Physics:Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance

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Short description: Aerial imaging system
A U.S. Civil Air Patrol Gippsland GA8 Airvan aircraft that carries the ARCHER payload
A CAP officer cleans the quartz glass portal of an ARCHER equipped GA8 prior to a mission.
The cabin console

Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance, also known by the acronym ARCHER, is an aerial imaging system that produces ground images far more detailed than plain sight or ordinary aerial photography can.[1] It is the most sophisticated unclassified hyperspectral imaging system available, according to U.S. Government officials.[2] ARCHER can automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the object being sought (such as a missing aircraft),[3] for abnormalities in the surrounding area, or for changes from previous recorded spectral signatures.[4]

It has direct applications for search and rescue, counterdrug, disaster relief and impact assessment, and homeland security, and has been deployed by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) in the US on the Australian-built Gippsland GA8 Airvan fixed-wing aircraft.[2] CAP, the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force , is a volunteer education and public-service non-profit organization that conducts aircraft search and rescue in the US.

Overview

ARCHER is a daytime non-invasive technology, which works by analyzing an object's reflected light. It cannot detect objects at night, underwater, under dense cover, underground, under snow or inside buildings.[5] The system uses a special camera facing down through a quartz glass portal in the belly of the aircraft, which is typically flown at a standard mission altitude of 2,500 feet (760 meters) and 100 knots (50 meters/second) ground speed.[6]

The system software was developed by Space Computer Corporation of Los Angeles and the system hardware is supplied by NovaSol Corp. of Honolulu, Hawaii specifically for CAP.[5][7] The ARCHER system is based on hyperspectral technology research and testing previously undertaken by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).[7] CAP developed ARCHER in cooperation with the NRL, AFRL and the United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center in the largest interagency project CAP has undertaken in its 74-year history.[8]

Since 2003, almost US$5 million authorized under the 2002 Defense Appropriations Act has been spent on development and deployment.[5] (As of January 2007), CAP reported completing the initial deployment of 16 aircraft throughout the U.S. and training over 100 operators, but had only used the system on a few search and rescue missions, and had not credited it with being the first to find any wreckage.[9] In searches in Georgia and Maryland during 2007, ARCHER located the aircraft wreckage, but both accidents had no survivors, according to Col. Drew Alexa, director of advanced technology, and the ARCHER program manager at CAP.[1] An ARCHER equipped aircraft from the Utah Wing of the Civil Air Patrol was used in the search for adventurer Steve Fossett in September 2007.[3][10] ARCHER did not locate Mr. Fossett, but was instrumental in uncovering eight previously uncharted crash sites in the high desert area of Nevada,[11][12] some decades old.[13][14]

Col. Alexa described the system to the press in 2007: "The human eye sees basically three bands of light. The ARCHER sensor sees 50. It can see things that are anomalous in the vegetation such as metal or something from an airplane wreckage."[1] Major Cynthia Ryan of the Nevada Civil Air Patrol, while also describing the system to the press in 2007, stated, "ARCHER is essentially something used by the geosciences. It's pretty sophisticated stuff … beyond what the human eye can generally see,"[15] She elaborated further, "It might see boulders, it might see trees, it might see mountains, sagebrush, whatever, but it goes 'not that' or 'yes, that'. The amazing part of this is that it can see as little as 10 per cent of the target, and extrapolate from there."[16]

In addition to the primary search and rescue mission, CAP has tested additional uses for ARCHER.[17] For example, an ARCHER equipped CAP GA8 was used in a pilot project in Missouri in August 2005 to assess the suitability of the system for tracking hazardous material releases into the environment,[18] and one was deployed to track oil spills in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita in Texas during September 2005.[19]

Since then, in the case of a flight originating in Missouri, the ARCHER system proved its usefulness in October 2006, when it found the wreckage in Antlers, Okla.[20] The National Transportation and Safety Board was extremely pleased with the data ARCHER provided, which was later used to locate aircraft debris spread over miles of rough, wooded terrain. In July 2007, the ARCHER system identified a flood-borne oil spill originating in a Kansas oil refinery, that extended downstream and had invaded previously unsuspected reservoir areas.[21] The client agencies (EPA, Coast Guard, and other federal and state agencies) found the data essential to quick remediation. In September 2008, a Civil Air Patrol GA-8 from Texas Wing searched for a missing aircraft from Arkansas. It was found in Oklahoma, identified simultaneously by ground searchers and the overflying ARCHER system. Rather than a direct find, this was a validation of the system's accuracy and efficacy. In the subsequent recovery, it was found that the ARCHER plotted the debris area with great accuracy.[citation needed]

Technical description

The major ARCHER subsystem components include:[6]

  • advanced hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system with a resolution of one square meter per pixel.
  • panchromatic high-resolution imaging (HRI) camera with a resolution of 8 cm × 8 cm (3.1 in × 3.1 in) per pixel.
  • global positioning system (GPS) integrated with an inertial navigation system (INS)

Hyperspectral imager

The passive hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy remote sensor observes a target in multi-spectral bands. The HSI camera separates the image spectra into 52 "bins" from 500 nanometers (nm) wavelength at the blue end of the visible spectrum to 1100 nm in the infrared, giving the camera a spectral resolution of 11.5 nm.[22] Although ARCHER records data in all 52 bands, the computational algorithms only use the first 40 bands, from 500 nm to 960 nm because the bands above 960 nm are too noisy to be useful.[23] For comparison, the normal human eye will respond to wavelengths from approximately 400 to 700 nm,[24] and is trichromatic, meaning the eye's cone cells only sense light in three spectral bands.

As the ARCHER aircraft flies over a search area, reflected sunlight is collected by the HSI camera lens. The collected light passes through a set of lenses that focus the light to form an image of the ground. The imaging system uses a pushbroom approach to image acquisition. With the pushbroom approach, the focusing slit reduces the image height to the equivalent of one vertical pixel, creating a horizontal line image.

The horizontal line image is then projected onto a diffraction grating, which is a very finely etched reflecting surface that disperses light into its spectra. The diffraction grating is specially constructed and positioned to create a two-dimensional (2D) spectrum image from the horizontal line image. The spectra are projected vertically, i.e., perpendicular to the line image, by the design and arrangement of the diffraction grating.[citation needed]

The 2D spectrum image projects onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) two-dimensional image sensor, which is aligned so that the horizontal pixels are parallel to the image's horizontal. As a result, the vertical pixels are coincident to the spectra produced from the diffraction grating. Each column of pixels receives the spectrum of one horizontal pixel from the original image. The arrangement of vertical pixel sensors in the CCD divides the spectrum into distinct and non-overlapping intervals. The CCD output consists of electrical signals for 52 spectral bands for each of 504 horizontal image pixels.[citation needed]

The on-board computer records the CCD output signal at a frame rate of sixty times each second. At an aircraft altitude of 2,500 ft AGL and a speed of 100 knots, a 60 Hz frame rate equates to a ground image resolution of approximately one square meter per pixel. Thus, every frame captured from the CCD contains the spectral data for a ground swath that is approximately one meter long and 500 meters wide.[23]

High-resolution imager

A high-resolution imaging (HRI) black-and-white, or panchromatic, camera is mounted adjacent to the HSI camera to enable both cameras to capture the same reflected light. The HRI camera uses a pushbroom approach just like the HSI camera with a similar lens and slit arrangement to limit the incoming light to a thin, wide beam. However, the HRI camera does not have a diffraction grating to disperse the incoming reflected light. Instead, the light is directed to a wider CCD to capture more image data. Because it captures a single line of the ground image per frame, it is called a line scan camera. The HRI CCD is 6,144 pixels wide and one pixel high. It operates at a frame rate of 720 Hz. At ARCHER search speed and altitude (100 knots over the ground at 2,500 ft AGL) each pixel in the black-and-white image represents a 3 inch by 3 inch area of the ground. This high resolution adds the capability to identify some objects.[23]

Processing

A monitor in the cockpit displays detailed images in real time, and the system also logs the image and Global Positioning System data at a rate of 30 gigabytes (GB) per hour for later analysis.[1] The on-board data processing system performs numerous real-time processing functions including data acquisition and recording, raw data correction, target detection, cueing and chipping, precision image geo-registration, and display and dissemination of image products and target cue information.[25]

ARCHER has three methods for locating targets:

  • signature matching where reflected light is matched to spectral signatures
  • anomaly detection using a statistical model of the pixels in the image to determine the probability that a pixel does not match the profile,[26] and
  • change detection which executes a pixel-by-pixel comparison of the current image against ground conditions that were obtained in a previous mission over the same area.

In change detection, scene changes are identified, and new, moved or departed targets are highlighted for evaluation.[2] In spectral signature matching, the system can be programmed with the parameters of a missing aircraft, such as paint colors, to alert the operators of possible wreckage.[3] It can also be used to look for specific materials, such as petroleum products or other chemicals released into the environment,[18] or even ordinary items like commonly available blue polyethylene tarpaulins. In an impact assessment role, information on the location of blue tarps used to temporarily repair buildings damaged in a storm can help direct disaster relief efforts; in a counterdrug role, a blue tarp located in a remote area could be associated with illegal activity.[27]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Friess, Steve (2007-09-07). "ARCHER Supervision Camera Takes to Skies in Steve Fossett Search". Wired News (CondéNet, Inc.). https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/09/fossettcamera. "ARCHER … is capable of panchromatic aerial imaging far more detailed than plain sight or ordinary photography can gather.". 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "AFNORTH Air Support Handbook (AFD-070808-022)". Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) Handbook. United States Air Force. 2007-08-01. p. 51. http://www.1af.acc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070808-022.pdf. "The most sophisticated unclassified HyperSpectral imaging system available." 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Fiorino, Frances (September 2007). "Advanced Recon System Aids Fossett Search". Aviation Week. McGraw-Hill. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/Foss09067.xml&headline=Advanced%20Recon%20System%20Aids%20Fossett%20Search&channel=null. "According to CAP, a set of parameters describing the intended target, including its color and shape, is programmed into the ARCHER system." 
  4. ↑ Goodlin, Lt Col Douglas (2007-08-03). Instruction 10-2701 Civil Air Patrol. http://level2.cap.gov/documents/CAP_USAFI_10_2701.pdf. "HSI—Also referred to as 'ARCHER'. HSI is a passive sensor system that observes a target in multi-spectral bands.". 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Alexa, Colonel Drew (August 2005). "Fact Sheet: Civil Air Patrol ARCHER System". Civil Air Patrol. http://atg.cap.gov/downloads/FINAL%20VERSION%20ARCHER%20general%20fact%20sheet.pdf. "HSI is a daytime non-invasive technology, which works by analyzing an object’s reflected light." 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Alexa, Colonel Drew (August 2005). "Fact Sheet: Civil Air Patrol ARCHER System: Technical Specifications". Civil Air Patrol. http://atg.cap.gov/downloads/FINAL%20VERSION%20ARCHER%20Technical%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf. "ARCHER contains an advanced hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system and a panchromatic high-resolution imaging (HRI) camera." 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Stevenson, B.; O'Connor, R.; Kendall, W.; Stocker, A.; Schaff, W.; Alexa, D.; Salvador, J.; Eismann, M. et al. (2005). Shen, Sylvia S.. ed. "Design and performance of the Civil Air Patrol ARCHER hyperspectral processing system". Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI, Proceedings of the SPIE. Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI 5806: 731–742. doi:10.1117/12.604471. Bibcode: 2005SPIE.5806..731S. "Each ARCHER system consists of a NovaSol-designed, pushbroom, visible/near-infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensor, a co-boresighted visible panchromatic high-resolution imaging (HRI) sensor, and a CMIGITS-III GPS/INS unit in an integrated sensor assembly mounted inside the GA-8 cabin. ARCHER incorporates an on-board data processing system developed by Space Computer Corporation (SCC) to perform numerous real-time processing functions including data acquisition and recording, raw data correction, target detection, cueing and chipping, precision image geo-registration, and display and dissemination of image products and target cue information.". 
  8. ↑ Card, Linda. "When information takes flight, AFDW's imagination soars". United States Air Force District of Washington. http://www.afdw.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123028031. 
  9. ↑ Button, Rick; Justice, RDML Wayne (2007-01-18). "Regular Session 1-07" (MS Word). Meeting Minutes. National Search And Rescue Committee. p. 4. http://uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/nsarc/NSARCminutes18Jan07.doc. "Dr. Paul Schuda (CAP) reported that the Civil Air Patrol has completed the initial deployment of sixteen Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Recon…" 
  10. ↑ Friess, Steve (2007-09-07). "Friends Call Missing Aviator Resourceful". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/us/07aviator.html?_r=1&ref=us&oref=slogin. "…a plane from the Utah Wing of the Civil Air Patrol arrived Wednesday with equipment capable of collecting hyperspectral and panchromatic images…" 
  11. ↑ Friess, Steve (2007-09-11). "F.A.A. Urges Pilots to Use a Digital Transmitter". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/us/11fossett.html?_r=1&ref=us&oref=slogin. "While the Archer has not located Mr. Fossett, it has been instrumental in the discovery of at least eight previously unnoticed plane wrecks in the rugged Sierra Nevada region." 
  12. ↑ "Searchers frustrated over Fossett search". USA Today. Associated Press. 2007-09-10. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-09-10-fossett_N.htm. "...search parties have spotted wreckage of eight other airplanes that had been lost for years in and around the rugged mountains of western Nevada." 
  13. ↑ Riley, Brendan (2007-09-08). "Vast, desolate area hinders Fossett search". Monterey Herald. http://www.montereyherald.com/ci_6836636. "…another downed plane Friday that was spotted on a hillside about 45 miles southeast of Reno … turned out to be an old crash, a plane last registered in Oregon in 1975" 
  14. ↑ Lapidos, Juliet (2007-09-11). "Tomb of the Unknown Aircraft: What's up with all the uncharted plane wrecks we're finding around the Sierra Nevada?". Slate Magazine. http://www.slate.com/id/2173735/. "…before the advent of high-tech search gadgets like the ARCHER imaging system, which can identify targets as small as a motorcycle from 2,500 feet away. One of the crash sites that the Fossett team discovered might date to 1964…" 
  15. ↑ Woollard, Rob (2007-09-05). "High-tech plane used in hunt for adventurer Fossett". Agence France-Presse (AFP). Yahoo! News. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hu5Ip6-JjXMirJLN9fHn6oVQkv9A. "'ARCHER is essentially something used by the geosciences,' Ryan said. 'It's pretty sophisticated stuff … beyond what the human eye can generally see.'" 
  16. ↑ "Hi-tech plane searches for Fossett". NEWS.com.au (News Limited). 2007-08-06. http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22371640-23109,00.html. "'It might see boulders, it might see trees, it might see mountains, sagebrush, whatever, but it goes "not that" or "yes, that",' she said."  [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  17. ↑ "ARCHER HSI System". Space Computer Corporation. http://www.spacecomputer.com/systems/archer.html. "CAP has found many additional uses for ARCHER, including missions for homeland security, disaster assessment, and drug interdiction." 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "EPA/MoDNR Pilot Project—Characterizing Environmental Contamination Through Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging". Missouri Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/hwp/hsi/hsi-project.htm. "Missouri Department of Natural Resources ... is pursuing a Pilot Project to evaluate environmental applications of ARCHER ..." 
  19. ↑ "Civil Air Patrol responds". United States Air Force. 2005-09-26. http://www.af.mil/News/Photos.aspx?igphoto=2000578631. "A Gippsland Aeronautics GA-8 'Airvan' … came to West Houston Airport to support the assessment of Hurricane Rita." 
  20. ↑ "3 Bodies Found After Oklahoma Plane Crash; Fourth Victim Still Missing (FOX News)". http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,221505,00.html. 
  21. ↑ 2007 Civil Air Patrol Annual Report to Congress
  22. ↑ "HSI Technology — Glossary". Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for the Non-Scientist. Civil Air Patrol. https://tests.cap.af.mil/ops/archer_training/archer_hsi_tech/glossary.cfm. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "HSI Technology — HSI and HRI Imagery". Civil Air Patrol. https://tests.cap.af.mil/ops/archer_training/archer_hsi_tech/Hyperspectral%20&%20High%20Resolution%20Imagery.cfm. 
  24. ↑ Freudenrich, Craig (10 July 2000). "How Light Works". How Stuff Works. http://www.howstuffworks.com/light2.htm. 
  25. ↑ Stevenson, B.; O'Connor, R.; Kendall, W.; Stocker, A.; Schaff, W.; Alexa, D.; Salvador, J.; Eismann, M. et al. (2005). Shen, Sylvia S.; Lewis, Paul E.. eds. "Design and performance of the Civil Air Patrol ARCHER hyperspectral processing system". Proceedings of SPIE. Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI 5806: 731. doi:10.1117/12.604471. Bibcode: 2005SPIE.5806..731S. "ARCHER incorporates an on-board data processing system developed by Space Computer Corporation (SCC) to perform numerous real-time processing functions…". 
  26. ↑ "CAP's Advanced Technologies Group: Hyperspectral Imaging". Civil Air Patrol, National Headquarters. http://level2.cap.gov/index.cfm?nodeID=5175. "…signature matching (matching reflected light to spectral signatures), anomaly detection (calculates a statistical model of all the pixels in the image to see if there is a probability that a pixel does not fit)." 
  27. ↑ "SCC's Real-time HSI Data Analysis and Visualization Tools". Space Computer Corporation. http://www.spacecomputer.com/tools/online_tools.html. "Tarp in a remote wooded area—useful for counter-drug applications." 

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