Physics:Dermatoscopy

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Short description: Medical examination of the skin
Dermatoscopy
Dermatoscope1.JPG
Immersion oil dermatoscope.
MeSHD046169
Polarized light dermatoscope.

Dermatoscopy also known as dermoscopy[1] or epiluminescence microscopy, is the examination of skin lesions with a dermatoscope. It is a tool similar to a camera to allow for inspection of skin lesions unobstructed by skin surface reflections. The dermatoscope consists of a magnifier, a light source (polarized or non-polarized), a transparent plate and sometimes a liquid medium between the instrument and the skin. The dermatoscope is often handheld, although there are stationary cameras allowing the capture of whole body images in a single shot. When the images or video clips are digitally captured or processed, the instrument can be referred to as a digital epiluminescence dermatoscope. The image is then analyzed automatically and given a score indicating how dangerous it is. This technique is useful to dermatologists and skin cancer practitioners in distinguishing benign from malignant (cancerous) lesions, especially in the diagnosis of melanoma.

Types

There are two main types of dermatoscopes, hand held portable and stationary mounted type.

A hand held dermatoscope is composed of a transilluminating light source and a magnifying optic (usually a 10-fold magnification). There are three main modes of dermatoscopy:[2]

  • Nonpolarized light, contact [1]
  • Polarized light, contact [2]
  • Polarized light, noncontact [3]

Polarized light allows for visualization of deeper skin structures, while non-polarized light provide information about the superficial skin. Most modern dermatoscopes allow the user to toggle between the two modes, which provide complementary information. Others may also allow the user to have different zoom levels and color overlay.

A stationary type allows a full body image to be captured in one snap. It is then transferred into image analysis algorithms that generates a three dimensional model of the person. Lesions on the person are marked and analyzed using Artificial intelligence.

Advantages

With doctors who are experts in dermatoscopy, the diagnostic accuracy for melanoma is significantly better than those who do not have any specialized training.[3] Thus, there is considerable improvement in the sensitivity (detection of melanomas) as well as specificity (percentage of non-melanomas correctly diagnosed as benign), compared with naked eye examination. The accuracy by dermatoscopy was increased up to 20% in the case of sensitivity and up to 10% in the case of specificity, compared with naked eye examination.[4][5] By using dermatoscopy the specificity is thereby increased, reducing the frequency of unnecessary surgical excisions of benign lesions.[6][7]

Applications

  1. The typical application of dermatoscopy is early detection of melanoma (see above)
  2. Digital dermatoscopy (videodermatoscopy) is used for monitoring skin lesions suspicious of melanoma. Digital dermatoscopy images are stored and compared to images obtained during the patient's next visit. Suspicious changes in such a lesion are an indication for excision. Skin lesions, which appear unchanged over time are considered benign.[8][9] Common systems for digital dermoscopy are Fotofinder, Molemax, DermoGenius, Easyscan and HEINE.
  3. Aid in the diagnosis of skin tumors - such as basal cell carcinomas,[10] squamous cell carcinomas,[11] cylindromas,[12] dermatofibromas, angiomas, seborrheic keratosis and many other common skin tumors have classical dermatoscopic findings.[13]
  4. Aid in the diagnosis of scabies and pubic louse. By staining the skin with India ink, a dermatoscope can help identify the location of the mite in the burrow, facilitating scraping of the scabetic burrow. By magnifying pubic louse, it allows for rapid diagnosis of the difficult to see small insects.[14][15]
  5. Aid in the diagnosis of warts. By allowing a physician to visualize the structure of a wart, to distinguish it from corn, callouses, trauma, or foreign bodies. By examining warts at late stages of treatment, to assure that therapy is not stopped prematurely due to difficult to visualize wart structures.
  6. Aid in the diagnosis of fungal infections. To differentiate "black dot" tinea, or tinea capitis (fungal scalp infection) from alopecia areata.[16]
  7. Aid in the diagnosis of hair and scalp diseases, such as alopecia areata,[17] female androgenic alopecia,[18] monilethrix,[19] Netherton syndrome,[20] and woolly hair syndrome.[21] Dermoscopy of hair and scalp is called trichoscopy.[22][23]
  8. Determination of surgical margin of hard to define skin cancers. Examples would be Bowen's disease, superficial basal cell carcinomas, and lentigo malignas. These tumors have very indistinct margins. By allowing the surgeon to correctly identify the true extent of the tumor, repeat surgery often is decreased.
  9. Differentiation of tinea nigra from malignant melanoma or junctional melanocytic nevus.[24]

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is used to automatically distinguish benign from malignant (cancerous) lesions.[25] Modern software technology allows the usage of databases to aid in this process.[26][27] Patients will consent their lesion pictures to be stored in a database which acts as an archive and allow artificial intelligence programs to compare newly taken ones. The program then compares key features of a new image with known features of benign and malignant lesions. Oftentimes a score is given to a specific lesion, indicating how dangerous and likely it is to be a malignant lesion. It is then flagged for further examination through a dermatologist. This speeds up the diagnosis process.

One limit is that since not many patients get their lesions documented, the sample size is minuscule compared to what an AI needs.

Proposed solutions include generating synthetic images of skin lesions to improve the algorithm. Then, the AI needs to differentiate whether the sample came from the synthetic samples or from real data sets. It needs to minimize the probability that it will predict its outputs as fake while also maximizing its probability to correctly distinguish between real and fake samples.[28]

History

Skin surface microscopy started in 1663 by Johan Christophorous Kolhaus and was improved with the addition of immersion oil in 1878 by Ernst Abbe.[29] The German dermatologist, Johann Saphier, added a built-in light source to the instrument. Leon Goldman was the first dermatologist to coin the term "dermascopy" and to use the dermatoscope to evaluate pigmented cutaneous lesions.

In 1989 dermatologists from the Ludwigs-Maximilian-University of Munich developed a new device for dermoscopy. A team of physicians led by Professor Otto Braun-Falco in collaboration with the medical device manufacturer HEINE Optotechnik developed a dermatoscope, which was hand-held and illuminated by a halogen lamp. It also featured an achromatic lens with a 10-fold magnification. To reduce light reflection the lesion was covered with immersion oil. This dermatoscope helped to diagnose pigmented skin lesions more quickly and easily. The approach was confirmed by Wilhelm Stolz et al. from the Department of Dermatology and Allergology of the University of Munich and published in the "Lancet"(1989).[30]

At the Medical University of Vienna a dermatoscope based on cross-polarization was invented and patented, a methodology further used in digital dermatoscopes such as the MoleMax device or by FotoFinder. Following, in 2001, a California medical device manufacturer, 3Gen, introduced the first polarized handheld dermatoscope, the DermLite. Polarized illumination, coupled with a cross-polarised viewer, reduces (polarised) skin surface reflection, thus allowing visualisation of skin structures (the light from which is depolarised) without using an immersion fluid. Examination of several lesions is thus more convenient because physicians no longer have to stop and apply immersion oil, alcohol, or water to the skin before examining each lesion. With the marketing of polarised dermatoscopes, dermatoscopy increased in popularity among physicians worldwide. Although images produced by polarised light dermatoscopes are slightly different from those produced by a traditional skin contact glass dermatoscope, they have certain advantages, such as vascular patterns not being potentially missed through compression of the skin by a glass contact plate.[31]

Due to the fairly standardised imaging, and limited amount of diagnoses compared to clinical dermatology, dermatoscopic images became one center of interest for automated medical image analysis. While in the past decades computer vision algorithms and hardware-based method were used[32][33] large standardized public image collections such as HAM10000[34] enabled application of convolutional neural networks. The latter approach has now shown experimental evidence of human-level accuracy in larger/international,[35][36][37] [38] and smaller/local trials,[39][40][41] but this application is not without dispute.[42][43]

Capture procedure

Full-body capture

  • The patient will stand on a designated spot for full-body imaging. Then, devices such as the WB360[44] will fire all of its cameras at the same time, capturing a snapshot of the patient’s entire body in one singular motion.
  • The camera then proceeds to send the pictures to a backend software, where it compiles and generates a three dimensional render of the patient.
  • The three-dimensional model is often viewable in applications provided by the device.
  • Most modern software[45] will also use computer vision algorithms and neural networks to automatically find and analyze each lesion on the patient's body. A list of lesions is then provided, allowing doctors and nurses to have the freedom to see a patient’s lesion(s) of interest on their rendered model or in a readily provided list for ease of navigation.
  • Most modern software will also allow users to add single lesion close up shots with a regular dermatoscopy to a specific lesion for better image quality. Oftentimes a nurse will go through all the lesions provided by the three dimensional model and then capture close ups for those that seemed suspicious or malignant.

References

  1. ↑ Berk-Krauss, Juliana; Laird, Mary E. (2017-12-01). "What's in a Name—Dermoscopy vs Dermatoscopy". JAMA Dermatology 153 (12): 1235. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3905. ISSN 2168-6068. PMID 29238835. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3905. 
  2. ↑ Argenziano, G; Soyer, HP (July 2001). "Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions--a valuable tool for early diagnosis of melanoma.". The Lancet. Oncology 2 (7): 443–9. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(00)00422-8. PMID 11905739. 
  3. ↑ Lorentzen, H; Weismann, K; Petersen, CS; Larsen, FG; Secher, L; Skødt, V (1999). "Clinical and dermatoscopic diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Assessed by expert and non-expert groups". Acta Dermato-Venereologica 79 (4): 301–4. doi:10.1080/000155599750010715. PMID 10429989. 
  4. ↑ Vestergaard, ME; Macaskill, P; Holt, PE; Menzies, SW (2008). "Dermoscopy compared with naked eye examination for the diagnosis of primary melanoma: a meta-analysis of studies performed in a clinical setting". British Journal of Dermatology 159 (3): 669–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08713.x. PMID 18616769. Argenziano, G; Fabbrocini, G; Carli, P; De Giorgi, V; Sammarco, E; Delfino, M (1998). "Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis". Archives of Dermatology 134 (12): 1563–70. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.12.1563. PMID 9875194. 
  5. ↑ Ascierto, P.A.; Palmieri, G.; Celentano, E.; Parasole, R.; Caraco, C.; Daponte, A.; Chiofalo, M.G.; Melucci, M.T. et al. (2000). "Sensitivity and specificity of epiluminescence microscopy: evaluation on a sample of 2731 excised cutaneous pigmented lesions". British Journal of Dermatology 142 (5): 893–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03468.x. PMID 10809845. http://www.bcbstx.com/provider/pdf/medicalpolicies/medicine/201-023.pdf[unreliable source?][yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  6. ↑ Bono, A; Bartoli, C; Cascinelli, N; Lualdi, M; Maurichi, A; Moglia, D; Tragni, G; Tomatis, S et al. (2002). "Melanoma detection. A prospective study comparing diagnosis with the naked eye, dermatoscopy and telespectrophotometry". Dermatology 205 (4): 362–6. doi:10.1159/000066436. PMID 12444332. 
  7. ↑ "Crutchfield Dermatology". Crutchfield Dermatology. http://www.crutchfielddermatology.com/news_media_press_moles.asp. 
  8. ↑ Argenziano, G; Mordente, I; Ferrara, G; Sgambato, A; Annese, P; Zalaudek, I (2008). "Dermoscopic monitoring of melanocytic skin lesions: clinical outcome and patient compliance vary according to follow-up protocols". The British Journal of Dermatology 159 (2): 331–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08649.x. PMID 18510663. 
  9. ↑ Roma, Paolo; Savarese, Imma; Martino, Antonia; Martino, Domenico; Annese, Pietro; Capoluongo, Patrizio; Mordente, Ines; Nicolino, Rachele et al. (2007). "Slow-growing melanoma: Report of five cases". Journal of Dermatological Case Reports 1 (1): 1–3. doi:10.3315/jdcr.2007.1.1001. PMID 21886697. 
  10. ↑ Scalvenzi, M; Lembo, S; Francia, MG; Balato, A (2008). "Dermoscopic patterns of superficial basal cell carcinoma". International Journal of Dermatology 47 (10): 1015–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03731.x. PMID 18986346. 
  11. ↑ Felder, S; Rabinovitz, H; Oliviero, M; Kopf, A (2006). "Dermoscopic differentiation of a superficial basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in situ". Dermatologic Surgery 32 (3): 423–5. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32085.x. PMID 16640692. 
  12. ↑ Sicinska, Justyna; Rakowska, Adriana; Czuwara-Ladykowska, Joanna; Mroz, Andrzej; Lipinski, Marcin; Nasierowska-Guttmejer, Anna; Sikorska, Jolanta; Sklinda, Katarzyna et al. (2007). "Cylindroma transforming into basal cell carcinoma in a patient with Brooke-Spiegler syndrome". Journal of Dermatological Case Reports 1 (1): 4–9. doi:10.3315/jdcr.2007.1.1002. PMID 21886698. 
  13. ↑ Campos-Do-Carmo, G; Ramos-E-Silva, M (2008). "Dermoscopy: basic concepts". International Journal of Dermatology 47 (7): 712–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03556.x. PMID 18613881. 
  14. ↑ Wu, Ming-Yun; Hu, Shu-Lin; Hsu, Che-Hao (June 2008). "Use of Non-contact Dermatoscopy in the Diagnosis of Scabies". Dermatol Sinica: 112–4. http://www.dermatol-sinica.com/admin/upload/page_four/download-1.asp?File=200863053750.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  15. ↑ Chuh, A; Lee, A; Wong, W; Ooi, C; Zawar, V (2007). "Diagnosis of Pediculosis pubis: a novel application of digital epiluminescence dermatoscopy". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 21 (6): 837–8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02040.x. PMID 17567326. 
  16. ↑ Slowinska, M; Rudnicka, L; Schwartz, RA; Kowalska-Oledzka, E; Rakowska, A; Sicinska, J; Lukomska, M; Olszewska, M et al. (2008). "Comma hairs: a dermatoscopic marker for tinea capitis: a rapid diagnostic method". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 59 (5 Suppl): S77–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.009. PMID 19119131. 
  17. ↑ Inui, S; Nakajima, T; Itami, S (2008). "Significance of dermoscopy in acute diffuse and total alopecia of the female scalp: review of twenty cases". Dermatology 217 (4): 333–6. doi:10.1159/000155644. PMID 18799878. 
  18. ↑ Rakowska, A. (2008). "Trichoscopy criteria for diagnosing female androgenic alopecia". Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2008.1913.1. http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1913/version/1. 
  19. ↑ Rakowska, A; Slowinska, M; Czuwara, J; Olszewska, M; Rudnicka, L (2007). "Dermoscopy as a tool for rapid diagnosis of monilethrix". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 6 (2): 222–4. PMID 17373184. 
  20. ↑ Rakowska, A; Kowalska-Oledzka, E; Slowinska, M; Rosinska, D; Rudnicka, L (2009). "Hair shaft videodermoscopy in netherton syndrome". Pediatric Dermatology 26 (3): 320–2. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00778.x. PMID 19706096. 
  21. ↑ Rakowska, Adriana; Slowinska, Monika; Kowalska-Oledzka, Elzbieta; Rudnicka, Lidia (2008). "Trichoscopy in genetic hair shaft abnormalities". Journal of Dermatological Case Reports 2 (2): 14–20. doi:10.3315/jdcr.2008.1009. PMID 21886705. 
  22. ↑ "Trichoscopy: a new method for diagnosing hair loss". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 7 (7): 651–4. July 2008. PMID 18664157. 
  23. ↑ "Trichoscopy (hair and scalp videodermoscopy) in the healthy female. Method standardization and norms for measurable parameters". J Dermatol Case Rep 3 (1): 14–19. 2008. doi:10.3315/jdcr.2008.1021. PMID 21886722. 
  24. ↑ Guarenti, IM; Almeida HL, Jr; Leitão, AH; Rocha, NM; Silva, RM (2013). "Scanning electron microscopy of tinea nigra.". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 89 (2): 334–6. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142780. PMID 24770516. 
  25. ↑ Dinnes, Jacqueline; Deeks, Jonathan J.; Chuchu, Naomi; Ferrante di Ruffano, Lavinia; Matin, Rubeta N.; Thomson, David R.; Wong, Kai Yuen; Aldridge, Roger Benjamin et al. (2018-12-04). "Dermoscopy, with and without visual inspection, for diagnosing melanoma in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 (12): CD011902. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011902.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 30521682. 
  26. ↑ Kassem, Mohamed A.; Hosny, Khalid M.; Damaševičius, Robertas; Eltoukhy, Mohamed Meselhy (2021-07-31). "Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods for Skin Lesion Classification and Diagnosis: A Systematic Review". Diagnostics 11 (8): 1390. doi:10.3390/diagnostics11081390. ISSN 2075-4418. PMID 34441324. 
  27. ↑ Celebi, M. Emre; Mendonça, Teresa; Marques, Jorge S. (March 9, 2018). Dermoscopy Image Analysis (1st ed.). CRC Press. 
  28. ↑ La Salvia, Marco; Torti, Emanuele; Leon, Raquel; Fabelo, Himar; Ortega, Samuel; Martinez-Vega, Beatriz; Callico, Gustavo M.; Leporati, Francesco (January 2022). "Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks to Enhance Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Skin Cancer Application" (in en). Sensors 22 (16): 6145. doi:10.3390/s22166145. ISSN 1424-8220. PMID 36015906. Bibcode: 2022Senso..22.6145L. 
  29. ↑ Katz, Brian; Rabinovitz, Harold S. (April 2001). "INTRODUCTION TO DERMOSCOPY". Dermatologic Clinics 19 (2): 221–258. doi:10.1016/S0733-8635(05)70263-1. 
  30. ↑ Stolz, Wilhelm (1989). "Skin Surface Microscopy". The Lancet 334 (8667): 864–865. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)93027-4. PMID 2571785. 
  31. ↑ "Non-contact dermatoscopic device with full polarization control and liquid lens based autofocus function". https://www.dgao-proceedings.de/download/119/119_b4.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Dreiseitl, S; Binder, M; Hable, K; Kittler, H (June 2009). "Computer versus human diagnosis of melanoma: evaluation of the feasibility of an automated diagnostic system in a prospective clinical trial.". Melanoma Research 19 (3): 180–4. doi:10.1097/CMR.0b013e32832a1e41. PMID 19369900. 
  33. ↑ Dick, V; Sinz, C; Mittlböck, M; Kittler, H; Tschandl, P (19 June 2019). "Accuracy of Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Melanoma: A Meta-analysis.". JAMA Dermatology 155 (11): 1291–1299. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.1375. PMID 31215969. 
  34. ↑ Tschandl, P; Rosendahl, C; Kittler, H (14 August 2018). "The HAM10000 dataset, a large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions.". Scientific Data 5: 180161. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.161. PMID 30106392. Bibcode: 2018NatSD...580161T. 
  35. ↑ Tschandl, P; Codella, N; Akay, BN; Argenziano, G; Braun, RP; Cabo, H; Gutman, D; Halpern, A et al. (July 2019). "Comparison of the accuracy of human readers versus machine-learning algorithms for pigmented skin lesion classification: an open, web-based, international, diagnostic study.". The Lancet. Oncology 20 (7): 938–947. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30333-X. PMID 31201137. 
  36. ↑ Tschandl, P; Rosendahl, C; Akay, BN; Argenziano, G; Blum, A; Braun, RP; Cabo, H; Gourhant, JY et al. (1 January 2019). "Expert-Level Diagnosis of Nonpigmented Skin Cancer by Combined Convolutional Neural Networks.". JAMA Dermatology 155 (1): 58–65. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4378. PMID 30484822. 
  37. ↑ Marchetti, MA; Codella, NCF; Dusza, SW; Gutman, DA; Helba, B; Kalloo, A; Mishra, N; Carrera, C et al. (February 2018). "Results of the 2016 International Skin Imaging Collaboration International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging challenge: Comparison of the accuracy of computer algorithms to dermatologists for the diagnosis of melanoma from dermoscopic images.". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 78 (2): 270–277.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.016. PMID 28969863. 
  38. ↑ Haenssle, HA; Fink, C; Toberer, F; Winkler, J; Stolz, W; Deinlein, T; Hofmann-Wellenhof, R; Lallas, A et al. (January 2020). "Man against machine reloaded: performance of a market-approved convolutional neural network in classifying a broad spectrum of skin lesions in comparison with 96 dermatologists working under less artificial conditions.". Annals of Oncology 31 (1): 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2019.10.013. PMID 31912788. 
  39. ↑ Tschandl, P; Kittler, H; Argenziano, G (September 2017). "A pretrained neural network shows similar diagnostic accuracy to medical students in categorizing dermatoscopic images after comparable training conditions.". The British Journal of Dermatology 177 (3): 867–869. doi:10.1111/bjd.15695. PMID 28569993. 
  40. ↑ Yu, C; Yang, S; Kim, W; Jung, J; Chung, KY; Lee, SW; Oh, B (2018). "Acral melanoma detection using a convolutional neural network for dermoscopy images.". PLOS ONE 13 (3): e0193321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193321. PMID 29513718. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1393321Y. 
  41. ↑ Esteva, A; Kuprel, B; Novoa, RA; Ko, J; Swetter, SM; Blau, HM; Thrun, S (2 February 2017). "Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks.". Nature 542 (7639): 115–118. doi:10.1038/nature21056. PMID 28117445. Bibcode: 2017Natur.542..115E. 
  42. ↑ Lallas, A; Argenziano, G (October 2018). "Artificial intelligence and melanoma diagnosis: ignoring human nature may lead to false predictions.". Dermatology Practical & Conceptual 8 (4): 249–251. doi:10.5826/dpc.0804a01. PMID 30479851. 
  43. ↑ Navarrete-Dechent, C; Dusza, SW; Liopyris, K; Marghoob, AA; Halpern, AC; Marchetti, MA (October 2018). "Automated Dermatological Diagnosis: Hype or Reality?". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 138 (10): 2277–2279. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.040. PMID 29864435. 
  44. ↑ "VECTRA WB360 Imaging System | Canfield Scientific". https://www.canfieldsci.com/imaging-systems/vectra-wb360-imaging-system/. 
  45. ↑ "DermaGraphix | Canfield Scientific". https://www.canfieldsci.com/imaging-systems/dermagraphix/. 

External links



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