Philosophy:Sentientism
Sentientism is an ethical philosophy according to which moral consideration is based on sentience.[1] It is frequently associated with animal rights philosophy and has recently been discussed as an alternative to speciesism and other methods of determining the moral worth of different individuals.
History
Sentience as a moral criterion has a long history in ethical thought, from philosopher Jeremy Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation[2] in 1780 to contemporary philosophers such as Peter Singer in 1975.[3] Andrew Linzey claims he coined the term sentientism in 1980, as a parallel to speciesism.[1] The first recorded use of the term is in 1991 by Richard D. Ryder.[4]
Philosophy
Relationship to humanism and sentiocentrism
In extending consideration to non-human animals as well as to any potential artificial or alien sentient beings, sentientism can be seen as an extension of or replacement for humanism. As in humanism, supernatural beliefs are rejected in favour of critical, evidence-based thinking.[4][5] According to sentientism, the ability to experience suffering or positive feeling should determine whether we grant moral consideration to an entity.[6]
Writer Jamie Woodhouse draws a distinction between sentiocentrism and sentientism: both grant moral consideration based on sentience, but sentientism, like secular humanism, is explicitly naturalistic across all domains, so it rejects supernatural beliefs of all kinds. Therefore, someone who holds supernatural or religious beliefs while granting moral consideration based on sentience would therefore be a sentiocentrist but not a sentientist, according to Woodhouse.[5]
Relationship to speciesism and animalism
Sentientism differs from anti-speciesism in that it bases moral consideration on sentience and potentially on degrees of sentience, rather than just on rejecting species boundaries. Sentientism is also explicitly naturalistic.[7] Ryder draws a distinction between painism and utilitarianism,[8] both of which rely on the experiences of sentient beings in their ethical calculus.
Woodhouse claims that, as all human beings are animals, sentientism is in agreement with animalism that all sentient animals warrant moral consideration; but sentientism adds that if there exist sentient non-animal beings, such as artificial or alien beings, then they too would warrant moral consideration.[9]
Notable sentientists
Notable scholars who have identified as sentientists or endorse sentience as a primary moral criterion include Diana Fleischman,[10] Peter Singer,[11] Richard D. Ryder,[12] and George Church.[13]
See also
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References
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Linzey, Andrew (1998). "Sentientis m". Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare: 311. https://philpapers.org/rec/LINS-10.
- ↑ Bentham, Jeremy (1780). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Methuen.
- ↑ Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. New York: Random House. 1975. ISBN 978-0-394-40096-9.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ryder, Richard D. (1991). "Souls and Sentientism". Between the Species 7 (1): Article 3. doi:10.15368/bts.1991v7n1.1.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Woodhouse, Jamie (2018-10-07). "Humanism needs an upgrade". https://areomagazine.com/2018/10/07/humanism-needs-an-upgrade-the-philosophy-that-could-save-the-world/.
- ↑ Ryder, Richard D. (1993). "Sentientism". The Great Ape Project: 220–222. https://philpapers.org/rec/RYDS.
- ↑ Ryder, Richard D. (1991). "Souls and Sentientism". Between the Species 7 (1): Article 3. doi:10.15368/bts.1991v7n1.1.
- ↑ Ryder, Richard D. (2009). "Painism versus utilitarianism". Think 8 (21): 85. doi:10.1017/S1477175608000420.
- ↑ Woodhouse, Jamie (2018-11-02). "A Unifying Morality? How is Sentientism Different?". https://medium.com/@jamie.woodhouse/a-unifying-morality-how-is-sentientism-different-8cf4b448388f.
- ↑ "Diana Fleischman". http://www.dianafleischman.com/.
- ↑ Singer, Peter (2009). Animal Liberation. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-171130-5.
- ↑ Ryder, Richard D. (1991). "Souls and Sentientism". Between the Species 7 (1): Article 3. doi:10.15368/bts.1991v7n1.1.
- ↑ Church, George. "A Bill of Rights for the Age of Artificial Intelligence". OneZero. https://onezero.medium.com/a-bill-of-rights-for-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence-d9b1c0e80bac.
Further reading
- Fleischman, Diana. "The Darwin Day Lecture 2018". Humanists UK. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6L6WxwRBnM.
- Fox, Warwick (1995). Toward a Transpersonal Ecology: Developing New Foundations for Environmentalism. SUNY Press. pp. 162, 183, 214. ISBN 9780791427750. https://books.google.com/books?id=05gK9U5c3ywC&q=Sentientism&pg=PA162.
- Hay, Peter R. (2002). Main Currents in Western Environmental Thought. Indiana University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0253340535. https://books.google.com/books?id=bzV1obaQ7fYC.
- Rodogno, Raffaele (2010). "Sentientism, wellbeing, and environmentalism". Journal of Applied Philosophy 27 (1): 84. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2009.00475.x. https://philpapers.org/rec/RODSWA.
- Ingensiep, Hans Werner (1997). "Personalism, Sentientism, Biocentrism". Theory in Biosciences (116): 169. https://www.uni-due.de/~gph220/mains/inhalte/abstr_personalismus.pdf.
- Jamieson, Dale (2008). A Companion to Environmental Philosophy (Sentientism chapter - Gary Varner). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470751657.
- Ryder, Richard D. (2016). "Response to Regan: Sentientism". Between the Species: A Journal of Ethics 7 (2): 115–116. doi:10.15368/bts.1991v7n2.11. https://habricentral.org/resources/55658.
- Singer, Peter (2009). Animal Liberation. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-171130-5.
- Snedecker, Rick. "Sophie the robot may have more human rights than you do". Patheos. https://www.patheos.com/blogs/godzooks/2019/04/sophie-robot-sentientism-atheism/.
- Woodhouse, Jamie (2018-09-25). "Humanism Needs an Upgrade". https://jamiewoodhouse.com/the-philosophy-that-could-save-the-world.
- Woodhouse, Jamie. "Is Sentientism the Philosophy that Could Save the World?". Center for Inquiry. https://secularhumanism.org/2019/04/humanism-needs-an-upgrade-is-sentientism-the-philosophy-that-could-save-the-world/.
- Woodhouse, Jamie. "From Human rights to sentient rights: the next generation of rights thinking". https://www.openglobalrights.org/from-human-rights-to-sentient-rights-the-next-generation-of-rights-thinking/.
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