Physics:Forging temperature
Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by forging.[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. For most metals, forging temperature is approximately 70% of the absolute temperature (usually measured in kelvins) of its melting point.[citation needed]
Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.[3]
| Material | Forging Temperature | Melting point[lower-alpha 1] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Celsius | Fahrenheit | °C | |
| Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content | 1230[2] | 2246 | ~1425-1540 |
| Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) | 1150 | 2102 | ~1400-1530 |
| Stainless steel (Magnetic) | 1095 | 2003 | ~1400-1530 |
| Nickel | 1095 | 2003 | 1453 |
| Titanium | 955 | 1751 | 1660 |
| Copper | 900 | 1652 | 1083 |
| Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc) | 815 | 1499 | ~900-940 |
| Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) | 900 to 419.53 | 1652 to 787.154 | ~950 |
| Aluminium | 300 - 480[4] | 600 - 900 | 660 |
| Zinc | 419.53 | 787.154 | 420 |
| Lead | 327.46 | 621.428 | 327 |
| Iron[5] | 1371 | 2500 | 1535 |
| Tin | 231.93 | 449.474 | 232 |
See also
Notes
- ↑ The temperatures of alloys vary depending on the ration of metals mixture
References
- ↑ "Metals - Melting Temperatures". The Engineering ToolBox. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/melting-temperature-metals-d_860.html.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Forging of Carbon Steels". Metal Pass. http://www.metalpass.com/metaldoc/paper.aspx?docID=237.
- ↑ Irani, M.; Karimi Taheri, A. (2008). "Effect of forging temperature on homogeneity of microstructure and hardness of precision forged steel spur gear". Materials Chemistry and Physics 112 (3): 1099–1105. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.044. http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/F2010/EP1/Materials4Students/Quinn/Irani2008.pdf.
- ↑ 'Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys" edited by Joseph R. Davis, p248
- ↑ "Forging Iron: A Tutorial". 18 October 2018. https://arironllc.com/blog/forging-iron-a-tutorial.
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