Physics:Crisis at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant

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Short description: Nuclear safety concerns at the Zaporizhzhia NPP during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine
Crisis at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant
Part of Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg
Date27 February 2022 – present
Location
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant
Belligerents
 Russia  Ukraine
Template:Campaignbox 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant has become the center of an ongoing nuclear safety crisis, described by Ukraine as an act of nuclear terrorism by Russia .[1]

The plant, which is the largest of its kind in Europe, has seen destruction of its infrastructure via shelling, damage to its power lines, amounting to what Ukrainian authorities call the largest situation of its kind in history. A potential disaster may exceed the scale of previous disasters at nuclear power plants.[2][3]

According to a report by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), "The situation in Ukraine is unprecedented. It is the first time a military conflict has occurred amid the facilities of a large, established nuclear power" program.[4] Nuclear safety expert Attila Aszódi declared that an event similar in type and scale to the Chernobyl disaster is technically and physically not possible in the Zaporizhzhia plant. He called war-going parties' warnings to that effect as "frightening the European public and political decision-makers" and used as political tools. Notwitstanding the previous remark he called for urgent steps to ensure the safety of the plant, including revoking its licence by Ukrainian authorities and if fighting parties considered an artillery attack to the plant an imminent danger, it should be cold shut-down.[5] Georgiy Balakan from Ukraine's Energoatom opined that actions of Russia were intended to "restrain the development of nuclear energy in the world" through means of "nuclear terror", and thus ensure only Russia can develop and use nuclear energy.[6]

Timeline

The plant has been occupied by Russian forces since 3 March 2022. On 5 July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Russian forces arranged a military base in the complex by deploying heavy self-propelled multiple rocket launcher BM-30 Smerch.[7] On 19–20 July, three Ukrainian suicide drones attacked Russian "Grad" launcher and military tents at the site. Ukraine's Ministry of Defense said that three Russian occupiers were killed and twelve injured.[8] The occupation administration was reported as saying that at least eleven employees were injured. An occupation official said the reactors were not damaged and it was unlikely they were the target.[9]

Reactor 2 during the September IAEA inspection

On 3 August 2022, Rafael Grossi, head of the IAEA, expressed grave concerns about the physical integrity of the plant, whether all necessary repairs and maintenance were being done, and the security of nuclear material.[10] A mission to inspect the plant was being planned by the IAEA, waiting on approval by Ukrainian and Russian sides, as well as United Nations authorisation. Energoatom opposed an IAEA visit because "any visit would legitimise Russia's presence there". Occupation official Yevhen Balytskyi invited IAEA to visit to show how the Russians were guarding the facility while Ukrainians were attacking it.[11] On 5 August the 750 kV electrical switchboard at the plant was shelled, causing three transformers to shutdown and one of the three operating reactors to be disconnected from the grid, and triggering its emergency protection system.[12][13]

On 8 August, damage was reported at the plant. Ukrainian authorities said that Russian shelling had damaged three radiation sensors and left a worker hospitalised; Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused Russia of waging "nuclear terror". Local Russian-backed authorities said that Ukrainian forces had hit the site with a multiple rocket launcher, damaging administrative buildings and an area near a nuclear storage facility. UN secretary general Guterres said "any attack to a nuclear plant is a suicidal thing", calling for IAEA inspectors to be given access.[14] Energoatom called for a demilitarised zone around the plant with international peacekeepers deployed.[15]

On 9 August the head of Energoatom said that Russia plans to disconnect the station from the Ukrainian grid and connect it to the Russian grid.[16]

On 11 August, Russia called a meeting of the United Nations Security Council to discuss the situation at the plant. The Russian delegation stated that Ukrainian forces had on 5 August used heavy artillery to shell the plant, and on 6 August attacked with cluster munitions; they supported a visit by the IAEA. The Ukrainian delegation stated that Russia had "staged shelling of the nuclear power plant", that Russia used the plant to shell Ukrainian towns, and they also supported a visit by the IAEA traveling through Ukrainian controlled territory. The United Arab Emirates delegation reiterated that Article 56 of the Geneva Conventions Protocol I outlawed attacks on nuclear electrical-generating stations. Grossi said the situation was "very alarming" but there was no immediate threat to nuclear safety, though the situation could change.[17][18]

Also on 11 August, the plant was shelled several times, including near where radioactive materials were stored. Ukraine said that Russia did the shelling, while Russian officials said that Ukraine did it.[19][20] On 14 August, Zelenskyy accused Russia of stationing troops at the plant to fire at the cities of Nikopol and Marhanets across Kakhovka Reservoir.[21] In the second half of August a video emerged that showed Russian military trucks and armored vehicles parked in buildings that housed generating turbines, later confirmed in the IAEA inspection.[22][13]

IAEA expert mission leaving Vienna on 29 August 2022. Director-General Rafael Grossi at front; Head of the Department of Nuclear Safety and Security Lydie Evrard in long sleeves; Head of the Department of Safeguards Massimo Aparo with white shoelaces.

On 19 August, Russia agreed to allow IAEA inspectors access to the Zaporizhzhia plant from Ukrainian-held territory, after a phone call between the President of France, Emmanuel Macron, and Russian president, Vladimir Putin. A temporary ceasefire around the plant still needed to be agreed for the inspection.[23][24] Russia reported that 12 attacks with over 50 artillery shells explosions had been recorded at the plant and the staff town of Enerhodar, by 18 August.[25]

Also on 19 August, Tobias Ellwood, chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee, said that any deliberate damage to the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant that could cause radiation leaks would be a "breach" of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, according to which an attack on a member state of NATO is considered an attack on all of them. The next day, United States congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak would kill people in NATO countries, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5.[26][27]

Shelling hit coal ash dumps at the neighbouring coal-fired power station on 23 August, and ash was on fire by 25 August. The 750-kV transmission line to the Dniprovska substation, which was the only one of the four 750-kV transmission lines that had not yet been damaged and cut by military action, passes over the ash dumps. At 12:12pm on 25 August the line cut off due to the fire below, disconnecting the plant and its two operating reactors from the national grid for the first time since it started operating in 1985. In response, reactor 5's back-up generators and coolant pumps started up, and reactor 6 reduced generation. Incoming power was still available via the 330-kV line to the substation at the coal-fired station, so the diesel generators were not essential for cooling reactor cores and spent fuel pools. The 750-kV line and reactor 6 resumed operation at 12:29pm, but the line was cut by fire again two hours later. The line, but not the reactors, resumed operation again later that day.[28] On 26 August, one reactor restarted in the afternoon and another in the evening, resuming electricity supplies to the grid.[29]

On 11 September, at 3.14am, the sixth and final reactor was disconnected from the grid, "completely stopping" the plant. The statement from Energoatom said that "Preparations are underway for its cooling and transfer to a cold state".[30]

IAEA inspection

Grossi, Evrard and mission team members at the plant on 1 September 2022

On 29 August, an IAEA expert mission led by Rafael Grossi left Vienna.[31] On 1 September 2022, the IAEA team passed through the frontline in armoured white land cruisers, where they were held at the first check point outside Zaporizhzhia because of shelling reports.[32][33] In the previous few days the staff town of Enerhodar had been under intense shelling. Grossi said he was aware of "increased military activity in the area" but would press ahead with the visit. Russia accused Ukraine of trying to seize the plant that morning with 60 troops crossing the Dnieper river at 6 am local time. Energoatom said Russian shelling of the plant had forced the shutdown of one of the two operating reactors. The IAEA team arrived at 1 pm and commenced the inspection.[33][34][35] Grossi said that the "plant and physical integrity of the plant" had been "violated several times" and that IAEA inspectors would remain at the site.[36][34]

IAEA Director-General Grossi's press conference on 2 September 2022

On 2 September, Russia said IAEA inspectors will be allowed to remain permanently at the nuclear plant.[37] Ukrainian president Zelenskyy criticised the IAEA for not yet calling for the demilitarisation of the plant.[38] At a press conference that evening just after arriving back in Vienna, Grossi said six inspectors had remained at the plant, and two of those would stay permanently. They had been able to see all parts of the plant they requested to see, and the plant's staff worked in an admirable and professional way with the Russian occupier's nuclear experts. He said that some plant staff had decided to leave, while others continue to work; two reactors continue to operate. Physical damage had occurred at the plant, and the level of military operations in the region is increasing and on site there were references to military offensives and counter-offensives which concerns him a lot. He said inspectors would have a stabilising effect, but they could not stop the war or give the plant back to the Ukrainian authorities.[39][40] Energoatom responded by stating the IAEA inspectors were manipulated and lied to by the Russian occupiers.[41]

On 2 September a Russian "Grad" MLRS launchers were filmed firing from the area of the nuclear power plant.[42] Ukraine's armed forces' general staff had said that it carried out precision strikes on 2 September against Russian "three enemy artillery systems as well as a warehouse with ammunition and up to a company of soldiers".[43]

On 3 September, Russia stated that it foiled a landing attempt by Ukrainian force of over 250 marines at about 11 pm that evening by using helicopters and fighter jets, destroying 20 vessels and scattering others.[44][45][46] Details of the landing operation different in time and across the media (TASS reported 15-40 speedboats,[47] Russian MoD reported 7 speedboats[48]), and no photographic or video evidence was presented for the landing, apart from a single video which was later revealed as staged.[49]

In the early hours of 3 September shelling cut the Dniprovska power line, the last working 750 kV power line from the plant, however electricity production continued using a 330 kV reserve power line via the nearby thermal power plant. A reactor was disconnected from the grid in the afternoon, leaving one in operation.[50][46][51] Energoatom said that reactor five had been disconnected from the grid due to "non-stop shelling by occupying Russian forces".[46]

On 5 September, the IAEA reported that more shells hit the plant. The 330 kV reserve power line to the nearby thermal power plant was temporarily disconnected for a fire to be extinguished, with the sole operating reactor provided electricity for safety systems. As planned, four inspectors left leaving the two permanent IAEA inspectors at the plant.[52]

On 7 September Centre for Information Resilience published a report analyzing the available open source footage of the shelling incidents over the last few months and concluded that the evidence such as direction of impact craters indicates the shelling originated from Russia-controlled areas, which is consistent with observed presence of Russian weapons such as MLRS on these areas.[53]

IAEA report

On 6 September, the IAEA issued a report on the nuclear facilities in Ukraine. The report's main conclusion was that the occupation of the plant by Russian armed forces violates all seven pillars of nuclear safety[54][13]

  • In March during the Russian siege of the plant damaged training center, laboratory and administrative building were damaged by projectiles. During following months Russian cruise missiles were observed flying over the plant (but targeted elsewhere). In July Russian troops placed significant amounts of military equipment in the turbine halls of the plant as well as a number of armored vehicles outside. In August shelling damaged nitrogen-oxygen station, external power supplies, switchboards, transformers, spent fuel facility and cabling used by radiation monitoring system. Up to 40 units of military vehicles were located at the plant. A number of other damages were observed by the IAEA plant during 3 September.
  • Russian troops took control over the plant's security and access control systems. IAEA noted that plant's security systems should be operated "as designed and licensed" under Ukrainian legislation, and that presence of military vehicles inside plant violates operations of safety and security equipment of the plant.
  • IAEA noted presence of 11 staff from Rosatom who was demanding daily reports and "confidential information" from the plant's personnel, including details on the plants access control systems, operations, fuel and waste management and administrative procedures, creating "interference with the normal lines of operational command or authority". The situation had negative impact on the plant's staff, who has been working under significant and prolonged stress and pressure which can lead to increased likelihood of human error. IAEA condemned violent acts carried out "at or near the ZNPP or against its staff". The mission also highlighted that the operating staff has limited access to numerous areas of the plant which are controlled by Russian military which hinders ability to repair damages.
  • Up to 40% positions related to physical protection were not staffed, with 907 people currently available for three shifts while normal staffing level was 1230. Insufficient number of fire brigade employees (80 vs normal 150) created a need to increase working shifts from 24 to 48 hours.
  • Two out of four main high-voltage lines were damaged during early occupation of the plant. Later, third line was damaged. IAEA assessed that having in total five external supply lines the plant is safe to operate, but the safety margin has been limited. The plant also has 20 emergency diesel generators, some of which have been used during various shelling incidents damaging parts of the supply system.
  • Supply chains to and from the plant, including fuel, waste and spare parts, were interrupted by the occupation and delivery of spare parts for diesel generators became "extremely difficult" and possible mostly thanks to personal arrangements of the staff. Otherwise material reserves of the plant were sufficient at 98.5%.
  • Apart from 24-hours interruption caused by shelling, the radiation monitoring systems were operating as expected. Plants emergency center has been occupied by the military administration. Communications of the plant management with the Ukraine's nuclear regulator were frequently disrupted and later limited to mobile phone and email channels, subject to interference by the occupying military. No regulatory inspections have been possible since occupation started.

On 15 September IAEA Board of Governors passed resolution calling on Russia to leave the power plant. The resolution was supported by 26 countries and opposed by 2 (Russia and China).[55][56]

Shut down

After the publication of the IAEA report, as shelling of the plant continued, the plant was operating disconnected from the grid in "island mode" for a few days. In that mode the last operational reactor was used to power plant's own safety systems. On 11 September, after grid connection was repaired by the plant's staff, the external power was used to safely shut down that last reactor, after which all plant's reactors are in cold shut down mode which minimizes the risk of damage as Russia refused to create a demilitarized zone around the plant.[57]

References

  1. ↑ "‘Russian nuclear terror’: Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/7/fears-of-disaster-after-ukrainian-nuclear-plant-struck-again. 
  2. ↑ "Російські військові обстрілюють ЗАЕС, щоб знищити її інфраструктуру та відімкнути від енергосистеми України". Енергоатом. https://www.energoatom.com.ua/o-0608221.html. 
  3. ↑ "Місія МАГАТЕ на Запорізьку АЕС має вирушати з Києва, але має бути згода України та Росії ‒ Ґутерріш". Радіо Свобода. 18 August 2022. https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-mahate-kyyiv-z-hoda-rosiyi/31994761.html. 
  4. ↑ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/un-nuclear-watchdog-calls-security-protection-zone-russian-held-zapori-rcna46446. 
  5. ↑ Diaz-Maurin, François (2022-09-02). "A nuclear safety expert's view on the crisis at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant" (in en-US). https://thebulletin.org/2022/09/a-nuclear-safety-experts-view-on-the-crisis-at-the-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant/. 
  6. ↑ "Russia's nuclear terror is aimed at curbing the development of atomic energy on the planet" (in en). https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/russias-nuclear-terror-aimed-curbing-development-atomic-balakan. 
  7. ↑ Hinshaw, Drew; Parkinson, Joe (5 July 2022). "Russian Army Turns Ukraine's Largest Nuclear Plant Into a Military Base". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-army-turns-ukraines-largest-nuclear-plant-into-a-military-base-11657035694. 
  8. ↑ "Ukrainian kamikaze drone hits Russian positions near Zaporizhia NPP". Ukrinform. 22 July 2022. https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3534841-ukrainian-kamikaze-drone-hits-russian-positions-near-zaporizhia-npp.html. 
  9. ↑ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (20 July 2022). "'Kamikaze drones' strike Russian-controlled Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/07/20/ukrainian-kamikaze-drones-strike-russian-controlled-zaporizhzhia/. 
  10. ↑ Lederer, Edith M. (3 August 2022). "UN nuclear chief: Ukraine nuclear plant is 'out of control'". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-science-accidents-d2e0077af104f2692b76f737c58e1984. 
  11. ↑ Allen, Claudia; Jackson, Patrick (3 August 2022). "Ukraine war: IAEA says Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant out of control" (in en). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62412429. 
  12. ↑ "Update 88 – IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine". IAEA. 6 August 2022. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/update-88-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards in Ukraine: 28 April - 5 September 2022". IAEA. 6 September 2022. pp. 13–16, 46–48. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/22/09/ukraine-2ndsummaryreport_sept2022.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Koshiw, Isobel (8 August 2022). "Attack on Ukraine nuclear plant 'suicidal', says UN chief as he urges access to site". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/08/ukraine-nuclear-plant-attack-suicidal-un-chief-zaporizhzhia-russia. 
  15. ↑ Zinets, Natalia; Hunder, Max (8 August 2022). "Ukraine calls for demilitarised zone around nuclear plant hit by shelling". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-chief-demands-international-access-ukraine-nuclear-plant-after-new-attack-2022-08-08/. 
  16. ↑ "Russia to connect Zaporizhzhia NPP to Russian-controlled power grid in Crimea". Ukrainska Pravda. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/08/9/7362536/. 
  17. ↑ "In quotes: UN Security Council discusses Zaporizhzhia". World Nuclear News. 12 August 2022. https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/In-quotes-UN-Security-Council-discusses-Zaporizhzh. 
  18. ↑ "Situation at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant 'Very Alarming', International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Tells Security Council" (Press release). United Nations. 11 August 2022. SC/14996. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "Ukraine, Russia blame each other for shelling of nuclear plant". Reuters. 12 August 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-energoatom-says-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-shelled-again-2022-08-11/. 
  20. ↑ "Росіяни 4 рази за день обстріляли ЗАЕС і околиці – Енергоатом" (in uk). Ukrayinska Pravda. 11 August 2022. https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/08/11/7362846/index.amp. 
  21. ↑ "Live: Zelensky accuses Russian soldiers of staging attacks from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" (in en). 2022-08-14. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220814-live-ukraine-russia-accuse-each-other-of-nuclear-plant-strikes. 
  22. ↑ Trevithick, Joseph (18 August 2022). "Russian Military Vehicles Inside Sensitive Building At Ukraine Nuke Plant". The Drive. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russian-military-vehicles-inside-sensitive-building-at-ukraine-nuke-plant. 
  23. ↑ Murphy, Matt. "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant - Putin". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62613013. 
  24. ↑ Mallet, Victor; Olearchyk, Roman; Schwartz, Felicia (19 August 2022). "Putin and Macron agree IAEA mission to Ukraine nuclear plant". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/07dab483-67a8-47df-bc84-fe3cddbebe30. 
  25. ↑ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy". Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022. https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsgrowing-concern-about-zaporizhzya-npp-sparks-international-diplomacy-9944011. 
  26. ↑ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP". Charter 97. 20 August 2022. https://charter97.org/en/news/2022/8/20/512116/. 
  27. ↑ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant". Ukrainska Pravda. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/08/20/7364116/. 
  28. ↑ Fairley, Peter (26 August 2022). "Fitful Ukrainian nuclear plant stokes powerful fears". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/ukraine-nuclear-power-plant-fears. 
  29. ↑ "Russian-held nuclear plant resumes electricity supply to Ukraine - Energoatom" (in en). Reuters. 2022-08-26. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-one-reactor-nuclear-plant-reconnects-its-grid-2022-08-26/. 
  30. ↑ "Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant halts operations in Ukraine" (in en-AU). ABC News. 2022-09-11. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-11/zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-halts-operations-in-ukraine/101427770. 
  31. ↑ "IAEA Expert Mission (02011233)". IAEA Imagebank. 29 August 2022. https://www.flickr.com/photos/iaea_imagebank/52318947815/in/album-72177720301653565/. 
  32. ↑ Balmforth, Tom (1 September 2022). "UN inspectors reach Ukraine nuclear plant after shelling causes delay". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-team-inspect-ukrainian-nuclear-plant-mission-avert-disaster-2022-09-01/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "IAEA team begins inspection of Zaporizhzhia NPP; Grossi leaves after a few hours". Nuclear Engineering International. 1 September 2022. https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsiaea-team-begins-inspection-of-zaporizhzhia-npp-grossi-leaves-after-a-few-hours-9971589. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Wright, George (1 September 2022). "Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant: UN experts make first inspection". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62757024. 
  35. ↑ "Ukraine war: Explosion near Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant". Sky News. 1 September 2022. https://news.sky.com/video/ukraine-war-explosion-near-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-12687040. 
  36. ↑ Reuters (2022-09-01). "IAEA chief Grossi leaves Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant, 5 representatives remain- Ukraine's Energoatom" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/iaea-chief-grossi-leaves-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant-5-representatives-remain-2022-09-01/. 
  37. ↑ "Russia lets UN inspectors stay permanently at nuclear plant". BBC News. 2 September 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-62763523. 
  38. ↑ Miner, Louise (2 September 2022). "Ukraine war: Zelenskyy hits out over nuclear watchdog's visit to Zaporizhzhia plant". AFP. https://www.euronews.com/2022/09/02/zelenskyy-slams-iaea-over-avoiding-demilitarisation-talks-during-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plan. 
  39. ↑ (2022-09-02) Press Conference with IAEA Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi. IAEA. 2 September 2022. Event occurs at 32m55s-33m58s,18m15s-19m40s,45m45s-46m12s,28m26s-29m55s,39m00s-42m30s. Retrieved 2 September 2022 – via YouTube.
  40. ↑ Koshiw, Isobel; Borgerin, Julian; Lock, Samantha (2 September 2022). "Physical integrity of Zaporizhzhia plant 'violated', says UN nuclear chief". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/02/ukraine-zaporizhzhia-power-plant-physical-integrity-violated-un-nuclear-chief-says. 
  41. ↑ "Russians lie and hinder activities of IAEA mission at Zaporizhzhia NPP – Energoatom". 3 September 2022. https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3562907-russians-lie-and-hinder-activities-of-iaea-mission-at-zaporizhzhia-npp-energoatom.html. 
  42. ↑ "Russian MLRS firing from Zaporizhzhia NPP site (VIDEO)" (in ru). https://theins.info/en/news/254677. 
  43. ↑ Ljunggren, David (2 September 2022). "Ukraine says it hit targets in region where IAEA team is working". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-it-hit-targets-region-where-iaea-team-is-working-2022-09-02/. 
  44. ↑ "Russia says it foiled Ukrainian attempt to seize nuclear plant". Reuters. 3 September 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-foiled-ukrainian-attempt-seize-nuclear-plant-2022-09-03/. 
  45. ↑ Fisch, Yesica; Kozlowska, Joanna (3 September 2022). "Ukraine's nuclear plant partly goes offline amid fighting". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraines-nuclear-plant-offline-amid-fighting-89262466. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant: Link lost to main power line". BBC News. 3 September 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62782497. 
  47. ↑ "Over 15 boats with armed people on way to Energodar from Ukraine — official". https://tass.com/world/1501997. 
  48. ↑ "Russian Defence Ministry report on the progress of the special military operation in Ukraine". https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12436488@egNews. 
  49. ↑ Brugen, Isabel van (2022-09-07). "Ukraine soldiers pretend to be dead to trick Russians in video" (in en). https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-soldiers-dead-trick-russians-video-1740532. 
  50. ↑ "Ukraine: Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant knocked offline again". The Guardian. Associated Press. 3 September 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/03/ukraine-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant-knocked-offline-again. 
  51. ↑ "Update 97 – IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine". IAEA. 3 September 2022. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/update-97-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine. 
  52. ↑ "Update 98 – IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine". IAEA. 5 September 2022. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/update-98-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine. 
  53. ↑ CIR (2022-09-07). "Danger Zone: How Russia is risking nuclear disaster at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" (in en). https://www.info-res.org/post/danger-zone-how-russia-is-risking-nuclear-disaster-at-the-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant. 
  54. ↑ "Factbox: Seven recommendations the IAEA makes in its Ukraine report". Reuters. 6 September 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/seven-recommendations-iaea-makes-its-ukraine-report-2022-09-06/. 
  55. ↑ "IAEA board passes resolution calling on Russia to leave Zaporizhzhia". Reuters. September 15, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-09-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20220921044218/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/iaea-board-passes-resolution-calling-russia-leave-zaporizhzhia-2022-09-15/. 
  56. ↑ "The safety, security and safeguards implications of the situation in Ukraine. Resolution adopted on 15 September 2022 during the 1647th session". IAEA Board of Governors. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/22/09/gov2022-58.pdf. 
  57. ↑ "Putin and Macron trade blame over risk at Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" (in en). 2022-09-11. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/11/reactor-ukraine-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant-shut-down-operator. 




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