alto VA National Center for PTSD also conducted focus groups at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System Trauma Recovery Programs, a PTSD Residential Rehabilitation Program, and a Women's Trauma Recovery Program to determine veteran and staff perceptions of informal peer support interventions already in place.[97] Four themes were identified, including "peer support contributing to a feeling of social connectedness", "positive role modeling by the peer support provider", "peer support augmenting care offered by professional providers", and "peer supporter acting as a 'culture broker' and orienting recipients to mental health treatment."

These findings have been put into practice through a peer support program for veterans in the Sonora, Stockton, and Modesto VA outpatient clinics. The clinics are part of the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Healthcare System that extend to more rural parts of northern California. The program is funded through grants in support of new treatment approaches to serve veterans in rural, traditionally underserved areas. Leadership for the program comes from the Menlo Park division of the Palo Alto VA system.

The peer support program has been operational since 2012 with over 268 unique veterans seen between 2012 and 2015. The two peer support providers involved in the program are veterans of the Vietnam and Iraq wars, respectively, and after having recovered from their own mental health disorders utilize their experiences to help their fellow veterans. The two providers have been responsible for leading between 5 and 7 groups each week as well as conducting telephone outreach and one-on-one engagement visits.[98] These services have successfully helped to augment the often overburdened mental health treatment teams at the central valley outpatient VA clinics.

The peer support program has been described in several publications. A personal story of success was featured in Stanford Medicine magazine and the collaborative nature of the program was described in the book, Partnerships for Mental Health.

For people at work

Trauma risk management (TRiM) is a work-place based peer support for use in helping to protect the mental health of employees who have been exposed to traumatic stress. The TRiM process enables non-healthcare staff to monitor and manage colleagues. TRiM peer support training provides TRiM Practitioners with a background understanding of psychological trauma and its effects. TRiM was developed in the UK by military mental health professionals including Professor Neil Greenberg. There have been numerous scientific publications on the use of TRiM which have demonstrated it to be an acceptable and effective method of peer support.[99] Similar to TRiM, the sustaining resilience at work (StRaW) peer support could increase recognition among coworkers and managers about the significance of supporting fellow workers in applying their recently acquired knowledge and abilities on the job[100].. StRaW was developed by March on Stress Ltd and early research again shows it to be a credible and effective way of supporting staff at work.[101]

Sex workers

Several peer-based organizations exist for sex workers. The aim of these organizations is to support the health, rights, and well-being of sex workers and advocate on their behalf for law reform in order to make work safer. Sex work is work and there are many people who willingly choose it as a job/career. While sex trafficking does exist, not everyone who does sex work is doing so under duress. Social stigma is a major hurdle sex workers encounter, with many people trying to 'save' them. Peer support workers and peer educators are seen as best practices by the Sex Industry Network (SIN) when engaging with community members because peers can understand that someone could willingly choose to do sex work.

References

  1. ↑ Shery Mead, David Hilton, Laurie Curtis, "Peer Support: A Theoretical Perspective."
  2. ↑ Tracy, Kathlene; Wallace, Samantha (2016). "Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 7: 143–154. doi:10.2147/SAR.S81535. PMID 27729825. 
  3. ↑ Bellamy, Chyrell; Schmutte, Timothy; Davidson, Larry (2017). "An update on the growing evidence base for peer support". Mental Health and Social Inclusion 21 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1108/MHSI-03-2017-0014. 
  4. ↑ Salzer, Mark (2002). "Consumer-Delivered Services as a Best Practice in Mental Health Care and the Development of Practice Guidelines". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills 6: 355–382. doi:10.1080/10973430208408443. .
  5. ↑ Mead, S.; MacNeil, C (2006). "Peer Support: What Makes It Unique?". International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 10 (2): 29–37. http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_10/Peer_Support_What_Makes_It_Unique_Mead.html. Retrieved 2011-11-02. 
  6. ↑ Sarason, I.; Levine, H.; Basham, R.; Sarason, B. (1983). "Assessing social support: The social support questionnaire". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44: 127–139. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.127. 
  7. ↑ Flannery Jr, Raymond B. (1990). "Social support and psychological trauma: A methodological review". Journal of Traumatic Stress 3 (4): 593–611. doi:10.1002/jts.2490030409. 
  8. ↑ Young, K.W. (2006). "Social Support and Life Satisfaction". International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 10 (2): 155–164. http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_10/Social_Support_and_QOL7_Young.html. Retrieved 2011-11-02. 
  9. ↑ Thoits, P (1986). "Social support as coping assistance". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (4): 416–423. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.54.4.416. PMID 3745593. 
  10. ↑ Solomon, Phyllis (2004). "Peer Support/Peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 27 (4): 392–401. doi:10.2975/27.2004.392.401. PMID 15222150. http://www.tucollaborative.org/pdfs/Peer_Reviewed_Publications/Peer_Support_Peer_Provider_Services.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-10. 
  11. ↑ Shubert, M., & Borkman, T. (1994). "Identifying the experiential knowledge developed within a self-help group." In T. Powell (Ed.) Understanding the self-help organization. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
  12. ↑ Coyne, J. C.; De Longis, A. (1986). "Going beyond social support: The role of social relationships in adaptation". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (4): 454–460. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.54.4.454. PMID 3745597. 
  13. ↑ Salzer, M.; Shear, S. L. (2002). "Identifying consumer-provider benefits in evaluations of consumer-delivered services". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 25 (3): 281–288. doi:10.1037/h0095014. PMID 11860001. 
  14. ↑ Festinger, L (1954). "A theory of social comparison processes". Human Relations 7 (2): 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202. 
  15. ↑ Riessman, F. (1965). "The 'Helper-therapy' principle." Social Work, 10, 27-32,
  16. ↑ Skovholt, T M (1974). "The client as helper: A means to promote psychological growth". Counseling Psychologist 43 (3): 58–64. doi:10.1177/001100007400400308. 
  17. ↑ From Salzer and Shear, S. L. (2002), p. 282.
  18. ↑ Deci, EL; Ryan, RM (1985). "The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality". Journal of Research in Personality 19 (2): 109–134. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6. 
  19. ↑ Steve Grbac, "How to implement a 'Peer Support’ program in a P-6 School", Scotch College Junior School, Melbourne Australia; International Boys' Schools Coalition 15th Annual Conference, Toronto, Canada, June 2008.
  20. ↑ Kaye, Beverly; Jordan-Evans, Sharon (2005). Love 'Em or Lose Em: Getting Good People to Stay. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-57675-327-9. https://archive.org/details/loveemorloseemge00kaye_0/page/117. 
  21. ↑ Helen Cowie, Patti Wallace, Peer Support in Action: From Bystanding to Standing By, SAGE Publications Ltd; 1st edition February 2001; ISBN:0-7619-6353-7
  22. ↑ Sandy Hazouri, Miriam Smith McLaughlin, Peer listening in the middle school: training activities for students. Educational Media Corp., 1991. ISBN:978-0-932796-34-9
  23. ↑ Chrissan Moldrich and J.D. Carpentieri, "Every school should have one: How peer support schemes make schools better", ChildLine, January 2008, ISBN:0-9524948-8-4.
  24. ↑ Joel H. Brown, Marianne D'Emidio-Caston, Bonnie Benard, Resilience Education, Corwin Press, 2001. ISBN:978-0-7619-7626-4
  25. ↑ Cheryl Sanders (Editor), Gary D. Phye (Editor), Bullying: Implications for the Classroom, Academic Press; 1st edition May 14, 2004; ISBN:0-12-617955-7.
  26. ↑ "Creating a Positive Climate: Peer Mediation; What Works in Preventing School Violence."
  27. ↑ Cremin, Hilary, Peer Mediation: Citizenship and Social Inclusion in Action. Maidenhead: Open University Press, September 2007; ISBN:0-335-22111-4.
  28. ↑ Thompson, S. M.. "Peer mediation: A peaceful solution". School Counselor 1996 (44): 151–154. 
  29. ↑ John DeMarco, Peer helping skills: a leader's guide to training peer helpers and peer tutors for middle and high school. Hazelden Publishing, 1993. ISBN:978-1-56246-090-7
  30. ↑ Gray, H. D. and J. A. Tindall (1985). Peer counseling: An in-depth look at training peer helpers. Muncie, Ind., Accelerated Development. ISBN:0-915202-52-2
  31. ↑ Fortuna, Karen L.; Venegas, Maria; Umucu, Emre; Mois, George; Walker, Robert; Brooks, Jessica M. (2019-09-01). "The Future of Peer Support in Digital Psychiatry: Promise, Progress, and Opportunities" (in en). Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 6 (3): 221–231. doi:10.1007/s40501-019-00179-7. ISSN 2196-3061. PMID 33796435. PMC 8011292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-019-00179-7. 
  32. ↑ "Recovery: Recovery - Peer workers - Centre for Mental Health". http://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/recovery/peer_workers.aspx. 
  33. ↑ "Campbell, J. The Consumer-Operated Services Program (COSP) Multisite study, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, 2010.". http://cosp.mimhtraining.com/final-report-10-chapters-appendices/. 
  34. ↑ Ochocka, J.; Janzen, R.; Nelson, G. (2002). "Sharing Power and Knowledge: Professional and Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Researchers Working Together in a Participatory Action Research Project". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 25 (4): 379–87. doi:10.1037/h0094999. PMID 12013266. http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=psyc_faculty. 
  35. ↑ "Shery Mead and Cheryl MacNeil, "Peer Support: What Makes It Unique?", December 2004.". http://www.mentalhealthpeers.com/pdfs/PeerSupportUnique.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Davidson, I.; Chinman; Kloos, B.; Weingarten, R.; Stayner, D. A.; Tebes, J. K. (1999). "Peer support among individuals with severe mental illness: A review of the evidence". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 6 (2): 165–187. doi:10.1093/clipsy.6.2.165. 
  37. ↑ http://www.nhsconfed.org/Networks/MentalHealth/events/recent_events/Pages/mh-peer-support.aspx.[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  38. ↑ "Peer Support Research: A Promising New Approach."
  39. ↑ "Jean Campbell and Judy Leaver, "Emerging New Practices in Organized Peer Support," National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD) and the National Technical Assistance Center for State Mental Health Planning (NTAC), March 2003, p. 17.". http://www.consumerstar.org/pubs/Emerging%20New%20Practices%20in%20Oraganized%20Peer%20Support.pdf. 
  40. ↑ "Home Content". http://www.intentionalpeersupport.org. 
  41. ↑ Shelley Jones, "The LEAF Program: Peer-led Group CBT", Visions: BC's Mental Health and Addictions Journal, Vol 6, no. 1 2009, pp. 16-17.
  42. ↑ Pfeiffer, PN; Heisler, M; Piette, JD; Rogers, MAM; Valenstein, M (2011). "Efficacy of peer support interventions for depression: a meta-analysis". General Hospital Psychiatry 2011 (33): 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.10.002. PMID 21353125. PMC 3052992. http://www.preparedpatientforum.org/research/support_021711.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-10. 
  43. ↑ Solomon, Z.; Mikulincer, M.; Hobfall, S. E. (1986). "Effects of social support and battle intensity on loneliness and breakdown during combat". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (6): 1269–1276. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1269. PMID 3806362. 
  44. ↑ Solomon, Z., and Oppenheimer, B. (1986). "Social network variables and stress-reaction lessons from the 1973 Yom-Kippur War." Milit. Med. 151; pp. 12-15.
  45. ↑ Mitchell, R. E.; Hodson, C. A. (1983). "Coping with domestic violence: Social support and psychological health among battered women". American Journal of Community Psychology 11 (6): 629–654. doi:10.1007/bf00896600. PMID 6666751. 
  46. ↑ Bisson, Jonathan I.; Brayne, Mark; Ochberg, Frank M.; Everly, George S. (2007). "Early Psychosocial Intervention Following Traumatic Events". American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (7): 1016–1019. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.7.1016. PMID 17606651. 
  47. ↑ Jones, N; Roberts, P; Greenberg, N (2003). "Peer-group risk assessment: a post-traumatic management strategy for hierarchical organizations". Occupational Medicine 53 (7): 469–475. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg093. PMID 14581645. 
  48. ↑ Stretch, R. H. (1985). "Posttraumatic stress disorder among U.S. Army Reserve Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 53 (6): 935–936. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.6.935. PMID 4086693. https://zenodo.org/record/1231470. 
  49. ↑ Stretch, R. H. (1986). "Incidence and etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder among active duty personnel". Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16: 464–481. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01153.x. 
  50. ↑ Rachelle Katz, Daniel I. Cohen and Ronnie M. Hirsh, Cop to Cop: A Peer Support Training Manual for the Law Enforcement Officer, Peer Support Press; 2nd edition, January 1, 2000. ISBN:978-0-9669496-3-6
  51. ↑ Grauwiler, Peggy; Barocas, Briana; Mills, Linda G, "Police peer support programs: current knowledge and practice," International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 27-38, Winter 2008.
  52. ↑ Dowdall-Thomae, Cynthia; Culliney, Sean; Piechura, Jeff, "Peer Support Action Plan: Northwest Fire and Rescue," International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 177-184, Summer 2009.
  53. ↑ Jones, Norma S C; Majied, Kamilah, "Disaster mental health: a critical incident stress management program (CISM) to mitigate compassion fatigue," Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 17-23, July/August 2009.
  54. ↑ Macauley, C. "Peer Support and Trauma Recovery," Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 15.1, Spring 2011, pp. 14-17.
  55. ↑ "Project ABLE's Trauma Survivor Peer Support Project in Oregon". http://www.projectableoregon.org/aboutTSP.htm. 
  56. ↑ "Josi Salem-Pickartz, 2008: Strengthening community mental health resources by training refugees as peer counsellors – a manual for trainers, Intervention, The War Trauma Foundation and the Al Himaya Foundation for Trauma Recovery, Growth and Resilience.". http://www.interventionjournal.com/downloads/manuals/salem%20english%20arabic.pdf. 
  57. ↑ Nancy Baron, On the road to peace of mind, War Trauma Foundation, 2009. ISSN 1571-8883
  58. ↑ Fearday, F.L.; Cape, A.L. (Winter 2004). "A voice for traumatized women: inclusion and mutual support". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 27 (3): 258–65. doi:10.2975/27.2004.258.265. PMID 14982333. 
  59. ↑ "Blanchette, K., Eljdupovic-Guzina, G. (1998). "Results of a pilot study of the Peer Support Program for Women Offenders." Edmonton, Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada.". http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/rsrch/reports/r73/r73_e.pdf. 
  60. ↑ Jerry White, I Will Not Be Broken, (published in paperback as Getting Up When Life Knocks You Down,).
  61. ↑ Ken Rutherford, "Peer-to-Peer Support Vital to Survivors", Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 14.2, Summer 2010, p. 5.
  62. ↑ Beth Sperber Richie, Angela Ferguson, Zahabia Adamaly, Dalia El-Khoury, Maria Gomez, "Paths to Recovery: Coordinated and Comprehensive Care for Landmine Survivors," Journal of Mine Action Dec 2002, 6.3: 66-69.
  63. ↑ Macauley C, Townsend M, Freeman M, Maxwell B. "Peer Support and Recovery from Limb Loss in Post-Conflict Settings," Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 15.2, Summer 2011, pp. 17-20.
  64. ↑ Macauley C. "Healing the Wounds of War: Victim Assistance in Post-Conflict Burundi." Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 16.3, Fall 2012: pp 24-26.
  65. ↑ Macauley, C. Onyango, M. and Niragira, E. "Peer-support Training for Nonliterate and Semiliterate Female Ex-combatants: Experience in Burundi," Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Spring 2012, 16.1; pp. 52-56.
  66. ↑ Macauley C. "Women after the Rwandan Genocide: Making the Most of Survival." Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 17.1, Spring 2013.
  67. ↑ Rutherford K and Macauley C. "The Power of Peers: Rethinking Victim Assistance," The Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 17.3 Fall 2013.
  68. ↑ Donato, K. M.; Bowker, L. H. (1984). "Understanding the help-seeking behavior of battered women: A comparison of traditional service agencies and women's groups". International Journal of Women's Studies 1: 99–109. 
  69. ↑ Schinke, S. P.; Schilling, R. F.; Barth, R. B.; Gilchrist, L. D.; Maxwell, J. S. (1986). "Stress management intervention to prevent family violence". Journal of Family Violence 1: 13–26. doi:10.1007/bf00977029. 
  70. ↑ "Pandora's Aquarium". pandys.org. 2011. http://pandys.org/forums/. 
  71. ↑ Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, "What are Peer Recovery Support Services?" HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4454. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009.
  72. ↑ "Questions & Answers on Sponsorship", Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. 2005, p. 7.
  73. ↑ Sherman, B. R., L. M. Sanders, et al. (1998). Addiction and pregnancy: empowering recovery through peer counseling. Westport, Conn., Praeger.
  74. ↑ Colombo Plan Drug Advisory Programme. (2003). Development of family and peer support groups: a handbook on addiction recovery issues. CPDAP, Colombo.
  75. ↑ Brownson, Carol A.; Heisler, Michele (2009). "The Role of Peer Support in Diabetes Care and Self-Management". The Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research 2 (1): 5–17. doi:10.2165/01312067-200902010-00002. PMID 22273055. http://ideas.repec.org/a/wkh/thepat/v2y2009i1p5-17.html. 
  76. ↑ Michelle Heisler, "Building Peer Support Programs to Manage Chronic Disease: Seven Models for Success"[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}], California Healthcare Foundation, December 2006.
  77. ↑ Caro, JF; Fisher, EB (Jun 2010). "A solution might be within people with diabetes themselves.". Family Practice 27 (Suppl 1): i1-2. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmn082. PMID 20483799. 
  78. ↑ Peer Support Network, an internet-based peer support service for newly diagnosed cancer patients, cancer survivors and their caregivers.
  79. ↑ "Peer Adherence Support Manual, A Manual for Program Managers and Supervisors of Peer Workers; Harlem Adherence to Treatment Study, Harlem Hospital Peer Support for HIV Treatment Adherence, 2003.". http://www.peernyc.org/Assets/web_docs/Peer%20Adherence%20Support%20Manual%20%28HIV%29.pdf. 
  80. ↑ AIDS Information Center, Uganda
  81. ↑ Fidaner C, Eser SY, Parkin DM (2001), Peer to Peer. HIV & AIDS Peer Educators Trainers' Guide for IMPACT Implementing Agencies in Nigeria. Family Health International.
  82. ↑ BCNS's Breast Cancer Survivor Match Program
  83. ↑ Hibbard, MRExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2002). "Peer support in the community: Initial findings of a mentoring program for individuals with traumatic brain injury and their families". The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 17 (2): 112–31. doi:10.1097/00001199-200204000-00004. PMID 11909510. 
  84. ↑ Vets4Vets, a non-partisan organization dedicated to helping Iraq and Afghanistan-era veterans to heal from the psychological injuries of war through the use of peer support.
  85. ↑ Statewide Advocacy for Veterans' Empowerment (SAVE)
  86. ↑ Resnick, Sandra Gail; Rosenheck, Robert A: "Integrating peer-provided services: a quasi-experimental study of recovery orientation, confidence, and empowerment," Psychiatric Services, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1307-1314, November 2008.
  87. ↑ The Operational Stress Injury Social Support (OSISS) Program for Canadian Veterans. See also "Evaluation of the OSISS Peer Support Network," Dept. of National Defence and Veterans Affairs Canada, January 2005.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  88. ↑ "Heber, A., Grenier, S., Richardson, D., Darte, K. (2006). "Combining Clinical Treatment and Peer Support: A Unique Approach to Overcoming Stigma and Delivering Care." In Human Dimensions in Military Operations – Military Leaders' Strategies for Addressing Stress and Psychological Support; Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, Canadian Department Of National Defence.". http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA472725. 
  89. ↑ Richardson, J. D.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Operational Stress Injury Social Support: a Canadian innovation in professional peer support". Canadian Military Journal 9: 57–64. http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo9/no1/09-richardson-eng.asp. 
  90. ↑ Eve Byron, "Helena area is home to 1st 'Military Women to Women Peer Support Group’ for those with PTSD," Independent Record, The Billings Gazette, August 3, 2010.
  91. ↑ "MILITARY SUICIDE: Murray Effort to Create Standardized Suicide Prevention Program Signed into Law by President Obama."
  92. ↑ McCabe, O. Lee; Perry, Charlene; Azur, Melissa; Taylor, Henry G.; Bailey, Mark; Links, Johnathan M. (2011). "Psychological first aid training for paraprofessionals: A systems-based model for enhancing capacity of rural emergency responses.". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26 (4): 251–258. doi:10.1017/s1049023x11006297. PMID 22008099. 
  93. ↑ Sledge, W. H.; Lawless, M.; Sells, D.; Wieland, M.; O'Connel, M. J.; Davidson, L. (2011). "Effectiveness of peer support at reducing readmissions of persons with multiple psychiatric hospitalizations.". Psychiatric Services 62 (5): 541–544. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.5.541. PMID 21532082. 
  94. ↑ Grenier, S.; Darte, K.; Heber, A.; Richardson, D. (2007). "The operational stress injury social support program: a peer support program in collaboration between the Canadian Forces and Veterans Affairs Canada.". Combat Stress Injury: Theory, Research, and Management. 
  95. ↑ Davidson, L.; Shahar, G.; Stayner, D. A.; Chinman, M. J.; Rakfeldt, J.; Tebes, J. K. (2004). "Supported socialization for people with psychiatric disabilities: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial.". Journal of Community Psychology 32 (4): 453–477. doi:10.1002/jcop.20013. 
  96. ↑ Jain, S (Aug 2010). "The role of paraprofessionals in providing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in low-resource communities". Journal of the American Medical Association 304 (5): 571–2. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1096. PMID 20682940. 
  97. ↑ Jain, S; McLean, C; Rosen, C (2012). "Is there a role for peer support delivered interventions in the treatment of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder?". Military Medicine 177 (5): 481–3. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00401. PMID 22645871. 
  98. ↑ Joseph, K. M.; Hernandez, J. M.; Jain, S. (2015). "Peer support telephone outreach intervention for veterans with PTSD". Psychiatric Services 66 (9): 1001. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.660903. PMID 26323175. 
  99. ↑ "March On Stress >> TRiM and related research". http://www.marchonstress.com/page/p/trim_articles_and_research. 
  100. ↑ Alam, Md Ashraful; Ahmed, Razu; Sarkar, Shakhawat Hossain (22 May 2023). "Managerial Knowledge and Skills Transfer Practices in Bangladesh" (in en). International Journal of Professional Business Review 8 (5): e02068. doi:10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i5.2068. https://openaccessojs.com/JBReview/article/view/2068?fbclid=IwAR3SH0-rvH-aobL7gKVjc07y46RgL5k5PC1BXcMkCWTtbrpOrMWZH2joy3w. Retrieved 2023-05-22. 
  101. ↑ Agarwal, Bhavya; Brooks, Samantha K.; Greenberg, Neil (2019-09-20). "The Role of Peer Support in Managing Occupational Stress: A Qualitative Study of the Sustaining Resilience at Work Intervention" (in en-US). Workplace Health & Safety 68 (2): 57–64. doi:10.1177/2165079919873934. ISSN 2165-0799. PMID 31538851. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Peer_support&oldid=3432551"